L  I  B  RAR.Y 

OF   THE 

U  N  IVER.SITY 

Of    ILLINOIS 


4 


1L    H!$T.  Sfcfdtl 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign 


http://www.archive.org/details/economicsocialhiOOcarn 


Publications  of  the 
Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 

Division  of  Economics  and  History 
James  T.  Shotwell,  Director 


ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY  OF 
THE  WORLD  WAR 


JAMES  T.  SHOTWELL,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D. 

GENERAL  EDITOR 


OUTLINE  OF  PLAN 

European  Series 


WASHINGTON 

CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE 

1924 


COPYRIGHT  I924 

BY  THE 

CARNEGIE  ENDOWMENT  FOR  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE 


PRINTED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 
AT  THE  RUMFORD  PRESS,  CONCORD,  N.  H. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

I.  Outline  of  Plan I 

The  Inception  of  the  History i 

Archives  and  Documents  2 

The  Organization  of  a  War  History 5 

Guides  and  Manuals  for  Research 7 

Monographic  Histories 8 

II.  List  of  Editors  and  Editorial  Boards 12 

III.  List  of  Monographs 14 

IV.  Publishers 24 

V.  Details  of  Plan 26 

1 .  The  Editors 26 

2.  Monographs  and  Authors 36 

British  Series 36 

Austrian  and  Hungarian  Series 53 

Austria-Hungary 53 

Empire  of  Austria 58 

Kingdom  of  Hungary 63 

Public  Health  and  the  War  in  Austria-Hungary 68 

Belgian  Series 71 

Czechoslovak  Series 75 

Dutch  Series 76 

French  Series 79 

German  Series 101 

Italian  Series 115 

Portuguese  Series 121 

Rumanian  Series 121 

Russian  Series 123 

Scandinavian  Series 140 

Yugoslav  Series 144 

VI.  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews 145 

Index 171 


i 


ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE 
WORLD  WAR 

I.— OUTLINE  OF  PLAN 


The  Inception  of  the  History 

It  is  a  striking  fact  that  the  services  of  economists,  so  much  in  demand  at 
present,  have  been  sought  not  for  light  upon  the  processes  which  brought  about  the 
catastrophe  from  which  the  world  is  now  suffering,  but  for  suggestions  to  enable  the 
victims  to  endure — or  escape — the  consequences.  The  analysis  of  causes  still 
seems  relatively  academic. 

For  this  limitation  of  interest  the  economists  themselves  have  been  partly 
responsible,  almost  as  much  as  the  men  of  affairs  who  appeal  to  them.  The  tend- 
ency to  attribute  all  of  the  ills  of  post-war  Europe  to  the  treaties  of  peace  and  to 
the  policies  built  upon  them  has  proved  well-nigh  irresistible  to  the  critic.  Indeed, 
for  practical  purposes  it  has  been  almost  necessary  thus  to  limit  the  problem  of 
subsequent  economic  adjustment,  since  the  treaties  state  its  terms.  But  the 
result,  all  the  same,  has  been  to  obscure  more  and  more  the  significance  of  the 
prime  cause  of  the  whole  economic  disorder — namely  the  War. 

The  task  of  dealing  with  the  problem  thus  left  on  one  side  was  taken  up  by  the 
Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  through  its  Division  of  Economics 
and  History.  That  Division  had  been  created,  at  the  establishment  of  the  En- 
dowment, to  study  scientifically  the  nature  of  the  effects  of  war  upon  civilized 
society.  Its  program,  prior  to  the  World  War,  was  drawn  up  in  harmony  with 
this  conception.  Under  the  inspiration  of  the  Director  of  the  Division,  Professor 
John  B.  Clark,  a  conference  of  economists  from  all  parts  of  the  world  met  at  Berne 
in  191 1  and  as  a  result  of  their  deliberations  and  Professor  Clark's  initiative  some 
ninety  studies  dealing  with  various  economic  and  historical  problems  of  war  and 
peace  were  already  planned  and  many  of  them  in  preparation  when  the  World 
War  cut  across  both  the  work  in  hand  and  the  organization  which  had  been  built 
up,  and  made  necessary  a  reconsideration  of  the  whole  problem. 

To  meet  the  new  situation,  already  early  in  the  war,  the  Director  of  the 
Division  requested  the  present  General  Editor  to  draw  up  plans  for  a  comprehen- 
sive economic  history  of  the  war,  the  theme  of  which  should  be  the  extent  of  the 
displacement  caused  by  the  war  in  the  normal  processes  of  civilization.  A  pro- 
visional program  for  such  a  work  was  then  outlined,  substantially  along  the  lines 
which  have  since  been  followed.  Work  upon  it,  however,  was  not  begun  until 
after  the  signature  of  the  Treaty  of  Versailles  some  four  years  later;  and  the  effec- 
tive cooperation  of  European  collaborators  was  not  obtained  until  toward  the 
spring  of  1920.     During  the  last  three  years  steady  progress  has  been  made,  until 


2  ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

it  is  now  possible  to  give — as  the  accompanying  statement  does — an  outline  of  the 
plan  of  the  whole  work,  and  a  detailed  description  of  the  greater  part  of  what  has 
become  an  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War. 

The  body  of  the  work  is  a  collection  of  national  series  dealing  with  the  eco- 
nomic and  social  effects  of  the  war  upon  some  sixteen  European  countries.  These 
studies,  grouped  under  appropriate  headings,  form  a  corpus  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  volumes  in  the  original,  fully  documented,  edition,  published  in  English, 
French,  German  and  Italian.  When  the  Continental  series  are  translated  it  is 
planned  to  shorten  the  complete  English  edition  by  about  one  third.  This  is 
the  History  as  it  stands  at  present.  Ultimately  it  is  the  intention  to  add  some  ten 
volumes  of  comparative  international  surveys  and  general  conclusions.  As  it  is 
too  soon  to  plan  this  synthesis,  however,  the  description  which  follows  is  limited  to 
the  corpus  of  national  series,  work  upon  which  is  well  under  way  in  every  country 
which  it  covers,  and  in  most  of  them  already  approaching  publication. 

Such  an  extensive  survey,  if  it  was  to  be  made  with  anything  like  a  scientific 
accuracy*  necessarily  involved  both  a  large  organization  and  a  careful  choice  of 
collaborators.  It  naturally  demanded  first  of  all  that  the  direction  of  the  enter- 
prise should  be  exercised  in  Europe  and  not  from  an  office  in  America,  sharing  the 
responsibility  with  European  editors  whose  names  would  carry  weight  in  the 
different  countries  and  whose  judgment  could  be  relied  upon  as  authoritative  in 
the  selection  of  contributors  as  well  as  in  the  treatment  of  subject  matter.  The 
General  Editor  has  therefore  spent  most  of  the  time  since  his  appointment  in  close 
personal  touch  with  those  working  upon  the  History,  first  in  Great  Britain  and 
later  upon  the  Continent ;  with  the  result  that  the  plans  as  finally  adopted  are  so 
much  a  matter  of  compromise  and  mutual  cooperation  that  it  would  be  impossible 
to  apportion  the  responsibility  for  them.  If  they  bear  the  mark  of  an  underlying 
unity,  the  reason  for  that  is  to  be  sought  in  the  emphasis  placed  upon  a  common 
ideal  rather  than  in  any  attempt  to  impose  uniformity  in  the  method  of  work.  It 
is  a  genuinely  cooperative  enterprise,  to  which  the  European  editors  and  authors 
have  contributed  their  full  share.  On  the  other  hand,  the  final  responsibility  for 
both  plan  and  execution  rests  with  the  General  Editor. 

Archives  and  Documents 

Before  proceeding  to  outline  the  organization  of  editorial  control,  some 
account  should  be  given  of  a  line  of  work  which,  while  not  incorporated  to  any 
large  degree  in  the  History  itself,  has  been  carried  on  in  connection  with  it.  In 
every  country  the  first  inquiry  has  been  concerning  the  state  of  the  documentary 
material.  It  is  at  least  as  important  to  insure  adequate  archives  for  the  materials 
for  future  economic  and  social  histories  of  the  war  as  to  insure  an  adequate  history 
now.  No  history  has  ever  succeeded  in  anticipating  the  interests  of  the  future, 
and  the  problem  of  archives  will  always  be  fundamental. 

It  has  been  estimated,  on  data  supplied  by  archivists,  that  it  would  require 
something  over  two  hundred  miles  of  shelving  to  file  the  documents  of  the  War 


OUTLINE   OF   PLAN  3 

which  have  a  claim  to  be  preserved  as  source  material  for  history.  The  British 
war  archives  alone  would  require  over  thirty-five  miles  of  shelving.  And  this 
refers  only  to  materials  of  value  to  history.  How  many  more  hundred  miles  of 
documentary  files  were  produced  to  be  destroyed,  as  merely  routine  matter,  it 
would  be  idle  to  imagine.  When  one  recalls  that  every  inch  of  these  miles  is 
packed  with  documents,  two  or  three  hundred  to  the  inch,  the  magnitude  of  the 
archival  problem  becomes  clear.  And  the  problem  is  as  pressing  as  it  is  real. 
The  documents  already  exist;  the  responsibility  for  dealing  with  them  belongs  to 
the  age  which  produced  them,  for  the  future  histories  of  our  time  will  depend  upon 
what  we  do  with  this  source  material  now. 

It  is  perhaps  not  surprising  how  little  this  responsibility  is  appreciated  by 
governments,  engrossed  in  the  business  of  post-war  adjustment  and  hampered  by 
lack  of  funds.  The  demands  of  the  future  make  little  appeal  to  those  whose 
imagination  conceives  of  it  only  as  a  source  of  credit  and  a  haven  of  postponed 
debts;  and  such  demands  seem  doubly  unreal  when  presented  by  historians  or 
archivists,  whose  interests  are  supposed  to  be  limited  to  antiquarian  pursuits  in 
the  past.  The  result  is  a  sad  failure  to  deal  adequately  with  the  records  of  our  age 
— a  failure  to  be  seen  at  its  worst  in  Washington,  where  to  cite  a  single  instance, 
documents  upon  which  rest  the  case — and  the  honor — of  the  United  States  in  war- 
time dealing  with  other  nations  have  been  left  in  imminent  danger  of  fire  and  de- 
struction. But  the  instance  cited  brings  out  the  fact  that  the  archive  problem 
is  not  merely  historical.  It  is  an  intensely  practical  one  as  well.  The  administra- 
tor is  as  much  involved  in  it  as  the  researcher.  This  is  yet  but  little  understood ; 
it  is  perhaps  well  to  make  it  clear. 

So  long  as  documents  were  mostly  written  with  the  pen,  or  if  printed,  limited 
in  extent,  the  business  of  the  archivist  was  to  preserve  all  he  could.  He  was 
trained  as  an  historian  and  was  generally  an  antiquarian  in  tastes  and  outlook. 
Now,  since  the  invention  of  the  typewriter  and  the  quick  typesetting  machine,  the 
chief  problem  is  not  what  to  preserve  but  what  to  destroy.  And  as  this  output  is 
continuous,  the  archivist  who  deals  with  it  must  transfer  his  interests  to  the  pres- 
ent, which  now  supplies  him  the  materials  for  his  shelves  which  he  formerly  drew 
from  the  past.  He  can  no  longer  be  the  scholarly  antiquarian,  but  becomes  an 
administrator  in  touch  with  the  other  branches  of  current  administration.  Just 
as  the  archivist  of  thirteenth-century  documents  must  know  the  way  in  which  the 
medieval  offices  functioned,  in  order  to  deal  intelligently  with  them,  so  the  official 
in  charge  of  the  documents  of  today  must  have  an  intimate  knowledge  of  their 
origin  and  setting.  And  this  means  that  the  solution  of  the  archival  problem  is  to 
consider  the  question  of  preserving  or  destroying  documents  at  the  time  they  are 
produced.     It  is  all  a  part  of  the  process  of  government. 

To  enforce  this  lesson,  room  was  made  in  the  Economic  and  Social  History 
of  the  War  for  a  Manual  of  Archive  Administration  (by  Mr.  Hilary  Jenkinson  of 
the  British  Public  Record  Office).  The  French  Revolution  had  been  the  starting 
point  for  much  of  the  archival  training  of  the  nineteenth  century.     The  World 


4  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

War,  by  accentuating  the  change  in  conditions  until,  from  the  archival  point  of 
view,  it  became  revolutionary,  may  ultimately  lead  to  as  great  a  revision  of  stand- 
ards and  methods.  But  this  can  only  come  about  with  the  help  of  archivists 
themselves ;  and  so  far,  the  manual  of  archival  administration  in  this  series  is  the 
only  one  in  existence  which  deals  in  any  thorough  way  with  the  subject.  And  it  is 
prepared  especially  for  those  students  who  come  to  London  to  study  in  the  archives 
there.  There  should  be  others  for  other  countries;  but  such  an  extension  of  the 
problem  would  be  outside  the  limits  of  the  History;  and  archivists  have  shown, 
by  their  reception  of  the  present  volume,  that  they  can  adjust  its  uses  to  their 
varying  needs. 

It  is  impossible  to  describe  all  the  investigations  which  have  been  made  in 
different  countries  concerning  the  condition  of  source  material  for  the  Economic 
and  Social  History  of  the  War.  In  some  instances,  especially  in  the  Central 
Empires,  the  archives  had  been  kept  up  to  date  with  remarkable  care.  Even  in 
the  midst  of  political  ruin,  the  archives  of  Vienna  were  well  and  carefully  ad- 
ministered, and  an  order  of  the  Chancellor  of  Austria  made  all  the  documents 
available  for  those  at  work  upon  the  History.  General  surveys  have  been  in- 
corporated in  the  History  only  in  the  case  of  those  states  which  departed  widely 
from  their  archival  tradition,  owing  mainly  to  the  vast  extension  and  dislocation 
of  war-time  government,  namely,  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States.  In  the 
case  of  the  former,  the  description  must  naturally  center  around  the  existing 
Record  Office;  and,  in  the  British  way,  the  suggestions  for  improvement  are  given 
their  full  force  by  citing  precedent  and  showing  continuity.  The  manual  which 
deals  with  American  documents  l  has  a  freer  ground  since  the  United  States  has 
the  almost  unique  distinction  among  civilized  nations  of  possessing  no  national 
archive  building.  This  incredible  state  of  affairs  is  made  workable  only  through 
the  thankless  labors  of  departmental  archivists,  some  of  whom,  under  conditions 
of  great  discouragement,  have  brought  comparative  order  out  of  chaos.  But 
such  a  system  offers  no  security  for  records  of  defunct  war-time  organizations, 
some  of  which  are  of  the  highest  importance. 

So  far  we  have  been  speaking  of  official  documents.  But  the  future  history 
of  the  war  will  depend  as  well  upon  the  unofficial  sources.  These  are  preserved, 
in  most  cases,  by  libraries  or  historical  societies ;  and  naturally  the  amount  of  care 
bestowed  upon  them  varies  not  only  from  country  to  country  but  from  one  com- 
munity to  another.  The  activities  of  the  State  historical  societies  of  the  United 
States  may  be  indicated  by  the  fact  that  they  maintain  an  office  in  Washington  to 
secure  for  them  the  materials  or  guides  to  the  materials  which  bear  upon  the  his- 
tory of  the  various  states  in  the  War,  and  this  refers  to  economic  and  social  ma- 
terial as  well  as  to  political  and  military.  In  Great  Britain  the  only  systematic 
survey  of  local  war  records — including  all  available  economic  data — was  that 

1This  is  the  only  volume  which  has  been  planned  to  deal  with  American  economic  history. 
It  is  being  prepared  by  Mr.  Waldo  G.  Leland  and  Dr.  Newton  D.  Mereness,  with  the  cooperation 
of  others  in  Washington. 


OUTLINE   OF   PLAN  5 

undertaken  by  a  joint  committee  of  the  British  Academy  and  the  British  Editorial 
Board  for  the  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  War,  at  the  instigation  of  the 
General  Editor.  The  result  of  two  years'  work,  and  a  searching  questionnaire, 
is  given  in  a  monograph  in  the  British  series  (Guide  to  Local  War  Records,  by 
Miss  Wretts-Smith).  It  is  only  when  one  recalls  the  use  that  has  been  made  of 
this  kind  of  material  by  the  historians  of  social  history,  in  recasting  for  us  the 
perspective  of  the  evolution  of  European  society,  that  the  value  of  this  work  will 
be  realized. 

It  is  impossible  to  dwell  further  upon  this  aspect  of  the  work.  It  has  not  been 
possible  to  devote  to  it  anything  like  the  attention  which  it  deserves.  But  it  is  at 
least  a  matter  of  some  satisfaction  to  recall  that  even  when  other  opportunities 
offered  more  immediate  returns  in  the  form  of  historical  monographs,  these  plans 
for  the  future  researcher  were  not  forgotten.  It  is  also  necessary  to  explain  the 
setting  in  the  History  of  one  or  two  manuals  which  do  not  themselves  contribute 
to  the  body  of  fact  with  which  it  deals,  but  only  to  the  arrangement  and  preserva- 
tion of  source  material. 

The  Organization  of  a  War  History 

In  the  matter  of  archives,  the  most  that  a  private  and  unofficial  body  could  do 
was  to  stimulate  action  through  the  appropriate  national  organs,  governments  or 
local  authorities.  With  the  actual  preparation  of  a  war  History,  however,  the 
case  was  entirely  different.  Here,  there  was  no  one  to  share  the  responsibility. 
Governments  could  not  undertake  such  a  survey  of  the  effects  of  the  war  upon 
national  economy,  for  the  more  official  the  account  the  more  certainly  partisan  and 
incomplete  it  would  be.  Besides  it  would  be  written  from  another  standpoint, 
for  it  would  have  to  show  the  achievements  of  the  economic  war  rather  than  to 
indicate  its  strain.  A  number  of  such  histories  have  been  prepared  and  some  of 
them  already  published.  The  most  imposing  are  the  official  history  of  the  British 
Munitions  Control,  in  over  twenty  volumes,  part  of  which  may  yet  be  published, 
and  a  shorter  but  not  less  carefully  prepared  history  of  the  economic  mobilization 
of  Germany,  prepared  under  the  orders  of  the  Minister  of  War  by  a  scientific 
commission  of  economic  historians  upon  which  the  Imperial  Government  spent 
during  the  war  a  million  and  a  half  gold  marks.  But  both  of  these  vast  enterprises 
properly  belong  with  military  history.  They  show  the  strategy  of  the  work  behind 
the  lines ;  their  theme  is  as  much  the  winning  of  the  war  as  is  that  of  the  narrative 
of  armies  in  the  field.  That  of  the  Economic  and  Social  History  was  to  be  the 
obverse  of  this  conception,  namely,  the  displacement  caused  in  the  civilian  society 
by  such  an  economic  and  social  disturbance.  The  distinction  was  clear — in 
theory.  But  in  practice  it  was  exceedingly  difficult  to  keep  it  in  view  without 
weakening  the  scientific  value  of  the  narrative  by  a  constant  reminder  of  its  ulti- 
mate purpose. 

The  point  is  worth  an  illustration.  The  ultimate  purpose  of  the  history  of  the 
Ministry  of  Munitions  is  to  show  how  successful  the  ministry  was  in  supplying  the 


6  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE   WORLD  WAR 

munitions  to  the  army.  It  must  therefore  direct  the  attention  of  the  reader  to 
the  number  of  shells  produced,  the  gas  or  tanks  or  cannon  made  available.  The 
German  official  history  was  similarly  intent  upon  the  realization  of  the  "Hinden- 
burg  program."  The  Economic  and  Social  History  on  the  other  hand  would  deal 
with  such  a  topic,  not  from  the  standpoint  of  the  output  of  shells  or  guns,  but  of 
the  effect  of  such  a  diversion  of  energy  upon  the  iron  and  steel  trades,  and  other 
industries.  To  reach  conclusions  in  this  matter  it  has  to  know  the  facts  of  the 
official  histories;  and  where  they  are  not  otherwise  available,  it  has  to  work  them 
out  for  itself.  In  the  latter  case  it  approximates  a  semiofficial  history,  but  one 
cast  in  an  international  mould,  revealing  the  reactions  to  the  war  in  all  their  com- 
plexity, for  the  intelligence  of  future  generations  to  judge  of  the  reach  of  its  destruc- 
tive power,  not  merely  from  the  destruction  itself  but  from  the  very  energies  which 
it  unloosed — sometimes  even  creative  energies — in  the  societies  whose  existence 
it  threatened. 

Obviously  the  chief  editorial  difficulty  was  not  so  much  the  size  of  the  History 
as  its  intricacy  and  difficult  orientation.  The  control  of  such  an  enterprise  had  to 
be  most  carefully  worked  out,  country  by  country.  At  first  the  General  Editor 
had  hoped  to  prepare,  simultaneously  with  the  national  series,  volumes  of  inter- 
national and  comparative  surveys,  bearing  more  upon  the  larger  lessons  of  the 
war.  But  it  soon  became  apparent  that  the  facts  were  not  yet  well  enough  estab- 
lished to  attempt  synthetic  volumes  of  this  sort;  and  the  work,  up  to  the  present, 
has  been  confined  to  the  national  series. 

The  first  step  in  the  preparation  of  these  national  series  was  the  nomination 
by  the  General  Editor  of  an  Editorial  Board,  or,  in  the  case  of  smaller  countries, 
of  a  single  Editor,  charged  with  the  immediate  direction  of  research.  The  list  of 
their  names  is  given  below.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that,  within  the  given  limits, 
no  more  competent  group  of  men  could  be  found  in  Europe,  willing  and  able,  as 
they  have  been,  to  bring  the  weight  of  their  authority  and  experience  in  scientific 
pursuit  and  in  public  affairs  to  the  arduous  and  often  the  ungrateful  task  of  edi- 
torial collaboration.  That  their  collaboration  has  been  real  the  History  itself  is 
sufficient  witness ;  for  otherwise  there  would  have  been  no  such  body  of  contribu- 
tors as  that  which  has  been  enlisted  through  their  efforts.  The  total  number  of 
those  employed  in  research  reaches  well  over  two  hundred. 

There  is  something  more  than  the  preparation  of  a  history  in  the  work  in  hand. 
It  has  brought  into  existence  a  sort  of  international  academy,  analyzing  the  effect 
of  war,  critically  and  objectively;  and  so,  from  across  what  were  hostile  frontiers, 
both  consciously  and  unconsciously  by  their  common  pursuit  of  similar  ends, 
linking  up  once  more  the  broken  contact  of  the  international  mind.  Moreover, 
however  limited  the  period  of  its  active  research,  it  is,  as  has  well  been  said,  an 
academy  in  permanent  session ;  for  the  fruit  of  its  labors  belongs  less  to  our  day 
than  to  future  generations  and  centuries. 

Perhaps  the  most  striking  fact  about  this  body  of  academicians,  however,  is 
their  unacademic  character.     There  are  especially  few  historians  among  them. 


OUTLINE   OF   PLAN  7 

Economists  figure  most  largely,  and  form  the  largest  group  upon  the  whole.  But 
they  are  economists  who  know  the  world  of  action  as  well  as  that  of  theory. 
Mostly  the  choice  has  fallen  upon  men  of  affairs,  statesmen  of  outstanding  qualities 
and  public  servants  in  charge  of  war-time  administration,  presidents  of  business 
corporations,  managers  of  railway  systems,  engineers,  representatives  or  students 
of  labor  movements,  lawyers,  soldiers  in  charge  of  military  economic  organizations 
or  students  of  war  losses  in  man  power,  scientists,  physicians  and  men  of  letters, 
each  in  his  own  field  a  recognized  authority,  and  in  not  a  few  instances  the  only  or 
one  outstanding  authority  from  whom  an  adequate  account  could  be  obtained  of 
the  subject  assigned.  As  has  already  been  noted,  it  is  an  indication  of  the  com- 
petence of  the  collaborators  to  speak  for  Europe,  that  at  least  twenty-five  of  them 
have  held  the  rank  of  Cabinet  Ministers  in  their  Governments. 

Guides  and  Manuals  for  Research 

Actual  research  began  in  every  country  with  a  bibliographical  survey  of  the 
material  available  for  research.  This  must  be  carefully  distinguished  from  the 
archival  survey  referred  to  above.  Here  we  are  dealing  with  printed  material. 
In  the  case  of  the  larger  countries  this  has  led  to  the  preparation  of  manuals  to  be 
included  in  the  History  proper.  But  similar  work  has  been  undertaken  in  other 
countries,  without  going  to  the  extent  of  publishing  the  results.  For  instance,  the 
visitor  to  The  Hague  will  find  material  carefully  prepared  by  direction  of  the  Dutch 
Editor,  most  of  it  accessible  in  the  library  of  the  Peace  Palace;  at  Brussels  the 
efficient  work  of  those  in  charge  of  the  Archives  of  the  War — under  the  presi- 
dency of  Professor  Pirenne — has  made  similar  collections  unnecessary;  but  at 
Copenhagen  the  chairman  of  the  Scandinavian  Board  maintained  a  repository 
throughout  the  war.  In  the  larger  countries  the  bibliographical  guides  which  have 
been  prepared  form  an  integral  part  of  the  national  history.  The  need  for  this  is 
due  not  only  to  the  great  amount  of  material  published  in  war-time,  for  much  of 
this  is  historically  worthless;  but  also  to  the  fact  that,  owing  mainly  to  the  seal  of 
secrecy  laid  upon  many  of  the  activities  of  war  governments,  there  were  not  a  few 
printed  papers,  now  more  or  less  accessible,  which  were  never  published  but  were 
distributed  to  a  limited  number  of  readers,  generally  inside  government  depart- 
ments. These  documents  often  throw  light  upon  problems  otherwise  obscure  to 
the  historian,  but  they  are  not  easily  traced.  The  general  bibliographical  guides 
naturally  do  not  go  deeply  into  source  materials  of  this  kind ;  but  the  special  mono- 
graphs describe  them  further  under  the  various  subjects  with  which  they  deal. 

In  addition  to  bibliographical  guides,  a  few  other  manuals  for  future  research- 
ers have  been  judged  necessary  or  fitting.  Some  of  these  have  to  do  with  the 
description  of  war-time  organizations  for  economic  purposes,  of  which  many — ■ 
official  as  well  as  unofficial — came  into  existence  for  a  short  time,  played  roles  of 
varying  importance,  and  disappeared,  leaving  little  historical  trace  of  their  ac- 
tivities. Even  government  departments  were  created  and  disappeared  with 
mysterious  rapidity.     This  was  especially  true  of  countries  of  parliamentary  or 


8  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

congressional  government,  ill-supplied  before  hand  with  the  bureaucratic  ma- 
chinery for  waging  a  great  war.  The  legal  situation  was  still  further  complicated 
by  the  fact  that  these  bodies  did  not  necessarily  go  out  of  existence  when  their 
functions  were  taken  over  by  others,  but  sometimes  remained  in  the  scheme  of 
things,  to  puzzle  either  the  enemy  or  their  own  administration.  In  England  and 
France  special  studies  have  beeen  made  of  these  temporary  and  confusing  or- 
ganizations. No  other  guide  to  them  exists.  In  Italy  the  archival  guide  to  the 
papers  of  the  department  of  industrial  mobilization  deals  in  part  with  the  same 
theme,  and  the  same  is  true  of  America. 

In  the  Central  Powers,  however,  the  need  for  it  is  less  evident,  owing,  in  part, 
to  the  more  definitely  military  control  of  the  economic  machinery  of  supply. 

Monographic  Histories 

While  the  guides  and  manuals,  which  have  just  been  described,  have  been 
grouped  in  the  announcement  of  the  History  in  the  different  national  series,  the 
body  of  the  work  is  composed  not  of  guides  for  future  historians  but  of  histories 
in  the  form  of  monographs  offering  a  detailed  survey  of  as  much  of  the  field  as  can 
now  be  covered.  These  vary  considerably  in  form  and  method.  Some  contain 
the  materials  for  the  history  of  a  subject  rather  than  a  history  itself ;  others  attempt 
to  work  up  the  materials  into  a  definite  narrative.  But  all,  as  contrasted  with  the 
books  above  noted,  are  concerned  with  the  presentation  of  fact. 

The  unifying  theme  of  each  of  these  series  of  monographs  is  the  effect  of  the 
war  upon  the  economic  and  social  life  of  the  nation.  The  political  history  of  the 
war  has  been  left  aside  as  far  as  possible;  and,  in  any  case,  the  international  diplo- 
matic history  except  in  certain  questions  which  were  predominantly  economic. 
Naturally,  however,  where  the  economic  situation  could  only  be  understood  after 
one  knew  the  political  agencies  which  determined  it,  those  agencies  had  to  be 
described — since  no  other  history  had  undertaken  to  do  so.  This  meant  the 
preparation  of  a  statement  of  the  effects  of  the  war  upon  the  Governments  of 
England,  France,  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany,  and  of  the  economic  legislation 
of  the  war  in  Italy.  The  first  four  of  these  studies  will  be  contributions  as  well  to 
the  history  of  public  law.  Taken  by  themselves  their  first  place  in  an  economic 
history  might  be  open  to  question ;  but  any  economist  or  historian  familiar  with  the 
evolution  of  war-time  economics  will  readily  understand  that  they  are  as  essential 
to  this  History  as  a  whole,  as  a  knowledge  of  the  powers  of  a  congress  or  parlia- 
ment would  be  to  the  historian  of  a  tariff  or  income  tax.  In  some  of  the  smaller 
countries  politics  intrude  more  into  the  body  of  the  economic  narrative,  as  the 
two  fields  are  not  differentiated  in  fact.  A  good  example  of  this  is  Portugal,  where 
it  would  give  a  completely  false  picture  of  the  whole  situation  if  such  formal  dis- 
tinctions were  insisted  upon.  As  far  as  possible,  however,  politics  have  been 
avoided. 

The  subjects  covered  are  loosely  grouped  into  the  familiar  categories  of  eco- 
nomics, production  (industrial  and  agricultural),  labor,  commerce  and  transporta- 


OUTLINE  OF   PLAN  9 

tion,  finance,  consumption,  etc.  Thus  the  British  Series  of  some  thirty  volumes 
contains  about  forty  separate  studies,  mainly  concerned  with  the  effects  of  the  war 
upon  industry  and  commerce  as  shown  through  the  records  of  war-time  govern- 
mental control,  taxation  and  budgetary  expenditure,  the  distribution  of  war 
profits,  labor,  shipping,  and  special  studies  of  leading  industries  like  textiles,  coal 
and  iron  and  steel,  and  of  social  history  in  industrial  areas  and  Wales.  The 
French  Series,  while  slightly  less  in  total  length,  is  divided  into  more  separate 
monographs  covering  substantially  the  same  subjects,  with  due  regard  for  the 
economic  consequences  of  the  fact  that  the  war  was  so  largely  fought  on  French 
soil.  The  history  of  each  country  naturally  brings  to  the  fore  in  this  way  the  chief 
national  problems.  That  of  Italy,  consisting  of  eleven  volumes,  emphasizes  the 
questions  of  food  supply  and  finances.  That  of  Belgium,  in  seven  volumes,  has 
mainly  to  do  with  the  effects  of  the  German  occupation.  The  synthesis  of  this 
series  will  be  supplied  by  the  historian  of  Belgium,  who  is  also  the  editor  of  the 
Belgian  series,  Professor  Henri  Pirenne. 

Of  a  special  interest,  however,  are  the  series  devoted  to  the  Economic  History 
of  the  Central  Empires.  That  of  the  late  Hapsburg  Monarchy  is  already  well 
under  way,  and  in  spite  of  the  changed  political  situation  there — or  perhaps  mainly 
on  account  of  it— the  Austro-Hungarian  Series  promises  to  be  of  unusual  signifi- 
cance. Vienna  in  particular  offers  rich  material  for  the  student  of  the  economic 
displacement  of  the  war,  and  this  material  has  been  less  affected  by  post-war  events 
and  rendered  more  accessible  by  the  fact  that  nothing  is  to  be  gained  by  any 
short-sighted  policy  of  concealment.  To  the  scientific  value  of  the  work  in  hand 
has  been  added  the  lesson  to  be  learned  from  catastrophe  in  war.  Directly  per- 
tinent also  to  the  purposes  of  the  History  as  a  whole  is  such  a  volume  as  that  by 
the  former  Governor  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Bank,  Dr.  Popovics,  revealing  for 
the  first  time  the  official  figures  of  the  bank's  activities  during  the  war,  with  the 
result  that  one  is  at  last  offered  a  glimpse  behind  the  specious  facade  of  war-time 
policies,  and  can  see  month  by  month  the  steadily  increasing  liabilities  of  the  war 
until  they  reached  the  point  of  bankruptcy.  It  is  clear  from  a  study  like  this  that 
even  had  the  Hapsburg  Monarchy  not  been  dismembered,  it  would  have  been 
ruined  financially  by  the  war. 

The  plans  for  the  War  History  from  the  very  first  included  Germany,  but  it 
was  not  possible  to  begin  work  there  until  last  summer.  Now  at  last  a  German 
Editorial  Board  has  been  appointed  representative  of  the  more  important  currents 
of  public  opinion — capital,  labor,  finance,  and  economics — and  the  list  of  mono- 
graphs of  the  German  series  is  now  taking  shape.  It  is  proposed  to  make  this 
series  fully  as  comprehensive  as  any  other.  But  as  it  has  been  the  policy  through- 
out to  make  no  announcements  concerning  the  History  until  the  work  itself  is 
actually  in  hand,  detailed  announcements  will  be  made  later. 

The  history  of  Russia  is  covered  only  as  far  as  the  Bolshevik  Revolution. 
Beyond  that  it  is  not  proposed  to  go,  for  the  present  at  least.  If  it  is  an  almost 
impossible  task  to  estimate  the  effects  of  the  war  as  distinguished  from  other 


10  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

destructive  economic  factors  in  the  countries  of  Western  Europe,  it  is  perhaps  for- 
ever impossible  to  trace  them  through  the  period  of  revolutionary  disturbance  in 
Russia.  But  for  the  period  under  survey,  although  the  sources  are  extremely 
difficult  of  access,  the  editor,  Sir  Paul  Vinogradoff,  has  been  able  to  enlist  the 
services  of  a  group  of  distinguished  Russian  writers,  who,  writing  in  exile,  are  able 
to  offer  as  authoritative  an  account  as  can  be  obtained  under  prevailing  circum- 
stances of  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  Russia  so  long  as  its  armies  were  in  the  field. 

The  main  theme  of  the  Russian  history,  which  is  also  that  of  most  of  south- 
eastern Europe,  Rumania,  Yugoslavia,  etc.  is  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  the  most 
numerous  portion  of  the  population,  namely,  the  peasantry  and  farmers.  This 
receives  the  emphasis  given  to  industry  and  business  in  the  western  countries. 
The  profound,  far-reaching  significance  of  the  change  which  the  war  has  wrought  in 
agricultural  areas  is  registered  more  clearly  in  social  history  than  in  the  statistics 
of  production,  and  it  is  treated  here  mainly  in  this  light. 

Finally,  although  originally  planned  on  a  somewhat  more  liberal  scale,  the 
economic  histories  of  other  countries  are  covered  in  single  volumes  or  at  most  two. 
These  include  Holland,  Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden,  Czechoslovakia,  Yugo- 
slavia, Rumania  and  Portugal.  The  existence  of  a  semiofficial  history  of  Switzer- 
land at  present  under  preparation,  excludes  it  from  this  survey;  Bulgaria,  Greece 
and  Turkey  are  not  included;  and  Spain,  as  a  neutral,  with  external  economic 
policies  difficult  to  detach  from  belligerent  policies  has  also  been  left  out.  This 
admittedly  leaves  the  History  "in  the  air"  in  some  degree;  but  not  merely  so  much 
as  it  suffers  from  the  fact  that  it  has  proved  impossible  to  place  in  its  proper 
perspective  the  effects  upon  the  war  economics  of  Europe  of  its  relations  with 
America,  so  vital  a  factor  in  the  whole  economic  scheme  of  things.  As  for  the 
effects  of  the  war  upon  America  itself,  that  is  a  theme  still  challenging  the  in- 
vestigator. 

It  has  been  stated  several  times  that  the  purpose  of  the  History  is  to  attempt 
to  describe  the  displacement  caused  by  the  war  in  the  processes  of  civilization. 
There  is  in  each  series  a  study  devoted  to  the  estimate  of  "War  Costs"  upon  the 
country  concerned.  In  the  case  of  the  larger  countries  this  consists  of  at  least  one 
whole  monograph,  generally  two.  There  is  a  statistical  estimate  of  direct  war 
costs  and  a  final  summing  up  in  which  the  intangible,  imponderable  effects  of 
war  are  placed  alongside  the  figures;  the  philosophic  mind  judging  the  value  of  the 
accountant's  balances  and  especially  emphasizing  the  critical  methods  to  be  em- 
ployed in  so  baffling  a  problem.  But  these  final  volumes  cannot  be  written  yet. 
The  data  are  not  yet  enough  known.  Indeed,  without  the  researches  which  this 
History  is  calling  forth  and  until  the  essential  work  upon  it  is  done,  any  attempt  to 
estimate  the  total  displacement  would  be  premature.  The  process  of  disturbance 
was  a  long  one  and  by  no  means  simple.  War  creates  energies  of  defense  as  well  as 
of  destruction,  and  the  activities  of  peace  against  which  they  must  be  measured  are 
not  all  productive.  So  the  survey  of  it,  if  it  is  to  be  scientific,  must  extend  not 
only  beyond  the  immediate  and  rather  obvious  data  of  war-time  budgets  and 


OUTLINE  OF  PLAN  II 

military  expenditure  but  into  the  very  structure  of  social  life.  It  must  extend  over 
more  than  the  period  of  fighting,  and  vary  the  scope  with  that  of  each  phase  of  the 
subject.  The  whole  History  is,  therefore,  contributary  to  the  conclusions  which 
are  to  be  based  upon  it. 


II.— LIST  OF  EDITORS  AND  EDITORIAL  BOARDS 

(See  also  post,  pp.  26-35) 

Great  Britain 

Sir  William  Beveridge,  K.C.B.,  Chairman. 

Professor  H.  W.  C.  Davis,  C.B.E. 

*Sir  Edward  C.  K.  Gonner,  K.B.E. 

Mr.  Thomas  Jones,  LL.D. 

Mr.  J.  M.  Keynes,  C.B. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Hirst. 

Professor  W.  R.  Scott,  D.Phil.,  LL.D. 

Professor  James  T.  Shotwell,  ex  officio. 

Austria-Hungary 

Joint  Editorial  Board: 

Professor  James  T.  Shotwell,  Chairman. 

Editors,  Austrian  Series: 
Professor  Dr.  Friedrich  von  Wieser,  Chairman. 
Dr.  Richard  Riedl. 
Dr.  Richard  Schuller. 

Editor,  Hungarian  Series: 
Dr.  Gustav  Gratz. 

Editor,  Public  Health  Series: 
Professor  Dr.  Clemens  von  Pirquet. 

Belgium 
Professor  H.  Pirenne,  Editor. 

France 

Professor  Charles  Gide,  Chairman. 

M.  Arthur  Fontaine. 

Professor  Henri  Hauser. 

Professor  Charles  Rist. 

Professor  James  T.  Shotwell,  ex  officio. 

1  Deceased. 
12 


editors  and  editorial  boards  1 3 

Germany 

Dr.  Carl  Melchior,  Chairman. 

Ex-Chancellor  Gustav  Bauer. 

Dr.  Hermann  Bucher. 

Dr.  Carl  Duisberg. 

Professor  Albrecht  Mendelssohn  Bartholdy,  Executive  Secretary. 

Professor  Max  Sering. 

Professor  James  T.  Shotwell,  ex  officio. 

Italy 

Professor  Luigi  Einaudi,  Chairman. 
Professor  Pasquale  Jannaccone. 
Professor  Umberto  Ricci. 
Professor  James  T.  Shotwell,  ex  officio. 

The  Netherlands 
Professor  H.  B.  Greven,  Editor. 

Rumania 
Mr.  David  Mitrany,  Editor. 

Russia 
Sir  Paul  Vinogradoff,  F.B.A.,  Editor,  First  Series. 

Scandinavia 

Professor  Harald  Westergaard  (Denmark),  Chairman. 

Professor  Eli  F.  Heckscher  (Sweden). 

Mr.  N.  Rygg  (Norway). 

Professor  James  T.  Shotwell,  ex  officio. 

Yugoslavia 
Professor  Velimir  Bajkitch,  Editor. 


III.— LIST  OF  MONOGRAPHS 

This  list  includes  only  those  published  and  in  course  of  preparation,  and  may 
be  changed  from  time  to  time.  The  monographs  fall  into  two  main  classes,  those 
which  may  be  said  to  constitute  full  numbers  in  the  series,  volumes  of  from 
300  to  500  pages;  and  partial  numbers  or  special  studies  of  approximately  100 
pages  or  less,  which  may  ultimately  be  incorporated  in  a  full  volume  along  with 
others  dealing  with  cognate  subjects.  Titles  have  been  grouped  to  indicate  the 
proposed  volume  arrangement,  but  this  grouping  cannot  be  regarded  as  final  in 
the  larger  and  more  complicated  series.  It  is  the  intention,  however,  to  keep 
to  the  total  number  of  volumes  indicated.  Separate  announcement  will  be 
made  concerning  volumes  dealing  with  countries  outside  Europe. 

Monographs  already  published  are  indicated  by  an  asterisk,  partial  numbers 
by  a  double  asterisk. 

British  Series 

*  Bibliographical  Survey,  by  Miss  M.  E.  Bulkley. 

*  Manual  of  Archive  Administration,  by  Mr.  Hilary  Jenkinson. 
British  Archives  in  Peace  and  War,  by  Dr.  Hubert  Hall. 

War  Government  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (with  special  reference  to  its  eco- 
nomic aspects),  by  Professor  W.  G.  S.  Adams,  C.B. 

*  War  Government  of  the  British  Dominions,  by  Professor  A.  B.  Keith,  D.C.L. 

*  Prices  and  Wages  in  the  United  Kingdom,  1914-1920,  by  Professor  A.  L.  Bowley. 
British  War  Budgets  and  Financial  Policy,  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Hirst  and  Mr.  J.  E.  Allen. 
Taxation  and  W'ar-Time  Incomes,  by  Sir  Josiah  C.  Stamp,  K.B.E.: 

Taxation  during  the  War. 

War-Time  Profits  and  Their  Distribution. 

The  War  and  Insurance.  A  series  of  studies :  Life  Insurance,  by  Mr.  S.  G.  Warner ; 
Fire  Insurance,  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Sich  and  Mr.  S.  Preston;  Shipping  Insurance, 
by  Sir  Norman  Hill;  Friendly  Societies  and  Health  Insurance,  by  Sir  Alfred 
Watson;  Unemployment  Insurance,  by  Sir  William  Beveridge;  with  an 
additional  section  on  the  National  Savings  Movement,  by  Sir  William 
Schooling. 

♦Experiments  in  State  Control  at  the  War  Office  and  the  Ministry  of  Food,  by 
Mr.  E.  M.  H.  Lloyd. 

British  Food  Control,  by  Sir  William  Beveridge,  K.C.B.,  and  Sir  Edward  C.  K. 
Gonner,  K.B.E. 

*  Food  Production  in  War,  by  Sir  Thomas  Middleton,  K.B.E. 
Effect  of  the  Wrar  upon  British  Textile  Industries: 

The  Wool  Trade  during  the  War,  by  Mr.  E.  F.  Hitchcock. 
**The  Cotton  Control  Board,  by  Mr.  H.  D.  Henderson. 
14 


LIST   OF  MONOGRAPHS  1 5 

*  Allied  Shipping  Control;  An  Experiment  in  International  Administration,  by 

Sir  Arthur  Salter,  K.C.B. 
General  History  of  British  Shipping  during  the  War,  by  Mr.  C.  Ernest  Fayle. 

*  The  British  Coal-Mining  Industry  during  the  War,  by  Sir  Richard  Redmayne, 

K.C.B. 
The  British  Iron  and  Steel  Industry  during  the  War,  by  Mr.  W.  T,  Layton,  C.H., 

C.B.E. 
British  Labour  Unions  and  the  War  (3  volumes),  by  Mr.  G.  D.  H.  Cole: 

**  Trade  Unionism  and  Munitions. 

**  Labour  in  the  Coal  Mining  Industry. 

**  Workshop  Organization. 

*  Labour  Supply  and  Regulation,  by  Mr.  Humbert  Wolfe,  C.B.E. 
Effect  of  the  War  upon  Public  Health : 

Public  Health  Conditions  in  England  during  the  War,  by  Dr.  A.  W.  J. 
MacFadden,  C.B. 

Health  of  the  Returned  Soldier,  by  Dr.  E.  Cunyngham  Brown,  C.B.E. 
industries  of  the  Clyde  Valley  during  the  War,  by  Professor  W.  R.  Scott  and  Mr. 

J.  Cunnison. 
Scottish  Agriculture  and  Fisheries  (with  a  supplementary  chapter  on  the  jute 

industry).     A  series  of  studies  of  War-Time  Economics,  by  Mr.   H.   M. 

Conacher,  Mr.  Joseph  Duncan,  Mr.  D.  T.  Jones,  and  Dr.  J.  P.  Day,  with 

Introduction  by  Professor  W.  R.  Scott. 
Wales  in  the  World  War,  by  Thomas  Jones,  LL.D. 

Manchester:  A  Study  in  Local  War-Time  Conditions,  by  Professor  H.  W.  C.  Davis. 
Guides  to  the  Study  of  War-Time  Economics : 

Guide  to  Local  War  Records,  by  Miss  Wretts-Smith. 

Dictionary  of  Official  War-Time  Organizations,  by  Dr.  N.  B.  Dearie. 

Economic  Chronicle  of  the  War,  by  Dr.  N.  B.  Dearie. 
Studies  in  British  Social  History  during  the  World  War  (to  be  arranged). 
Cost  of  War  to  Great  Britain  (to  be  arranged). 

Austrian  and  Hungarian  Series 
A  ustria-Hungary: 

*  Bibliography  of  Austrian  Economic  Literature  during  the  War,  by  Professor 

Dr.  Othmar  Spann. 
Austro-Hungarian  Finance  during  the  War,  by  Dr.  Alexander  Popovics. 
Military  Economic  History,  a  series  of  studies  directed  by  Professor  Dr.  von  Wieser, 
Generals  Krauss  and  Hoen,  and  Colonel  Glaise-Horstenau : 
Conscription,  etc.,  by  Colonel  Klose;  Munitions  and  Supply,  by  Colonel 
Pflug;  Transportation  under  Military  Control,  by  Colonel  Ratzenhofer; 
The  Costs  of  the  War  to  Austria,  by  Dr.  Hornik.     Others  to  follow. 
Economic  Use  of  Occupied  Territories:  Serbia,  Montenegro,  Albania,  by  General 
Kerchnawe. 


16  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

"Mittel-Europa":  The  Preparation  of  a  New  Joint  Economy,  by  Dr.  Gratz  and 

Dr.  Schuller. 
Exhaustion  and  Disorganization  of  the  Hapsburg  Monarchy,  by  Professor  Dr. 

Friedrich  von  Wieser,  with  a  section  on  the  Disruption  of  the  Austro- 

Hungarian  Economic  Union,  by  Dr.  Richard  Schuller. 

Empire  of  Austria: 
War  Government  in  Austria,  by  Professor  Dr.  Joseph  Redlich. 
Industrial  Control  in  Austria  during  the  War,  a  series  of  studies  directed  by  Dr. 

Richard  Riedl. 
Food  Control  and  Agriculture  in  Austria  during  the  War,  a  series  of  studies  di- 
rected by  Dr.  H.  Lowenfeld-Russ. 
Labor    in    Austria    during    the    War,    a    series    of    studies    directed    by    Mr. 

Ferdinand  Hanusch. 
Austrian  Railways  during  the  War  (Civil  Control),  by  Ing.  Bruno  Ritter  von 

Enderes. 
Coal  Supply  in  Austria  during  the  War,  by  Ing.  Emil  Homann-Herimberg. 
The  Moral  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Austria,  by  Chancellor  Dr.  Ignaz  Seipel. 
The  War  and  Crime,  by  Professor  Franz  Exner. 

Kingdom  of  Hungary: 
Economic  War  History  of  Hungary:  A  General  Survey,  by  Dr.  Gustav  Gratz. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Hungarian  Government  and  People,  by  Count 

Albert  Apponyi. 
Hungarian  Industry  during  the  War,  by  Baron  Josef  Szterenyi. 
History  of  Hungarian  Commerce  during  the  War,  by  Dr.  Alexander  Matlckovits. 
History  of  Hungarian  Finance  during  the  War,  by  Dr.  Johann  von  Teleszky. 
Hungarian  Agriculture  during  the  War,  by  Dr.  Emil  von  Mutschenbacher,  and 

Food  Control  in  Hungary  during  the  War,  by  Professor  Johann  Bud. 
Social  Conditions  in  Hungary  during  the  War,  by  Dr.  Desider  Pap. 

Public  Health  and  the  War  in  Austria-Hungary: 

General  Survey  of  Public  Health  in  Austria-Hungary,  by  Professor  Dr.  Clemens 
von  Pirquet. 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Public  Health  in  Austria  and  Hungary.  A  series  of 
studies  by  Drs.  Helly,  Kirchenberger,  Steiner,  Raschofsky,  Kassowitz, 
Breitner,  von  B6kay,  Schacherl,  Hockauf,  Finger,  Kyrle,  Elias,  Economo, 
Muller-Deham,  Nobel,  Wagner,  Edelmann,  and  Mayerhofer,  edited  with 
Introduction  by  Professor  Dr.  Clemens  von  Pirquet. 

Belgian  Series 

Belgium  and  the  World  War,  by  Professor  H.  Pirenne. 

Deportation  of  Belgian  Workmen  and  the  Forced  Labor  of  the  Civilian  Popula- 
tion during  the  German  Occupation  of  Belgium,  by  M.  Fernand  Passelecq. 


LIST   OF   MONOGRAPHS  1 7 

Food  Supply   of    Belgium   during   the   German    Occupation,    by    Dr.    Albert 

Henry. 
German  Legislation  with  Reference  to  the  Occupation  of  Belgium,  by  Drs.  J. 

Pirenne  and  M.  Vauthier. 
Unemployment  in  Belgium  during  the  German  Occupation,  by  Professor  Ernest 

Mahaim. 
Destruction  of  Belgian  Industry  by  the  Germans,  by  Count  Charles  de  Kerchove. 
Economic  Policy  of  the  Belgian  Government  during  the  War,  by  Professor  F.  J. 

van  Langenhove. 

Czechoslovak  Series 

*  Financial  Policy  of  Czechoslovakia  during  the  first  year  of  its  History,  by  Dr. 

A.  Rasin. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Czechoslovak  People.     A  volume  of  studies 
under  the  direction  of  President  Masaryk. 

Dutch  Series 

*  War  Finances  in  the  Netherlands  up  to  191 8,  by  Dr.  M.J.  van  der  Flier. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Supplies  and  upon  Dutch  Agriculture,  by  Dr.  F.  E. 

Posthuma. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Dutch  Manufacturing  Industry,  by  Mr.  C. 

J.  P.  Zaalberg. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Dutch  Commerce  and  Navigation,  by  Mr.  E.  P. 

De  Monchy. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Prices,  Wages,  and  the  Cost  of  Living,  by  Professor 

Dr.  H.  W.  Methorst. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Banking  and  Currency,  by  Dr.  G.  Vissering  and  Dr. 

J.  Westerman  Holstyn. 
The  Effect   of   the  War  upon    the  Dutch  Colonies,    by   Professor  Dr.  J.  H. 

Carpentier  Alting. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  Upon  the  Housing  Problem,  19 14-1922,  by  Dr.  H.  J. 

Romeyn. 
War  Finances  in  the  Netherlands  19 18- 1922.     The  Costs  of  the  War.    By  Pro- 
fessor Dr.  H.  W.  C.  Bordewyk. 

French  Series 

Bibliographical  Guide  to  the  Literature  concerning  France  for  the  Economic 

History  of  the  War,  by  Dr.  Camille  Bloch. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Government: 

Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Civil  Government  of  France,  by  Professor  Pierre 
Renouvin. 


1 8  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Problem  of  Regionalism,  by  Professor  Henri  Hauser. 

Official  War-Time  Organizations,  by  M.  Boutillier  du  Retail. 

Organization  of  the  Republic  for  Peace,  by  M.  Henri  Chardon. 
Studies  in  War-Time  Statistics: 

Effect  of  the  War  upon  Population  and  upon  Incomes,  by  M.  Michel  Huber. 

Prices  and  Wages  during  the  War,  by  M.  Lucien  March. 
Supply  and  Control  of  Food  in  War-Time: 

Rationing  and  Food  Control,  by  MM.  Adolphe  Pichon  and  P.  Pinot. 

Agriculture  during  the  War,  by  M.  Michel  Auge-Laribe. 
The  History  of  French  Industry  during  the  War,  by  M.  Arthur  Fontaine. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Textile  Industries,  by  Professor  Albert  Aftalion. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Metallurgy  and  Engineering,  by  M.  Robert  Pinot,  and 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  Chemical  Industries,  by  M.  Eugene  Mauclere. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Fuel  and  Motive  Power: 

Coal  Industry  and  Mineral  Fuels,  by  M.  Henri  de  Peyerimhoff. 

Hydraulic  Power,  by  Professor  Raoul  Blanchard. 
Forestry  and  the  Timber  Industry  during  the  War,  by  General  Georges  Chevalier, 

and  War-Time  Aeronautic  Industries,  by  Colonel  Paul  Dhe. 
Organization  of  War  Industries,  by  M.  Albert  Thomas. 

Labor  Conditions  during  the  War,  by  MM.  William  Oualid  and  C.  Picquenard. 
Studies  in  War-Time  Labor  Problems  (2  volumes) : 

Unemployment  during  the  War,  by  M.  A.  Crehange. 

Syndicalism  during  the  War,  by  M.  Roger  Picard. 

Foreign  and  Colonial  Workmen  in  France,  by  M.  B.  Nogaro. 

Women  in  Industry  under  War  Conditions,  by  M.  Marcel  Frois. 
Effects  of  the  War  in  the  Occupied  Territories: 

The  Organization  of  Labor  in  the  Invaded  Territories,  by  M.  Pierre  Boulin. 

Food  Supply  in  the  Invaded  Territory,  by  MM.  Paul  Collinet  and  Paul 
Stahl. 

Damage  Inflicted  by  the  War,  by  M.  Edmond  Michel. 
Refugees  and  Prisoners  of  War : 

The  Refugees  and  Interned  Civilians,  by  Professor  Pierre  Caron. 

Prisoners  of  War,  by  M.  Georges  Cahen-Salvador. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Transportation : 

French  Railroads  during  the  War,  by  M.  Marcel  Peschaud. 

Internal  Waterways,  Freight  Traffic,  by  M.  Georges  Pocard  de  Kerviler. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  French  Shipping: 

Merchant  Shipping  during  the  War,  by  M.  Henri  Cangardel. 

French  Ports  during  the  War,  by  M.  Georges  Hersent. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  French  Commerce,  by  Professor  Charles  Rist. 
The  Blockade,  by  MM.  Denys-Cochin  and  Jean  Gout. 
French  Commercial  Policy  during  the  War,  by  M.  fitienne  Clemen tel. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  French  Finances: 


LIST  OF  MONOGRAPHS  19 

War-Time  Finances,  by  M.  Henri  Truchy. 

War-Time  Banking,  by  M.  Albert  Aupetit. 
Studies  in  Social  History: 

Cooperative  Societies  and  the  Struggle  Against  High  Prices,  by  Professor 
Charles  Gide. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Problem  of  Housing,  by  M.  Henri  Sellier. 
Effect  of  the  War  upon  Public  Health : 

Public  Health  and  Hygiene,  by  Dr.  Leon  Bernard. 

The  Wounded  Soldiers,  by  MM.  Cassin  and  Ville-Chabrolle. 
Economic  History  of  French  Cities  during  the  War  (two  volumes) : 

Lyons,  by  M.  Edouard  Herriot. 

Rouen,  by  M.  J.  Levainville. 

Bordeaux,  by  M.  Paul  Courteault. 

Bourges,  by  M.  C.  J.  Gignoux. 

Tours,  by  Professor  M.  L'h6ritier. 

Marseilles,  by  M.  Paul  Masson. 

Paris,  by  M.  Henri  Sellier. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Colonies  and  Possessions : 

The  Colonies  in  War-Time,  by  M.  Arthur  Girault. 

Effects  of  the  WTar  upon  Northern  Africa,  by  M.  Augustin  Bernard. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Alsace-Lorraine,  by  M.  Georges  Delahache. 
The  Cost  of  the  War  to  France: 

War  Costs:  Direct  Expenses,  by  Professor  Gaston  Jeze. 

The  Costs  of  the  War  to  France,  by  Professor  Charles  Gide. 

German  Series 

Bibliographical  Survey  of  German  Literature  for  the  Economic  History  of  the 
War,  by  Professor  Dr.  A.  Mendelssohn  Bartholdy  and  Dr.  E.  Rosenbaum; 
with  a  supplementary  section  on  the  Imperial  German  Archives,  by  Dr. 
E.  F.  C.  Miisebeck. 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Government  and  Constitution  of  Germany: 

1.  The  War  Government  of  Germany,  by  Professor  Dr.  A.  Mendelssohn 

Bartholdy. 

2.  The  Political  Administration  of  Occupied  Territories,  by  Freiherr  W.  M. 

E.  von  Gayl,  Dr.  W.  von  Kries  and  Dr.  L.  F.  von  Kohler. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Morals  and  Religion: 

1.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Morals,  by  Professor  Dr.  Otto  Baumgarten. 

2.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Religion,  by  Professor  Dr.  Erich  Fcerster 

and  Professor  Dr.  Arnold  Rademacher. 

3.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Young,  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Flitner. 
The  War  and  Crime,  by  Professor  Dr.  Moritz  Liepmann. 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Population,  Income  and  Standard  of  Living  in 
Germany : 


20  ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

1.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Population:  a  Study  in  Vital  Statistics, 

by  Professor  Rudolf  Meerwarth. 

2.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Incomes,  by  Professor  Dr.  Adolf  Gunther. 
The  General  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Production,  by  Professor  Max  Sering. 
The  War  and  Government  Control : 

1.  State  Control  and  Decontrol,  by  Professor  Dr.  H.  Goppert. 

2.  The  Supply  of  Raw  Materials  under  Government  Control,  by  Dr.  A. 

Koeth. 

3.  Economic  Cooperation  with  the  Allies  of  Germany,  and  the  Government 

Organization  of  Supplies,  by  Dr.  W.  Frisch. 
The  Economic  Exploitation  of  Occupied  Territories: 

1.  Belgium  and  Northern  France,  by  Dr.  Georg  Jahn. 

2.  Rumania  and  the  Ukraine,  by  Dr.  Fritz  Karl  Mann. 

3.  Poland  and  the  Baltic,  by  Dr.  W.  von  Kries  and  Freiherr  W.  M.  E. 

von  Gayl. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  German  Commerce,  by  Professor  Dr.  W.  Wiedenfeld. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Shipping  and  Railways: 

1.  The  War  and  German  Shipping,  by  Dr.  E.  Rosenbaum. 

2.  The  War  and  German  Railways  (to  be  arranged). 

The  Influence  of  the  War  upon  German   Industry,   by  Geheimrat  Hermann 

Biicher. 
The  War  and  German  Labor  Unions,  by  Herren  Paul  Umbreit,  Adam  Stegerwald, 

Anton  Erkelenz  and  Ex-Chancellor  Gustav  Bauer. 
The  Social  History  of  the  Laboring  Classes  during  and  after  the  War : 

1.  The  War  and  the  German  Working  Man,  by  Ex-Minister  David. 

2.  The  War  and  Wages,  by  Professor  Dr.  Waldemar  Zimmermann. 
Food  Supply  and  Agriculture: 

1.  The  War  and  the  Agricultural  Population,  by  Professor  Max  Sering. 

2.  Food  Supply  during  the  War,  by  Professor  A.  Skalweit. 

3.  Food  Statistics  of  the  War  Period,  by  Professor  Dr.  Ernst  Wagemann. 

4.  The  Influence  of  the  War  upon  Agricultural  Production,  by  Professor  Dr. 

Friedrich  Aereboe. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  German  Finance : 

1.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Currency  and  Banking,  by  Professor  Dr. 

Hermann  N.  Schumacher. 

2.  German  Public  Finance  during  the  War,  by  Professor  Dr.  Walter  Lotz. 

Italian  Series 

Bibliographical  Survey  of  the  Economic  and  Social  Problems  of  the  War,  by 
Professor  Vincenzo  Porri,  with  an  introduction  on  the  collection  and  use  of 
the  documents  of  the  War,  by  Comm.  Eugenio  Casanova. 

The  Economic  Legislation  of  the  War,  by  Professor  Alberto  De'Stefani. 

Agricultural  Production  in  Italy,  1 914-19,  by  Professor  Umberto  Ricci. 


LIST   OF  MONOGRAPHS  21 

The  Agricultural  Classes  in  Italy  during  and  after  the  War,  by  Professor  Arrigo 
Serpieri. 

Food  Supply  and  Rationing,  by  Professor  Riccardo  Bachi;  and  Food  Supply  of 
the  Italian  Army,  by  Professor  Gaetano  Zingali. 

War-Time  Finances,  by  Professor  Luigi  Einaudi. 

Cost  of  the  War  to  Italy,  by  Professor  Luigi  Einaudi. 

Currency  Inflation  in  Italy  and  its  Effects  on  Prices,  Incomes  and  Foreign  Ex- 
changes, by  Professor  Pasquale  Jannaccone. 

Vital  Statistics  and  Public  Health  in  Italy  during  and  after  the  War,  by  Professor 
Giorgio  Mortara. 

The  Italian  People  during  and  after  the  War:  A  Social  Survey,  by  Professor 
Gioacchino  Volpe. 

Social  and  Economic  Life  in  Piedmont  as  Affected  by  the  War,  by  Professor 
Giuseppe  Prato. 

Portuguese  Series 

Economic  and  Social  History  of  Portugal  as  Affected  by  the  War,  by  Professor 
George  Young. 

Rumanian  Series 

The  Rural  Revolution  in  Rumania  and  Southeastern  Europe,  by  D.  Mitrany. 
Economic  Consequences  of  the  War  in  Rumania: 

The  Effect  of  the  Enemy  Occupation  of  Rumania,  by  Dr.  G.  Antipa. 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Public  Health  in  Rumania,  by  Professor  J. 

Cantacuzino. 
The   Effect  of  the  War   upon   Rumanian   Economic  Life  (volume   to  be 
arranged) . 

First  Russian  Series 
(To  the  Bolshevik  Revolution) 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Government  and  National  Finances  in  Russia : 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Central  Government,  by  Professor  Paul  P. 

Gronsky. 
State  Finances  during  the  War,  by  Mr.  Alexander  M.  Michelson. 
Russian  State  Credit  during  the  War,  by  Mr.  Paul  N.  Apostol. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Currency  and  Banking  in  Russia: 

Currency  in  Russia  during  the  War,  by  Professor  Michael  V.  Bernadsky. 
German  Capital  in  Russia  and  the  War,  by  Mr.  Basil  B.  Eliashevitch. 
Municipalities  and  Zemstvos  during  the  War: 

Effect  of  the  War  upon  Russian  Municipalities,  and  the  All-Russian  Union 

of  Towns,  by  Mr.  N.  I.  Astroff. 
The  Zemstvos,  the  All-Russian  Union  of  the  Zemstvos  and  the  Zemgor,  by 
Prince  Vladimir  A.  Obolensky  and  Mr.  Sergius  P.  Turin. 


22  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

The  War  and  the  Psychology  of  the  Zemstvos  Workers,  by  Mr.  Isaak  V. 
Shklovsky. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Cooperative  Movement  in  Russia : 

Effect  of  the  War  upon  Agricultural  Cooperation  and  Cooperative  Credit, 
by  Professor  A.  N.  Anziferoff. 

Cooperatives  of  Consumers  in  Russia  during  the  War,  by  Professor  V.  T. 
Totomianz. 
The  Russian  Army  in  the  World  War:  a  study  in  social  history,  by  General 

Nicholas  N.  Golovine. 
Rural  Economy  in  Russia  and  the  War,  by  Professor  A.  N.  Anziferoff,  Professor 

Alexander  Bilimovitch  and  Mr.  M.  O.  Batcheff. 
Effect  of  the  War  upon  Landholding  and  Settlement  in  Russia,  by  Professor 

Alexander  D.  Bilimovitch  and  Professor  V.  A.  Kossinsky. 
Problem  of  Food  Supply  in  Russia  during  the  War,  by  Professor  Peter  B.  Struve. 
State  Control  of  Industry  in  Russia  during  the  War,  by  Mr.  Simon  O.  Zagorsky. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Russian  Industries: 

Coal  Mining,  by  Mr.  Boris  N.  Sokoloff. 

Petroleum,  by  Mr.  Alexander  M.  Michelson. 

Chemical  Industry,  by  Mr.  Mark  A.  Landau. 

Flax  and  Wool  Industry,  by  Mr.  Sergius  N.  Tretiakoff. 

Metal  Manufacturing  Industries,  by  General  Hermonius. 

Textile  (Cotton)  Industry,  by  Mr.  Theodorovitch  G.  Karpoff. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Labor  and  Industrial  Conditions: 

Wages  in  War  Time,  by  Miss  Anna  G.  Eisenstadt. 

Workmen's  Family  Budgets,  by  Mr.  Stanislas  S.  Kohn. 

Changes  in  the  Conditions  and  Composition  of  the  Working  Classes,  by  Mr. 
W.  T.  Braithwaite. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Trade  and  Commerce : 

Internal  Russian  Trade  during  the  War,  by  Mr.  Paul  A.  Bouryschkine. 

Russia  in  the  Economic  War,  by  Professor  Boris  E.  Nolde. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Transportation  in  Russia,  by  Mr.  Michael  B.  Braikevitch. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Education  and  Public  Health  in  Russia: 

Elementary  and  Secondary  Schools  during  the  War,  by  Professor  D .  M .  Odineiz. 

Universities  and  Academic  Institutions  during  the  War,  by  Professor  P.  J. 
Novgorodzoff. 

Public  Health,  by  Professor  L.  A.  Taracievitch. 
Social  History  of  the  Ukraine  during  the  War,  by  Mr.  Nicholas  M.  Mogilansky. 
Vital  Statistics  of  Russia  during  the  War,  by  Professor  A.  A.  Tschuproff,  and 

Russia  in  the  World  War;  a  historical  synthesis,  by  Sir  Paul  Vinogradoff. 

Scandinavian  Series 

The  Economic  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Sweden,  a  series  of  studies  edited  and 
with  an  introduction  by  Professor  Eli  F.  Heckscher. 


LIST   OF  MONOGRAPHS  23 

1.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Life  and  Work  of  the  Swedish  People 

(General  Introduction),  by  Professor  Eli  F.  Heckscher. 

2.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Agriculture  and  Food  Supply,  by 

Mr.  Carl  Mannerfelt. 

3.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Industry,  by  Mr.  Olof  Edstrom. 

4.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Working  Classes,  by  Mr.  Otto  J  arte. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Finance  and  Commerce: 

1.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Currency  and  Finances,  by  Professor  Eli 

F.  Heckscher. 

2.  The  War  and  Swedish  Commerce,  by  Mr.  Kurt  Bergendal. 

Norway  and  the  World  War,  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Keilhau. 

The  Economic  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Denmark,  by  Dr.  Einar  Cohn,  with  a 
section  on  Iceland  by  Mr.  Thorstein  Thorsteinsson. 

Yugoslav  Series 

Economic  Situation  of  Serbia  at  the  Outbreak  and  during  the  First  Year  of  the 

War,  by  Professor  Velimir  Bajkitch. 
Economic  and  Social  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Yugoslavia  (volume  to  be  arranged). 


IV.— PUBLISHERS 

The  publication  of  the  monographs  is  being  carried  forward  under  the  general 
direction  of  the  Yale  University  Press,  in  cooperation  with  publishers  in  other 
countries.  Each  of  the  volumes  as  published  is  thus  made  available  not  only 
through  the  national  publisher,  but  through  each  of  the  other  publishers  in  other 
countries. 

The  following  volumes  are  now  ready,  or  will  be  shortly: 

Austrian  and  Hungarian  Series 
(In  German) 

Bibliographic  der  Wirtschafts — und  Sozialgeschichte  des  Weltkrieges,  by  Othmar  Spann. 
Das  Geldwesen  im  Kriege,  by  Dr.  Alexander  von  Popovics. 

Die  Kohlenversorgung  Osterreichs  wahrend  des  Krieges,  by  Emil  von  Homann-Herimberg. 
Die  Regelung  der  Arbeitsverhaltnisse  im  Kriege,  by  Ferdinand  Hanusch. 

Belgian  Series 
(In  French) 

L'activite  legislative  et  juridique  allemande  en  Belgique  pendant  I'occupation  de  1914  a  1918,  by 

Marcel  Vauthier  and  Jacques  Pirenne. 
Le  ravitaillement  de  la  Belgique  pendant  I'occupation  allemande,  by  Albert  Henry. 

British  Series 
(In  English) 

Allied  Shipping  Control:  An  Experiment  in  International  Administration,  by  J.  A.  Salter,  C.B. 

War  Government  of  the  British  Dominions,  by  Arthur  Berriedale  Keith,  D.C.L.,  D.Litt. 

Prices  and  Wages  in  the  United  Kingdom,  1914-1920,  by  Arthur  L.  Bowley,  Sc.D. 

A  Manual  of  Archive  Administration,  including  the  Problems  of  War  Archives  and  Archive  Mak- 
ing, by  Hilary  Jenkinson. 

The  Cotton  Control  Board,  by  Hubert  D.  Henderson,  M.A. 

Bibliographical  Survey  of  Contemporary  Sources  for  the  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  War, 
by  M.  E.  Bulkley. 

Labour  Supply  and  Regulation,  by  Humbert  Wolfe. 

The  British  Coal-Mining  Industry  during  the  War,  by  Sir  Richard  A.  S.  Redmayne. 

Food  Production  in  War,  by  Sir  Thomas  Hudson  Middleton. 

Workshop  Organization,  by  G.  D.  H.  Cole. 

Trade  Unionism  and  Munitions,  by  G.  D.  H.  Cole. 

Labour  in  the  Coal-Mining  Industry,  by  G.  D.  H.  Cole. 

Experiments  in  State  Control  at  the  War  Office  and  the  Ministry  of  Food,  by  E.  M.  H.  Lloyd. 

Industries  of  the  Clyde  Valley  during  the  War,  by  W.  R.  Scott  and  J.  Cunnison. 

Czechoslovak  Series 
(In  English) 
Financial  Policy  of  Czechoslovakia  during  the  First  Year  of  its  History,  by  Alois  Rasin. 
24 


PUBLISHERS  25 


Dutch  Series 
(In  English) 
War  Finances  in  the  Netherlands  up  to  1918,  by  M.  J.  van  der  Flier. 

French  Series 
(In  French) 

Bibliographic  generate  de  la  guerre,  by  Camille  Bloch. 
Le  probleme  du  regionalisme,  by  Professor  Henri  Hauser. 

Portuguese  Series 
(In  English) 
Portugal's  War,  by  George  Young. 


The  publishers  and  selling  agents  for  each  of  the  countries  are  as  follows: 

America:  Yale  University  Press,  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

Austria-Hungary:  Holder-Pichler-Tempsky  A.-G.,  Vienna,  Austria. 

France:  Les  Presses  Universitaires  de  France,  49,  Boulevard  Saint-Michel,  Paris,  France. 

Germany:  Deutsche  Verlags-Anstalt,  Berlin  and  Stuttgart. 

Great  Britain:  Oxford  University  Press,  Amen  House,  Warwick  Square,  London,  E.  C.  4, 

England. 
Italy:  Casa  Editrice  Laterza,  Bari,  Italy. 

Inquiries  regarding  the  content  or  price  of  any  of  the  volumes  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  the  publisher  for  the  country  or  locality  from  which  the  inquiry  origi- 
nates. 


V.— DETAILS  OF  PLAN 
1.  THE  EDITORS 


GREAT  BRITAIN 

Sir  William  H.  Beveridge,  K.C.B.,  Chairman. 

Director  of  London  School  of  Economics;  Fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford,  1902-9; 
Subwarden  of  Toynbee  Hall,  1903-5;  leader  writer  for  Morning  Post,  1906-8;  member  of 
Central  Unemployed  Body  for  London,  1905-8,  and  first  Chairman  of  Employment  Ex- 
changes Committee;  in  Board  of  Trade,  1908-16,  as  Director  of  Labor  Exchanges,  1909-16, 
and  Assistant  Secretary  in  charge  of  Employment  Department;  Assistant  General  Secretary 
to  Ministry  of  Munitions,  1915-16;  in  Ministry  of  Food,  Second  Secretary,  1916-18,  Per- 
manent Secretary,  19 19.  Author  of  Unemployment:  A  Problem  of  Industry;  The  Ministry 
of  Food  under  Lord  Rhondda;  contributed  to  Life  of  Lord  Rhondda;  articles  in  Contemporary 
Review,  economic  journals,  etc. 

Professor  H.  W.  C.  Davis,  C.B.E.,  M.A. 

Professor  of  History  in  Manchester  University,  1921;  Director,  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography  since  1920;  Fellow  and  tutor  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford  (Scholar  1891-95),  Fellow, 
1902;  Fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1895-1902;  member  of  War  Trade  Intelligence 
Department,  1915;  War  Trade  Advisory  Committee,  1916;  member  of  the  British  delegation 
to  negotiate  peace,  Paris,  19 18-19.  Author  of  History  of  Balliol  College  (1899) ;  Charlemagne 
(1900);  England  under  the  Normans  and  Angovins  (1905);  Mediaeval  Europe  (191 1);  Regesta 
Regum  Anglo-Normannorum  (vol.  I,  1913);  new  edition  of  Stubb's  Select  Charters  (1913); 
Political  Thought  of  Treitschke  (1914);  (joint)  Why  we  are  at  War  (1914);  editor  of  Oxford 
Pamphlets,  1914-15;  contributions  to  the  English  Historical  Review,  Cambridge  Modem 
History,  Encyclopedia  Britannica  (1910);  Helmolt's  History  of  the  World  (1910);  Mowbray's 
History  of  Church  History  (19 12) ;  History  of  the  Peace  Conference  (ed.  Temperley,  1920),  etc. 

Thomas  Jones,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Principal  Assistant  Secretary  to  Cabinet;  Secretary,  National  Health  Insurance  Commis- 
sioners (Wales)  since  1912;  Secretary  to  War  Cabinet;  Barrington  Lecturer  in  Ireland,  1904- 
5;  Assistant  in  Political  Economy  and  Lecturer  in  Economics,  Glasgow  University;  special 
investigator,  Poor  Law  Commission,  1906-9;  Professor  in  Economics,  Queen's  University, 
Belfast,  1909-10;  Secretary,  Welsh  National  Campaign  Against  Tuberculosis,  1910-11; 
member  of  University  Court,  University  of  Wales;  Governor  of  National  Library  and  of 
National  Museum  of  Wales.  Author  of  Reports  on  Outdoor  Relief;  edited  Mazzini's  Essays; 
and  frequent  contributor  to  Welsh  periodicals. 

John  Maynard  Keynes,  M.A.,  C.B. 

Fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge.  Editor  of  Economic  Journal  since  1912 ;  member  of 
Royal  Commission  on  Indian  Finance  and  Currency,  1913-14;  attached  to  Treasury,  1915- 
19;  principal  representative  of  Treasury  at  Paris  Peace  Conference  and  Deputy  for  Chancel- 
lor of  Exchequer  on  Supreme  Economic  Council,  January-June,  1919;  Officier  de  1'Ordre  de 
Leopold;  India  Office  1906-8.  Author  of  Indian  Currency  and  Finance  (1913);  The  Eco- 
nomic Consequences  of  the  Peace;  The  Revision  of  the  Treaty;  A  Treatise  on  Probability;  Editor 
of  Economic  Journal;  General  Editor  of  Reconstruction  Series  of  Manchester  Guardian 
Commercial. 

26 


THE   EDITORS  27 

Francis  W.  Hirst. 

Formerly  Lecturer  at  London  School  of  Economics;  City  Editor  of  London  papers;  Editor 
of  The  Economist,  1907-16;  member  from  the  first  of  Committee  of  Research  of  Division  of 
Economics  and  History  of  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace.  Author  of  The 
Progress  of  the  Nation;  The  Stock  Exchange;  The  Political  Economy  of  War,  etc. 

Professor  W.  R.  Scott,  M.A.,  D.Phil.,  Litt.D.,  Hon.  LL.D.,  F.B.A. 

Adam  Smith  Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  University  of  Glasgow  since  19 15 ;  Lecturer 
on  Political  Economy,  University  of  St.  Andrews,  1 899-1915;  Jevons  Memorial  Lecturer, 
University  College,  London,  1916-18;  Lecturer  for  Carnegie  Dunfermline  Trust,  1919; 
appointed  by  Secretary  for  Scotland  to  report  on  Highland  Home  Industries,  191 1 ;  member, 
Departmental  Committee  on  Increases  in  Rental  of  Small  Dwelling  Houses  in  Industrial 
Districts  in  Scotland,  19 16,  of  Rural  Transport  (Scotland)  Committee,  19 18,  and  of  Com- 
mittee on  Cooperative  Credit,  19 19 ;  Vice  President,  Economic  History  Section,  International 
Historical  Congress,  1912;  President,  1919,  Economic  Section  and  Chairman  of  Commit- 
tees on  Credit  and  Employment,  British  Association,  1915-1918;  member  of  Council  of  the 
British  Academy,  19 19.  Author  of  An  Introduction  to  Cudworth's  Treatise  on  Morality 
(1891),  Francis  Hutcheson  (1900);  Scottish  Economic  Literature  to  1800  (1911);  The  Constitu- 
tion and  Finance  of  English,  Scottish  and  Irish  Joint  Stock  Companies  to  1720  (3  vols.,  1910- 
12);  Report  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture  for  Scotland  on  Home  Industries  in  the  Highlands 
and  Islands  (1914);  Economic  Problems  of  Peace  After  War  (1st  Ser.,  1917;  2d  Ser.,  1918); 
Editor  of  Records  of  a  Scottish  Cloth  Manufactory,  1681-1703  (1905);  also  contributions 
to  Mind,  Economic  Journal,  Riforma  Sociale,  Scienza,  Scottish  Historical  Review,  etc. 

!Sir  Edward  C.  K.  Gonner,  K.B.E.,  M.A.,  Hon.  Litt.D. 

Late  Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  University  of  Liverpool;  member  of  the  British 
Editorial  Board  from  its  organization  until  his  death  in  February,  1922;  Director  of  Statis- 
tics, Ministry  of  Food;  chairman  on  Committee  of  Production;  Lecturer  for  London  Exten- 
sion Society,  1885;  Lecturer  at  University  College,  Bristol,  1885;  Lecturer  at  University 
College,  Liverpool,  1888;  Professor  at  University  College,  Liverpool,  1891;  Rae  Lecturer  at 
University  College,  Bangor,  191 1 ;  President  of  Section  F,  Economics  and  Statistics,  British 
Association  (Toronto)  1897;  President  of  Section  F,  British  Association  (Australia)  1914; 
Vice  President,  Economic  History  Subsection,  International  Historical  Congress,  London, 
1913;  member  of  Royal  Commission  on  Shipping  Conferences,  1906-9;  Chairman  of  Sub- 
committee for  Elementary  Education,  County  of  Chester;  Chairman  of  War  Savings  Com- 
mittee, County  of  Chester,  191 7-18.  Author  of  The  Socialist  State;  edited  Ricardo's  Princi- 
ples of  Political  Economy  and  Taxation;  The  Social  Philosophy  of  Rodbertus;  Commercial 
Geography;  Interest  and  Saving;  Common  Land  and  Inclosure;  The  Economic  History  of  Ger- 
many in  the  Nineteenth  Century;  contributor  to  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  Dictionary 
of  Political  Economy,  and  Conrad's  Handworterbuch  der  Staatswissenschaften,  etc. 

AUSTRIA   AND   HUNGARY 

Professor  James  T.  Shot  well,  Chairman,  Joint  Editorial  Board 

Austrian  Series 

Professor  Dr.  Friedrich  von  Wieser,  Chairman. 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  University  of  Vienna  and  formerly  Minister  of  Com- 
merce for  the  Empire  of  Austria;  from  1884  to  19 13,  Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  Ger- 

1  Died  February  24,  1922. 


28  ECONOMIC   AND    SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE  WORLD  WAR 

man  University  of  Prague;  from  1903,  in  University  of  Vienna;  one  of  the  founders  of  "Aus- 
trian School "  of  political  economy ;  although  never  a  member  of  any  party,  during  the  World 
War  he  was  made  a  life  member  of  the  Upper  House,  and  in  the  summer  of  191 7  he  accepted 
office  as  Austrian  Minister  of  Commerce,  which  position  he  held  until  the  Revolution.  Dur- 
ing his  residence  in  Prague  he  was  for  several  years  President  of  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  German  Science,  Art  and  Literature  in  Bohemia,  which  acquired  almost  the  status  of  an 
academy;  member  of  Vienna  Academy  of  Sciences;  Member  of  Committee  of  Research  of 
Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  1911-17.  Author  of  a  lengthy  series  of 
theoretical  works  and  others  on  finance  and  social  history;  among  these  are:  Uber  den  Ur- 
sprung  und  die  Hauptgesetze  des  wirtschaftlichen  Wertes  (1884);  Der  natiirliche  Wert  (Natural 
Value,  1889;  translated  into  English  by  Professor  William  Smart,  London,  1893);  Theorie 
der  gesellschaftlichen  Wirtschaft;  volume  I  of  Grundriss  der  Sozialokonomie  (1914);  Die 
Ergebnisse  und  die  Aussichten  der  Personaleinkommensteuer  in  Oesterreich  (1901) ;  Die  deutsche 
Steuerleistung  und  der  offentliche  Haushalt  in  Bohmen  (1904) ;  Uber  Vergangenheit  und  Zukunfi 
der  0 ester reichischen  Verfassung  (1905);  Die  Revolutionen  der  Gegenwart  (Deutsche  Rund- 
schau, 1920);  The  Fight  Against  the  Famine  in  Austria  (1920). 

Dr.  Richard  Riedl. 

Austrian  Minister;  Ph.D.  of  University  of  Vienna;  as  Director  of  Statistics  for  Vienna 
Chamber  of  Commerce  he  prepared  the  plans  followed  in  the  industrial  census  of  Austria  in 
1912,  and  had  an  important  part  in  the  preparation  of  commercial  treaties;  in  1909,  ap- 
pointed Chief  of  Staff  (Sektionschef)  in  the  Austrian  Ministry  of  Commerce,  he  negotiated 
commercial  treaties  and  was  responsible  for  the  administration  of  Trieste  harbor;  during  the 
War  Dr.  Riedl  was  the  organizer  of  government  war  economics  in  industry,  creating  the 
various  war  and  central  organizations  and  negotiating  with  other  states  for  their  supplies;  in 
191 6  he  took  over  as  well  the  direction  of  all  politico-industrial  questions,  and  was  appointed 
Commissioner  General  for  War  Economics  and  Reconstruction;  after  the  Revolution  he  was 
made  a  member  of  the  first  Republican  cabinet  as  Secretary  of  State  for  Commerce  and  later 
in  other  official  capacities,  he  continued  to  direct  important  administrative  and  diplomatic 
undertakings,  and  in  1921  was  made  Minister  to  Germany. 

Dr.  Richard  Schuller. 

Director  of  Economic  Section  of  Austrian  Foreign  Office;  from  1898,  a  member  and  from 
1913  to  1918  Director  (Sektionschef)  of  the  politico-commercial  section  of  the  Ministry  of 
Commerce,  where  he  worked  on  customs  tariffs  and  commercial  treaties;  in  19 15  and  19 16 
he  represented  Austrian  Ministry  of  Commerce  in  the  negotiations  for  the  new  Compromise 
with  Hungary  and  in  1916  and  1917  conducted  the  negotiations  for  the  economic  rap- 
prochement-with  Germany;  in  1918  he  represented  the  Austrian  Government  at  the  peace 
negotiations  with  Russia  and  the  Ukraine  at  Brest-Litovsk,  and  at  those  with  Rumania  at 
Bucharest;  after  the  Revolution  at  the  end  of  191 8  he  was  appointed  to  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs  as  Chief  of  Economic  and  Financial  Section;  he  was  in  charge  of  economic  and  finan- 
cial affairs  during  the  peace  negotiations  at  St.  Germain  and  in  the  negotiations  with  the 
Allied  Powers  on  the  subject  of  food  credits  for  Austria;  he  was  appointed  by  Austrian  Gov- 
ernment as  its  representative  on  the  Reparations  Commission,  and  was  head  of  the  Austrian 
delegation  sent  to  Rome  and  Portorose  to  reorganize  the  economic  relations  with  the  succes- 
sion states.  Author  of  Die  Klassische  Nationalokonomie  und  ihre  Gegner;  Freidhandel  und 
Schutzzoll,  and  treatises  on  the  theory  of  wages. 

Hungarian  Series 
Dr.  Gustav  Gratz. 

Formerly  Hungarian  Minister;  his  political  career  began  in  1906  with  his  election  to  the 


THE   EDITORS  29 

Hungarian  Parliament;  from  19 10,  as  a  Director  of  the  Union  of  Hungarian  Manufacturers,  he 
exercised  a  constant  influence  on  all  economic  and  war  measures  affecting  the  industries  of 
Hungary;  in  191 7  appointed  by  Count  Czernin  Director  of  Politico-Commercial  Depart- 
ment of  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs;  then  Minister  of  Finance  for  Hungary  in  Count  Ester- 
hazy 's  cabinet;  then  recalled  by  Czernin  to  conduct  the  negotiations  for  "Mittel-Europa" 
with  Germany  and  the  economic  part  of  the  peace  negotiations  at  Brest-Litovsk  and  Bucha- 
rest; after  the  Revolution  he  took  an  important  part  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Bolshevist 
regime,  and  later  became  Hungarian  Minister  at  Vienna,  resigning  in  192 1  to  become  Min- 
ister of  Foreign  Affairs  in  the  Teleki  cabinet;  in  this  capacity  he  was  the  first  to  base  Hun- 
gary's foreign  policy  frankly  upon  the  Peace  Treaty  of  Trianon,  and  to  conduct  negotiations 
for  the  purpose  of  regulating  Hungary's  political  and  economic  relations  with  the  neighbor- 
ing states  by  means  of  friendly  agreements;  this  work  was,  however,  interrupted  in  April, 
192 1,  when  he  resigned  in  connection  with  the  endeavor  of  King  Charles  to  regain  the  throne 
of  Hungary;  later  he  conducted  the  negotiations  with  Austria  on  the  question  of  Western 
Hungary;  he  withdrew  from  politics  after  the  attempted  coup  d'etat  of  Charles,  in  which  he 
found  himself  involved;  as  a  publicist  he  plays  an  active  part  in  the  pages  of  the  Pester 
Lloyd,  and  as  a  director  of  the  Pester  Ungarische  Commercialbank — one  of  the  two  leading 
banks  in  Hungary — and  of  several  other  commercial  and  industrial  undertakings,  he  also 
occupies  a  leading  place  in  the  economic  life  of  Hungary. 

Public  Health  Series 
Professor  Clemens  von  Pirquet. 

Austrian  Commissioner  General  for  Child  Feeding,  1919-22;  Professor  at  University  of 
Vienna;  called  in  1908  to  Johns  Hopkins  University  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  as  Professor  of 
Pediatrics,  and  in  1910,  Professor  of  Pediatrics  at  University  of  Breslau,  and  in  1911,  at 
Vienna;  author  of  important  contributions  to  medical  science,  particularly  in  connection 
with  diphtheria  and  tuberculosis  (the  "von  Pirquet  test ") ;  as  a  result  of  the  experiments  in 
child  feeding  Dr.  Pirquet  has  elaborated  a  system  of  nutrition  units,  offering  a  new  way  of 
administering  food  values;  in  19 19  appointed  Austrian  Commissioner  for  American  Relief 
Administration,  European  Children's  Fund,  in  which  position  he  won  international  distinc- 
tion both  for  the  scientific  results  of  the  child-feeding  organization  and  for  administration 
skill  in  administering  a  fund  for  feeding  over  a  quarter  of  a  million  children;  in  192 1  Silliman 
Lecturer  at  Yale  University;  in  1923  lecturer  in  London,  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh. 

BELGIUM 

Professor  H.  Pirenne. 

Historian  of  Belgium;  Professor  of  History  and  sometime  Rector  of  the  University  of 
Ghent;  Secretary  of  Royal  Historical  Commission  of  Belgium;  President  of  Commission  of 
Archives  of  the  War;  member  of  Royal  Academy  of  Belgium  and  Institute  of  France 
(Academy  of  Inscriptions);  President  of  Union  Academique  Internationale,  1919-22; 
President  of  Executive  Committee  of  Fifth  International  Congress  of  Historical  Studies; 
corresponding  member  of  Academies  of  Amsterdam,  Copenhagen,  Stockholm,  Christiania, 
Madrid,  Petrograd,  Vienna,  Britain;  Doctor  (Honoris  Causa)  of  Universities  of  Brussels, 
Oxford,  Manchester,  Strasburg  and  Groningen.  Among  Professor  Pirenne's  contribu- 
tions to  history  may  be  noted  Bibliography  of  Belgian  History;  History  of  Belgium  (in  five 
vols.);  The  Early  Democracies  of  the  Low  Countries;  Collection  of  Documents  in  the  Economic 
History  of  Flanders. 


30  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD  WAR 

FRANCE 

Professor  Charles  Gide. 

Honorary  Professor  at  Faculty  of  Law  University  of  Paris,  and  Professor  at  College  de 
France.  From  1898  to  19 19,  Professor  of  Comparative  Social  Economy,  Faculty  of  Law, 
University  of  Paris;  Professor  of  Social  Economy  at  l'Ecole  des  Ponts  et  Chaussees  from 
1900  to  1915;  Lecturer  on  Political  Economy  at  l'Ecole  Superieure  de  Guerre  from  1907; 
Rapporteur  General  for  Social  Economy  for  Universal  Exposition  of  1900;  member  of 
Conseil  Superieur  du  Travail,  from  1903,  and  of  Conseil  Superieur  de  la  Cooperation; 
Member  of  Committee  of  Research  of  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace, 
191 1-20.  Author  of  Cooperation:  Conferences  de  propagande  (1900);  Les  Institutions  de 
Progres  Social  (1903);  Les  Societes  Cooperatives  de  Consommation  (1905);  Cours  d'Economie 
Politique  (1909);  Histoire  des  Doctrines  Economiques  depuis  les  Physiocrates  jusqu'd  nos 
jours  (in  collaboration  with  M.  Rist,  1909);  Les  Institutions  en  vue  de  V Abolition  ou  de  la 
transformation  du  Salariat  (192 1). 

M.  Arthur  Fontaine. 

Administrator  and  Mining  Engineer;  organized  Section  of  Labor  Statistics  in  the  Min- 
istry of  Commerce  1891;  Under  Director  at  Office  of  Labor,  1893  and  Director,  1889-1921; 
191 1,  Administrator,  and  since  1915,  President  of  Council  of  Administration  of  State  Rail- 
ways of  France;  1915-19,  President  of  Commission  in  charge  of  contracts  for  artillery  and 
other  war  supplies;  19 19,  General  Secretary  of  Commission  of  Peace  Conference  on  Labor 
Legislation;  President  of  Committee  of  Organization  of  International  Labor  Conference  at 
Washington,  and  French  delegate  to  Washington;  1920,  President  of  the  Governing  Body 
of  International  Labor  Office  and  delegate  of  French  Government  to  Conference  of  Genoa; 
President  in  France  of  Commission  for  Industrial  Hygiene;  1920,  President  of  Council  of 
Administration  of  the  Saar  Mines;  192 1,  member  of  Economic  Committee  of  Supreme 
Council  of  National  Defense.  Author  of  many  reports  and  investigations,  mostly  official, 
e.  g.  Salaires  et  duree  du  travail  dans  I'industrie  francaise  (1892-95);  Les  Associations 
ouvrieres  de  Production,  etc. 

Professor  Henri  Hauser. 

Professor  of  History  at  University  of  Paris;  Docteur  es  lettres;  Correspondent  of  In- 
stitute of  France  (Academy  of  Moral  Sciences  and  Politics);  formerly  Professor,  Univer- 
sities of  Clermont  and  Dijon;  Professor  at  the  Sorbonne  (economic  history  of  the  modern 
and  contemporary  period) ;  Professor  at  National  Conservatory  of  Arts  and  Trades  (indus- 
trial and  commercial  geography);  during  the  War  attached  to  Cabinet  of  Ministry  of  Com- 
merce and  technical  delegate  of  the  French  Government  to  Economic  Commission  of  the 
Peace  Conference.  Exchange  Professor  at  Harvard  University,  1923.  Author  of  Francois 
de  la  Noue;  U Enseignement  des  Sciences  Sociales;  Les  Sources  de  VHistoire  de  France  au 
XVIeme  siecle;  Ouvriers  du  temps  passe;  Compagnonnages  d 'Arts  et  Metiers  &  Dijon,  Le  traite 
de  Madrid;  Les  methodes  allemandes  d' expansion  economique;  Travailleurs  et  Marchands  dans 
Vancienne  France. 

Professor  Charles  Rist. 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  University  of  Paris;  Docteur  en  droit  es  sciences 
juridiques  et  economiques,  Paris;  Licencie  es  lettres  (section  historique),  Paris;  Professor 
of  Economic  Science  at  University  of  Montpellier,  1899-1913;  since  1913  Professor  in 
Faculty  of  Law,  University  of  Paris.  Author  of  Histoire  des  doctrines  economiques  depuis 
les  physiocrates  jusqu'd  nos  jours  (in  collaboration  with  M.  Ch.  Gide,  1909);  Les  Finances 
de  Guerre  de  I'Allemagne  (1920),  etc.;  also  numerous  articles. 


THE   EDITORS  3 1 

GERMANY 
Herr  Gustav  Adolph  Bauer. 

Formerly  Chancellor  of  German  Empire;  later  Vice  Chancellor  and  Treasurer;  Pres- 
ident of  the  Clerk's  Union  since  1895;  from  1903,  Secretary  in  the  Zentral-Arbeiter- 
Sekretariat;  member  of  Reichstag  from  1912;  Vice  President  of  General  Kommission  der 
Gewerkschaften  Deutschlands  (together  with  Legien),  and,  as  such,  during  the  War,  in- 
formal representative  of  the  Trades  Unions  with  the  government;  Imperial  Chancellor  in 
1919-20;  Treasurer  (Reichsschatzminister)  and  representative  of  Imperial  Chancellor 
(Stellvertreter  des  Reichskanzlers)  from  May,  1921,  to  November,  1922;  specialist  on 
questions  of  social  legislation  and  insurance. 

Dr.  Hermann  Bucher. 

A  representative  of  German  industrial  capitalists;  Geheimer  Legationsrat;  before  the 
War  a  member  of  German  colonial  service;  sometime  adviser  to  Kamerun  Administra- 
tion on  agriculture;  during  the  War,  among  other  activities,  organized  fight  against  locusts 
in  Syria  and  Asia  Minor;  in  191 9,  appointed  to  Trade  Department  of  Foreign  Office; 
and  in  1921  elected  Geschaftsfiihrendes  Prasidialmitglied  des  Reichsverbandes  Deutscher 
Industrie,  or  Directing  Manager  of  Union  of  German  Industries,  a  position  of  great 
importance  internationally  as  well  as  in  Germany;  no  one  else  is  so  well  placed  to  con- 
tribute accurate  facts  concerning  movements  and  strategy  of  German  industrial  capital, 
or  to  discuss  effects  of  the  War  upon  "big  business." 

Dr.  Carl  Duisberg. 

Chemical  and  industrial  specialist;  formerly  assistant  in  Chemical  University  Laboratory 
at  Jena;  then  leading  chemist  in  firm  of  Friedrich  Bayer  &  Co.,  manufacturers  of  chemical 
dyes  (at  present  Director  of  that  company);  Titular  Professor,  1904;  Geheimer  Ober- 
regierungsrat,  1909;  Dr.  Ing.  honoris  causa,  Dresden,  1907;  Dr.  Med.  honoris  causa, 
Munich,  1909;  member  of  Administration  of  Deutsche  Naturforscher  und  Arzte  Gesell- 
schaft  and  Deutsche  Chemische  Gesellschaft;  member,  before  the  War,  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  Societe  Chimique  de  France,  etc.;  leading  man  in  German  dye  industry. 

Professor  Dr.  Max  Sering. 

Geheimer  Regierungsrat ;  Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  University  of  Berlin;  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  Berlin;  director  of  the  Institute  for  Research  for  agrarian  ques- 
tions and  land  settlement;  chairman  of  the  Permanent  Commission  for  Land  Settlement  in 
the  Ministry  of  Labor;  member  of  the  Prussian  Statistical  Office;  in  1879  entered  Depart- 
ment of  Justice  in  administration  of  Alsace-Lorraine;  in  1882,  called  to  Ministry  of  Agricul- 
ture at  Berlin;  sent  by  this  Ministry  on  an  official  visit  to  America  in  1883;  Professor  at 
University  of  Bonn,  1885;  in  Academy  for  Agriculture  in  Berlin,  1889;  Professor  Ordinarius 
in  University  of  Berlin,  1897;  elected  member  of  Prussian  Academy  of  Sciences,  1914;  for  the 
last  15  years  has  directed  the  courses  in  political  economy  for  higher  officials  and  judges; 
appointed  in  19 15  President  of  Scientific  Commission  of  Prussian  Ministry  charged  with 
the  preparation  of  a  scientific  and  economic  history  of  Prussian  War  Ministry,  the  results 
of  which  are  appearing  under  his  editorship  in  the  series  Die  deutsche  Kriegswirtschajt  im 
Bereich  der  Heeresverwaltung  IQ14-IQ18.  Author  of  many  works  in  the  history  of  agricul- 
ture: Landwirtschaftliche  Konkurrenz  Nordamerikas  in  Gegenwart  und  Zukunft  (1887);  Die 
Arbeiterausschusse  in  der  deutschen  Industrie  (1890);  Die  inner e  Kolonisation  im  ostlichen 
Deutschland  (1893);  Erbrecht  und  Agrarverfassung  in  ScMeswig-Holstein  auf  geschichtlicher 
Grundlage  (1908);  Die  Verteilung  des  Grundbesitzes  und  die  Abwanderung  vom  Lande  (1910); 
Die  Politik  der  Grundbesitzverteilung  in  den  grossen  Reichen  (1912);  Das  Moselland  und  die 


32  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE  WORLD   WAR 

westdeutsche  Eisenindustrie  (1910);  Russlands  Kultur  und  Volkswirtschaft  (1913);  Westruss- 
land  in  seiner  Bedeutung  fiir  die  Entwicklung  Mitteleuropas  (19 17);  and,  in  collaboration 
with  Gustav  Schmoller  and  A.  Wagner,  two  volumes  of  addresses  and  essays  on  Handels- 
und  Machtpolitik  (1900). 

Dr.  Carl  Joseph  Melchior. 

Banker  and  lawyer;  appointed  in  1900  Judge  in  Hamburg  Courts  in  the  first  instance; 
entered  banking  firm  of  M.  M.  Warburg  &  Co.,  Hamburg,  in  1902,  as  general  counsel; 
later  became  a  partner  in  the  firm;  during  the  War  served  with  the  territorial  artillery,  and 
also  cooperated  in  forming  the  Zentral-Einkaufs-Gesellschaft,  Berlin  (centralized  institu- 
tion for  German  purchases  of  foodstuffs  abroad),  directing  its  financial  affairs  until  October, 
1915;  German  delegate  in  Bucharest,  November,  1915-June,  1917,  except  for  an  interval 
of  military  service,  concluding  the  agreements  with  Rumanian  Government  for  export 
foodstuffs  and  for  finances  and  engaged  in  administration;  financial  and  economic  delegate 
at  The  Hague,  July-December,  191 7;  financial  delegate  in  Petrograd  and  Kief,  December, 
1917-September,  191 8;  after  the  end  of  the  War,  Chairman  of  German  Financial  Com- 
mittee at  the  armistice  and  peace  negotiations;  one  of  the  six  official  delegates  of  German 
Government  in  Versailles,  May -June,  1919;  financial  expert  at  Conference  of  Spa,  July, 
1920;  at  Brussels,  December,  1920;  and  at  Genoa,  April,  1922. 

Professor  Albrecht  Mendelssohn  Bartholdy. 

Geheimer  Hofrat;  Professor  of  International  Law  and  of  German  Civil  Law  at  Univer- 
sity of  Hamburg;  Director  of  Seminar  fiir  Auslandrecht  and  of  Archiv  fiir  Fragen  des 
Friedensvertrages  und  der  Auswartigen  Politik;  Professor,  Leipzig  University,  1904; 
Professor,  Wiirtzburg  University,  1905-20;  legal  adviser  to  German  delegation  at  Ver- 
sailles; founded,  with  Niemeyer  and  Meurer,  Deutsche  Gesellschaft  fiir  Volkerrecht  in 
19 1 6,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Vorstand  of  this  society;  Editor-in-chief  of  Diplomatische 
Akten  des  Auswartigen  Amtes  since  October,  1919,  and  of  Handbuch  der  Politik  since  1921; 
Editor  of  the  Europdische  Gesprdche;  Director  of  the  Institut  fiir  Auswartige  Politik. 
Publications:  on  law:  Grenzen  der  Rechtskraft  (1900);  Imperium  des  Richters  (1907);  Eng- 
lisches  Richtertum  (1910) ;  Kriegsbegriff  des  englischen  Rechts  (1915) ;  Internationales  Strafrecht 
(1912);  on  political  history  and  sociology:  Bilrgertugenden  in  Krieg  und  Frieden  (1916); 
Irland  ein  Beispiel  der  Machtpolitik  (19 17);  Der  Volkswille  (1919);  co-editor  of  Rheinische 
Zeitschrift  fiir  Civil  und  Prozessrecht  (since  1907);  of  Archiv  fiir  offentliches  Recht,  and 
Archiv  der  Friedensvertrdge. 

ITALY 

Professor  Luigi  Ein  audi,  Chairman. 

Professor  of  Finance,  University  of  Turin,  since  1902;  Professor  at  Commercial  Univer- 
sity (Luigi  Bocconi),  Milan,  since  1904;  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  Royal  Polytech- 
nicum,  Turin,  since  1901 ;  member  of  Italian  Senate  (1919)  and  Senate  Finance  Committee 
(1920);  member  of  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  Turin;  member  of  Royal  Society  (deputa- 
zione)  for  Natural  History,  Turin  (also  life  Secretary);  member  of  Royal  Academy  of 
Lincei,  Rome  (correspondent);  member  of  Royal  Academy  of  Georgofili,  Florence  (corre- 
spondent); member  of  Societe  d'Economie  Politique,  Paris;  honorary  member  of  London 
Cobden  Club;  Editor  of  La  Riforma  Sociale,  Turin,  since  1900;  economic  and  financial 
contributor  to  the  Corriere  delta  Sera,  Milan.  Author  of  Vimposta  suite  aree  edilizie  (1900) ; 
Studii  sugli  effetti  delle  imposte  (1902);  Intorno  al  concetto  di  reddito  imponibile  e  di  un 
sistema  di  imposte  sul  reddito  consumato  (19 12);  Osservazioni  critiche  intorno  alia  teoria  dell' 
ammortamento  delta  imposta  e  Teoria  delle  variazioni  nei  redditi  e  nei  valori  capilali  susseguenti 


THE   EDITORS  33 

alVimposta  (19 19);  Sulla  riforma  generate  delle  imposte  dirette  sui  redditi  in  Italia  (a  report 
laid  before  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  by  the  Finance  Minister  Signor  Meda,  1919);  SuW 
applicazione  delta  legge  per  V avocazione  dei  profitti  di  guerra  alio  Stato  (a  report  of  the  Parlia- 
mentary Committee  on  the  same  subject,  1921);  and  other  economic,  political  and  his- 
torical works. 

Professor  Pasquale  Jannaccone. 

Doctor  of  Law;  Professor  of  Statistics,  University  of  Turin,  since  1915;  General  Secretary, 
International  Exhibition,  Turin,  1898;  General  Secretary,  International  Institute  of  Agricul- 
ture, Rome,  1910-12;  Italian  delegate  to  the  General  Assembly  of  the  International  Insti- 
tute of  Agriculture,  1920  and  1922;  member  of  the  Italian  Association  for  Advancement  of 
Science;  member  of  Royal  Academy  of  Georgofili,  Florence;  correspondent  of  Royal  Acad- 
emy of  Lincei,  Rome;  member  of  Royal  Academy  of  Science  and  Arts,  Padua;  member  of 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  Turin;  Editor  of  La  Biblioteca  dell'  Economista,  1901-21 ;  Asso- 
ciate Editor,  La  Riforma  Sociale.  Author  of  II  Contralto  di  Savoyo  (1898);  Questioni  con- 
trover se  nella  traslazione  delle  imposte  in  regime  di  monopolio  (1902);  II  Costo  di  Produzione 
(1904) ;  Questioni  controverse  nella  teoria  del  baratto  (1907) ;  //  udumping"  e  le  discriminazione 
dei  prezzi  (1914);  La  grande  industria  siderurgica  in  Italia  (1917);  Relazioni  tra  Commercio 
internazionale,  Cambi  esteri  e  Circolazione  monetaria  in  Italia  (1918);  La  Ricchezza  Nazionale 
e  it  costo  economico  delta  guerra  (19 19),  and  other  economic,  legal  and  literary  works,  as  well 
as  numerous  articles. 

Professor  Umberto  Ricci. 

Chief  of  the  Statistical  Bureau,  International  Institute  of  Agriculture,  Rome,  June,  1910- 
January,  1914,  and  again  March,  1918-December,  1921;  Professor  of  Political  Economy, 
University  of  Bologna,  1921;  member  of  Scientific  Committee  of  Italian  Society  for  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  19 17-18;  member  of  Italian  Scientific  Food  Commission,  1918;  corre- 
spondent of  Royal  Academy  of  the  Georgofili,  Florence;  associated  member  of  International 
Colonial  Institute,  Brussels;  honorary  member  of  London  Cobden  Club;  delegate  of  Inter- 
national Institute  of  Agriculture  at  the  meetings  of  the  International  Institute  of  Statistics 
at  The  Hague,  September,  191 1,  and  Vienna,  September,  1913;  delegate  at  Conference  of 
Statisticians,  convened  by  League  of  Nations  at  London,  August,  1920,  and  at  the  World 
Cotton  Conference,  Liverpool  and  Manchester,  June,  192 1.  Author  of  Les  bases  theoriques 
de  la  statistique  agricole  internationale  (19 14);  Suite  diver genze  fra  statistiche  del  Movimento 
commerciale  (1914);  Le  service  de  la  Statistique  Generate  de  VInstitut  International  d' 'Agricul- 
ture, ce  qu'il  est  ce  qu'il  pourrait  devenir  (1920);  II  fallimento  delta  politico  annonaria  (1921), 
and  other  economic  works,  as  well  as  many  articles. 

THE   NETHERLANDS 

Professor  H.  B.  Greven. 

Doctor  of  Laws  of  University  of  Leiden,  1875;  member  of  Council  for  the  Mint  at  Utrecht, 
1879;  Professor  of  Political  Economy  and  Statistics  at  University  of  Leiden,  1880;  Co-editor 
of  the  (Dutch)  Economist,  1888-1911;  Rector  of  University  of  Leiden,  1902-1903;  Presi- 
dent of  Dutch  Economical  and  Statistical  Society,  1910;  member  of  Institut  International 
de  Statistiques,  19 10;  member  of  Committee  of  Research  of  Carnegie  Endowment  for  Inter- 
national Peace,  191 1  -1920;  Emeritus  Professor,  University  of  Leiden,  19 15. 

RUMANIA 
David  Mitrany. 

Graduate  of  the  High  School  of  Commerce,  Bucharest;  B.Sc.  in  Economics  (London); 


34  ECONOMIC  AND    SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

with  Rumanian  Army  in  the  second  Balkan  War,  1913;  during  the  War  attached  to  Ruma- 
nian Legation  at  London,  at  the  request  and  at  the  disposal  of  the  British  authorities; 
worked  for  Foreign  Office,  Intelligence  Department  of  War  Office  and  the  Ministry  of 
Information;  from  July,  1919,  for  three  years  on  the  editorial  staff  (foreign  affairs)  of 
Manchester  Guardian;  since  January,  192 1,  Foreign  Editor  of  Manchester  Guardian  Com- 
mercial; in  charge  of  editorial  arrangements  in  Southeastern  Europe  for  that  journal's 
"Reconstruction  Series";  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Economic  Society;  correspondent  for  Ru- 
mania of  Royal  Society  of  Literature.  Author  (in  collaboration)  of  The  Balkans,  Oxford 
Press;  contributor  to  the  historical  monographs  of  the  British  Foreign  Office,  to  the  Oxford 
Pamphlets,  etc. 

RUSSIA 

First  Series  (to  the  Bolshevist  Revolution) 
Sir  Paul  Vinogradoff,  F.B.A. 

Corpus  Professor  of  Jurisprudence,  Oxford  University,  since  1903;  Doctor  of  History, 
University  of  Moscow;  M.A.,  Hon.  D.C.L.  (Oxford  and  Durham),  LL.D.  (Cambridge, 
Harvard,  Liverpool  and  Calcutta);  Dr.  Juris.,  Berlin;  Fellow  of  Russian  Academy  of  Petro- 
grad;  foreign  member  of  Royal  Danish,  Royal  Belgian  and  Norwegian  Academies,  of  Ac- 
cademia  dei  Lincei,  Rome,  and  of  Academy  of  Bologna;  corresponding  member  of  Prussian 
Academy,  Berlin;  lectured  in  Harvard,  Columbia  and  other  American  Universities  in  1907; 
lectured  in  University  of  Calcutta  in  1913-14;  Director  of  Publications  of  British  Academy 
(Series  of  Records  of  Social  and  Economic  History).  Publications  (in  English):  Villeinage 
in  England  (1892);  The  Growth  of  the  Manor  (1905);  English  Society  in  the  Eleventh  Century 
(1908);  Roman  Law  in  Mediaeval  Europe;  Commonsense  in  Law  (Home  University  Series, 
1914);  Self -Government  in  Russia  (1915);  edited  (with  Mr.  F.  Morgan)  Survey  of  the  Honour 
of  Denbigh  (1st  vol.  of  Records  of  Social  and  Economic  History,  published  for  the  British 
Academy,  1914);  Outlines  of  Historical  Jurisprudence  (vol.  I,  1920;  vol.  II,  1922);  edited 
(with  Dr.  L.  Ehlich)  for  the  Selden  Society,  the  13th  and  the  14th  volumes  of  their  Year 
Book  series;  edited  six  volumes  of  the  Oxford  Studies  in  Social  and  Legal  History,  and  the 
Essays  in  Legal  History,  contributed  by  members  of  Section  Via  of  the  International  Con- 
gress of  Historical  Studies  held  in  London  in  1913;  (in  Russian):  The  Rise  of  Feudalism  in 
Lombard,  Italy;  Inquiries  in  the  Social  History  of  England,  etc. 

SCANDINAVIA 

Professor  Harald  Ludwig  Westergaard. 

Danish  economist  and  statistician;  Lecturer  in  University  of  Copenhagen,  1883;  Pro- 
fessor Ordinarius,  1886;  distinguished  authority  on  statistics;  member  of  board  controlling 
life  insurance  companies  in  Denmark,  1904;  member  of  Committee  of  Research  of  Carnegie 
Endowment  for  International  Peace,  191 1-20;  Chairman  of  Editorial  Board  for  the  Baltic 
countries.  Author  of  Die  Lehre  von  der  Mortalitat  und  Morbilitat  (1882;  2d  ed.,  1901); 
A  Theory  of  Statistics  (1890;  2d  ed.,  191 5);  The  Scope  and  Method  of  Statistics  (19 16); 
Economic  Development  in  Denmark  before  and  during  the  World  War  (1922);  contributed 
papers  to  the  Statistical  Journal,  Economic  Journal,  and  Journal  of  the  American  Statistical 
Association. 

Professor  Eli  F.  Heckscher. 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  the  University  College  of  Commerce,  Stockholm; 
D.Phil.;  Vice  President  of  the  Swedish  Economic  Society;  member  of  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion on  Fiscal  Policy.     Formerly  Chairman  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Economic  Pre- 


THE   EDITORS  35 

paredness  in  time  of  war  and  member  of  different  Government  committees.  Author  of 
works  on  economics  and  economic  history:  in  English,  The  Continental  System;  An  Eco- 
nomic Interpretation  (published  by  the  Carnegie  Endowment);  in  Swedish,  Influence  of 
Railways  upon  the  Economic  Development  of  Sweden;  Economics  of  the  World  War;  Swedish 
Problems  of  Production;  Economics  and  History,  and  numerous  shorter  studies  on  economic 
theory. 

Mr.  Nicolai  Theodorius  Nilsson  Rygg. 

Norwegian  statistician  and  economist;  studied  law  in  University  of  Christiania,  grad- 
uating in  1894;  appointed  to  Statistical  Department  (Statistisk  Centralbyra) ;  in  1910 
Professor  of  Political  Economy  and  Statistics;  later  Director  of  the  Statistical  Department; 
in  1920  appointed  leading  Director  of  the  National  Bank  (Norges  Bank). 

YUGOSLAVIA 

Professor  Velimir  Bajkitch. 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  University  of  Belgrade;  formerly  Under  Secretary  of 
State  for  Finance;  studied  in  Germany,  1899-1903;  Ph.D.,  Munich;  Instructor  in  Finances 
and  Statistics  in  University  of  Belgrade  and  Secretary  at  Ministry  of  National  Economy, 
1903;  member  of  Serbian  delegation  to  negotiate  Treaty  of  Commerce  with  Austria-Hun- 
gary, 1905-6;  fought  through  Balkan  Wars  as  a  private  soldier,  1912;  after  demobilization  in 
1913,  nominated  by  Professor  Brentano  and  Professor  Westergaard  to  investigate  economic, 
social  and  financial  consequences  of  Balkan  Wars,  and  was  engaged  upon  this  work  up  to 
July,  1914;  in  the  War  was  attached  to  the  press  bureau  of  the  government  and  then  was 
appointed  as  economic  expert  to  general  headquarters  of  Serbian  Army,  mainly  to  study 
questions  of  supply  for  the  army  and  the  civilian  population;  later  liaison  officer  between 
General  Serail,  Commander  in  Chief  at  Salonika  and  Serbian  Commander  at  Monastir; 
after  retreat  of  Serbian  Army,  attached  to  Serbian  General  Consulate  at  Salonika  as  Direc- 
tor for  Serbian  refugees;  sent  by  Serbian  Government  to  Inter- Allied  Conference  on  Com- 
merce, France,  September,  19 16;  economic  and  financial  expert  to  Peace  Conference  at  Paris, 
1918;  appointed  Under  Secretary  of  State  for  Finances,  August,  1919;  elected  Professor  of 
Political  Economy  at  University  of  Belgrade,  1920.  Author  of  numerous  books  and  articles 
in  Serbian,  German  and  French. 


2.  MONOGRAPHS  AND  AUTHORS 


BRITISH   SERIES 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  SURVEY  OF  CONTEMPORARY  SOURCES 

By  Miss  M.  E.  Bulkley,  B.S.,  B.Sc. 
Secretary,  National  Committee  for  Prevention  of  Destitution,  1905;  Secretary, 
Ratan  Tata  Foundation  (a  Research  Department  of  London  University),  19 13; 
Welfare  Officer,  Ministry  of  Munitions,  19 16  (Senior  Welfare  Officer,  West  Mid- 
lands Division).  On  research  staff  of  the  European  Carnegie  War  History,  1920-22. 
Author  of  The  Feeding  of  School  Children;  Minimum  Rates  in  the  Box- Making  Trade. 

A  manual  to  the  literature  dealing  with  the  Economic  and  Social  History  of 
the  United  Kingdom  during  the  War  and  reconstruction  periods,  with  digest  of 
the  contents  of  each  number.  The  volume  (published  1922)  is  divided  into  nine 
main  sections:  Social  Conditions;  Administration;  Industry  and  Commerce; 
Transport;  Labor;  Army  and  Navy;  Finance;  Prices  and  Cost  of  Living;  Mis- 
cellaneous. It  deals  comprehensively  with  the  official  publications  of  the  period 
and  includes  also  general  literature.  It  aims  at  providing  a  careful  anthology 
rather  than  a  bibliographical  miscellany.  (See  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews, 
post,  pp.  158-9.) 

ARCHIVE  ADMINISTRATION 
By  Hilary  Jenkinson,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Of  Public  Record  Office;  Class  Classical  Tripos,  Cambridge,  1904;  Home  and 
Indian  Civil  Service  Examination,  1905;  Public  Record  Office,  1906;  F.  W.  Mait- 
land  Memorial  Lecturer,  Cambridge,  since  191 1;  Lecturer,  London  School  of  Eco- 
nomics, 1912-15;  commission  in  Royal  Garrison  Artillery,  1915;  served  in  France, 
August,  1916-November,  1918;  on  General  Staff  at  War  Office  (Army  Education) 
1918-20;  Lecturer,  University  College,  London  (School  of  Librarianship)  since 
1919;  Lecturer,  King's  College,  London,  since  1919;  member  of  Board  of  Studies  in 
History  (London  University);  on  Council  of  Society  of  Antiquaries,  etc.;  Honorary 
Secretary  of  Surrey  Archaeological  Society  and  Surrey  Record  Society.  Author  of 
Palaeography  and  the  Study  of  Court  Hand  (Cambridge,  19 15)  (with  C.  Johnson) 
Court  Hand  Illustrated  (Oxford,  19 15)  133,  The  War  Service  of  a  Siege  Battery  (Lon- 
don, 1920);  General  Editor  of  Schedule  of  Surrey  Antiquities  (London,  1912),  and 
editor  of  many  volumes  of  Surrey  Archaeological  and  Surrey  Record  Societies;  also 
editing  volumes  for  Selden  Society  and  Jewish  Historical  Society;  articles  in  English 
Historical  Review,  Archaeologia,  Transactions  of  Bibliographical  Society,  Royal  His- 
torical Society,  and  other  societies. 

This  is  a  unique  volume  in  the  series — a  manual  for  the  archivist  rather 
than  a  chapter  of  the  War  History.  The  vast  accumulation  of  documents  with 
reference  to  the  War  opens  problems  both  of  administration  and  research  which 
can  not  be  handled  by  existing  mechanism.  No  general  manual  exists  for  dealing 
with  the  problem  from  the  archival  standpoint,  and  while  this  volume  is  prepared 

36 


BRITISH    SERIES  37 

specially  for  the  student  of  British  records  it  offers  as  well  general  conclusions  of 
far-reaching  importance.  As  these  are  based  upon  the  experience  of  archives 
of  the  past,  it  covers  in  detail  some  of  the  chief  problems  which  have  arisen  in  the 
experience  of  the  British  Record  Office,  ending  with  suggestions  for  the  adminis- 
tration and  formation  of  archives  in  the  future.  (See  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews 
post,  pp.  159-60.) 

BRITISH   ARCHIVES   IN   PEACE  AND   WAR 

By  Dr.  Hubert  Hall,  F.S.A.,  Hon.  Litt.  D. 

Late  of  H.  M.  Public  Record  Office;  appointed  to  Public  Record  Office,  1879; 
Assistant  Keeper  of  Public  Records,  1912;  Resident  Officer  since  1892;  and  Inspect- 
ing Officer  of  Records  since  1905;  Secretary  to  Royal  Commission  on  Public  Records, 
1 9 10-18;  Literary  Director  of  Royal  Historical  Society;  Vice  President  of  Historical 
Association;  foreign  member  of  American  Antiquarian  Society,  and  corresponding 
member  of  other  societies;  Honorary  Auditor  of  Selden  Society  and  new  Palaeog- 
raphy and  Economic  History  in  University  of  London.  Author  or  editor  of 
numerous  historical  works  and  articles,  mainly  dealing  with  earlier  periods  of  British 
history. 

This  volume  is  a  description  of  British  archives  and  an  account  of  the  disposi- 
tion of  war  records.  Prepared  largely  as  a  guide  for  students  using  the  materials, 
and  for  research  students  elsewhere,  it  opens  with  a  short  account  of  the  develop- 
ment of  British  archives.  It  masses  the  various  criticisms  of  official  commissions 
and  committees  of  inquiry,  and  offers  suggestions  for  a  reorganization  to  deal  with 
the  difficult  problem  of  contemporary  documentation.  The  description  of  the 
materials  for  current  history  is  prepared  specially  for  the  use  of  the  researcher; 
tables  show  the  origin  and  distribution  of  war  records,  and  the  volume  is  articu- 
lated with  other  monographs  on  government  departments  and  local  war  records. 

WAR  GOVERNMENT  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND   IRELAND 
By  Professor  W.  G.  S.  Adams 

Gladstone  Professor  of  Political  Theory  and  Institutions,  Oxford,  since  1912; 
Fellow  of  All  Souls  College;  member  of  Staff  and  Political  Secretary  of  War  Cabinet. 

Owing  to  the  great  extension  of  government  control  in  war  time,  this  volume 
is  essential  as  a  basis  for  understanding  the  structure  of  economic  administration ; 
primarily  in  itself  a  study  in  public  law,  it  deals  with  the  system  of  government  as 
it  had  developed  immediately  before  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  paying  special 
attention  to  those  aspects  which  particularly  affected  war-time  organization.  It 
then  traces  historically  the  different  stages  in  the  transformation  of  the  British 
Government,  examining  the  relation  between  Parliament  and  the  Administration, 
the  evolution  of  the  War  Cabinet,  and  its  influence  on  the  Administration,  and  the 
relations  between  central  and  local  government  in  war  time.  Particular  attention 
is  paid  to  the  close  relationship  between  war  and  peace  administration  in  govern- 
ment, and  the  problem  how  far  democratic  organization  of  government  gives 
responsive  and  effective  machinery  in  time  of  war. 


38  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

WAR  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE   BRITISH   DOMINIONS 
By  Professor  A.  B.  Keith,  D.C.L.,  D.  Litt. 

Late  of  Colonial  Office;  Regius  Professor  of  Sanskrit  and  Comparative  Philology, 
Edinburgh  University  since  19 14;  Crown  Member  of  Governing  Body  of  School  of 
Oriental  Studies,  London,  1916;  D.C.L.,  191 1;  D.  Litt.,  Edinburgh,  1914;  called  to 
Bar  Inner  Temple,  1904;  Lecturer  in  Ancient  History  in  Edinburgh,  1907;  Deputy 
Boden  Professor  of  Sanskrit  at  Oxford,  1907-8;  received  thanks  of  British  Agent  for 
services  in  connection  with  Alaska  Boundary  Arbitration,  1903;  Secretary  to  Crown 
Agents  for  Colonies,  1903-5;  reappointed  to  Colonial  Office,  1905;  representative  of 
His  Majesty's  Government  at  Colonial  Navigation  Conference,  1907;  Joint  Secre- 
tary to  Imperial  Copyright  Conference,  19 10;  Clerk,  Imperial  Conference,  1907; 
Junior  Assistant  Secretary  to  Imperial  Conference,  191 1.  Author  of  Responsible 
Government  in  the  Dominions  (first  in  1909  and  completely  rewritten  and  enlarged  to 
3  volumes  in  1912);  State  Succession  in  International  Law  (1907);  3d  ed.  of  Sir  C. 
Lucas's  Historical  Geography  of  West  Africa  (vol.  1 1 1) ;  catalogues  of  the  Sanskrit  and 
Prakrit  MSS. 

This  work  is  an  attempt  to  describe,  mainly  in  its  political  aspect,  the  influ- 
ence of  the  War  on  the  activities  of  the  governments  of  the  Dominions  and  on  their 
relations  to  the  government  of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  chapters  deal  with  the 
framework  of  Empire  government  before  the  War,  the  Dominions  and  the  United 
Kingdom,  1914-16,  the  Imperial  War  Cabinet  and  the  War  Conferences,  the  eco- 
nomic activities  of  the  Dominion  governments,  the  Expeditionary  Forces  of  the 
Dominions,  Dominion  war  operations  and  naval  defense,  the  Peace  Conference 
and  the  status  of  the  Dominions,  the  mandatory  system  and  the  mandated  terri- 
tories, coalition  government  and  nationalism  in  the  Dominions,  constitutional 
developments  in  the  Dominions,  the  federal  constitutions  under  war  conditions, 
the  Dominions  and  India,  and  the  Dominions  and  native  races.  (See  Extracts 
from  Press  Reviews,  post,  pp.  155-7.) 

PRICES   AND   WAGES   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM,    1914-1920 
By  Arthur  Lyon  Bowley,  Sc.D.,  F.S.S.,  F.E.S. 

Professor  of  Statistics  in  University  of  London,  1915;  Lecturer  at  London  School 
of  Economics  and  Political  Science  since  1895;  Mathematical  Lecturer  at  Univer- 
sity College,  Reading,  1900-7;  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Economics,  1907-13; 
Lecturer  in  Economics,  1915-19;  educated,  Christ's  Hospital;  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; 10th  Wrangler  (bracketed),  1891;  Cobden  Prize,  1892;  Adam  Smith  Prize, 
1894;  Sc.D.,  1913;  Guy  Silver  Medal,  Royal  Statistical  Society,  1895;  member  of 
Council  of  Royal  Statistical  Society,  1 898-1904  and  1906-16;  Vice  President,  1907-9 
and  1912-14;  member  of  Council,  Royal  Economic  Society;  member  of  Interna- 
tional Institute  of  Statisticians,  1903;  British  Association,  Section  F,  Secretary, 
1899-1901,  Recorder,  1902-5,  President,  1906,  member  of  council,  1906-11;  Assistant 
Master,  St.  John's  School,  Leatherhead,  1893-99;  Newmarch  Lecturer  at  University 
College,  London,  1897-8.  Author  of  England's  Foreign  Trade  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century  (i893;2ded.,  1909);  Wagesinthe  United  Kingdom  in  theioth  Century  (1900); 
Elements  of  Statistics  (1901;  3d  ed.,  1907);  National  Progress  in  Wealth  and  Trade 
(1904);  An  Elementary  Manual  of  Statistics  (1910);  A  General  Course  of  Pure  Mathe- 
matics (1913);  Measurement  of  Social  Phenomena  (1915);  War  and  External  Trade 


BRITISH  SERIES  39 

(19 1 5);  Livelihood  and  Poverty  (19 15);  The  Division  of  the  Products  of  Industry  (19 19); 
articles  in  economic  and  statistical  journals. 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  give  an  account  of  the  principal  movements  in 
prices  and  rates  of  wages  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  beginning  of  the  War 
to  the  summer  of  1920.  A  carefully  balanced  treatise  richly  provided  with  statis- 
tical tables  and  diagrams,  it  analyses  the  official  and  other  bases  of  calculation, 
and  brings  out  clearly  the  various  elements  which  must  be  considered  in  reaching 
the  final  conclusions,  especially  in  questions  relating  to  the  cost  of  living.  A 
fundamental  contribution.     (See  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews,  post,  pp.  153-5.) 

BRITISH   WAR   BUDGETS  AND   FINANCIAL   POLICY 
By  Francis  W.  Hirst 

Member  of  British  Editorial  Board 

and 

J.  E.  Allen 

Honorary  Secretary  to  Finance  Section  of  British  Association.  Author  of  a 
standard  book  on  the  Capital  Levy,  contributions  to  the  British  Association,  etc. 

The  present  volume  will  commence  with  an  historical  introduction  on  the 
public  finance  of  Great  Britain,  with  special  reference  to  war  taxes  and  to  expendi- 
ture on  wars  and  armaments.  Then  will  follow  a  detailed  description  and  criti- 
cism of  the  successive  war  budgets  from  19 14  down  to  1921,  the  years  after  the 
War  being  included  in  order  to  complete  as  far  as  possible  the  story  of  British  war 
finance. 

TAXATION   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Sir  Josiah  Stamp,  K.B.E. 

D.Sc,  London;  F.C.I.S.;  Examiner  in  Public  Finances,  Economics  and  Statistics, 
London  and  Cambridge  Universities  and  other  public  bodies;  Honorary  Secretary 
and  Joint  Editor  of  Royal  Statistical  Society;  member  of  Council  of  Royal  Eco- 
nomic Society;  before  the  War  engaged  with  Inland  Revenue  for  fifteen  years  in 
their  outdoor  and  indoor  administration;  personally  assisted  during  the  War  the  suc- 
cessive Chancellors  of  the  Exchequer  with  their  budgets;  official  responsible  for  the 
framing  and  administration  of  the  Excess  Profits  Tax;  represented  Inland  Revenue 
on  Coal  Mines  Excess  Profits  Committee,  and  gave  evidence  before  Coal  Commis- 
sion and  other  government  committees;  after  abandoning  official  work  became  mem- 
ber of  Royal  Commission  on  the  Income  Tax;  British  representative  on  League  of 
Nations  Committee  on  Double  Taxation.  From  1909  onwards  many  contributions 
to  scientific  literature  on  Taxation:  British  Income  and  Property;  Principles  of  Taxa- 
tion; Wealth  and  Taxable  Capacity,  etc. 

The  book  opens  with  a  survey  of  the  British  tax  system  before  the  War,  the 
part  played  by  direct  and  indirect  taxation  in  the  national  finance  and  the  imme- 
diate problems  that  were  then  under  consideration.  It  proceeds  to  deal  on  broad 
lines  with  the  developments  that  the  progress  of  the  War  gradually  brought  about, 
placing  particular  stress  upon  the  contemporary  feeling  toward  the  several  suc- 
cessive changes,  and  the  spirit  in  which  they  were  received  by  the  nation. 


40  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

In  the  next  section  particular  kinds  of  taxation  are  dealt  with  in  more  specific 
detail ;  and  the  special  modifications  that  were  necessary,  owing  to  economic  con- 
ditions brought  about  by  the  War  and  the  altered  circumstances  of  individuals 
due  to  the  War,  are  indicated. 

The  special  fiscal  product  of  war  conditions  in  the  taxation  of  excess  or  war 
profits,  as  an  important  and  unique  expedient,  receives  detailed  treatment — not, 
indeed,  of  a  technical  nature,  but  by  reference  to  its  interactions  of  an  economic 
and  social  character  in  the  national  life. 

The  part  played  by  each  branch  of  taxation  in  the  national  finance  as  the 
War  drew  to  its  close,  and  for  some  time  afterwards,  is  shown  wkh  statistical 
aids.  An  attempt  is  made  to  estimate  the  permanent  effects  of  the  development 
of  taxation  during  the  War  upon  the  future  of  the  British  system. 

A  final  section  deals  with  proposals  that  were  actively  considered  but  not 
actually  adopted  in  practice,  such  as  the  capital  levy,  the  war  wealth  levy,  the 
luxury  tax  and  the  turnover  tax,  with  the  reports  that  the  several  committees 
have  made  upon  them. 

The  appendix  includes  various  statistical  statements  and  the  text  of  the  more 
important  original  documents  to  which  access  has  not  hitherto  been  given,  which 
are  difficult  to  obtain,  or  which  can  conveniently  be  detached  from  this  context 
elsewhere  and  brought  together  in  one  volume. 

WAR-TIME   PROFITS   AND   THEIR   DISTRIBUTION 
By  Sir  Josiah  Stamp,  K.B.E. 

Author  of  the  monograph  on  Taxation  during  the  War. 

In  this  study  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  ascertain  the  way  in  which  the 
total  profits  in  the  United  Kingdom  were  divided  between  the  broad  classes  of 
industry  before  the  war  and  the  difference  made  both  to  their  absolute  amount 
and  to  their  proportion  to  the  whole  during  the  course  of  the  war. 

Following  upon  this  division  into  classes,  the  question  of  the  distribution  of 
wealth,  so  created,  amongst  individuals  also,  is  examined  in  order  to  see  how  far, 
after  special  taxation  had  had  its  due  effect,  the  distribution  of  wealth  has  been 
changed  by  the  existence  of  war  profits. 

Further  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  determine  the  special  movements  of 
wealth  brought  about  by  the  relative  impoverishment  of  the  "older  rich"  through 
the  debasing  effects  on  pre-war  wealth  of  the  rise  in  price  level. 

It  is  proposed  ultimately  to  publish  this  study  in  the  same  volume  with 
that  on  taxation. 

THE  WAR  AND   INSURANCE 

I.  Life  Insurance 
By  S.  G.  Warner 

Former  President  of  Institute  of  Actuaries. 


BRITISH    SERIES  41 

2.  Fire  Insurance  {including  Air  Raid  Risks  Insurance) 
By  A.  E.  Sich,  M.A. 
Officer  in  Foreign  Department  of  Commercial  Union  Assurance  Company 

and 
Sidney  Preston 

Officer  in  the  Home  Department  of  Commercial  Union;  Barrister  at  Law  of  Middle 
Temple. 

3.  Shipping  Insurance 
By  Sir  Norman  Hill 

Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  Liverpool  Steamship  Owners'  Association;  Manager 
and  Secretary,  Liverpool  and  London  Steamship  Protection  Association;  Manager 
and  Secretary,  Liverpool  and  London  War  Risks  Insurance  Association;  Chairman 
of  Board  of  Trade  Advisory  Committee  on  Merchant  Shipping;  British  delegate, 
International  Conference,  Safety  of  Life  at  Sea,  19 13-14;  Chairman,  Port  and  Transit 
Executive  Committee,  since  1915;  Chairman,  Seaman's  National  Insurance  Society 
since  191 1. 

4.  Friendly  Societies  and  Health  Insurance 

By  Sir  Alfred  Watson,  K.C.B. 

Chief  Actuary  to  Nation  Health  Insurance  Joint  Committee,  19 12-19;  government 
actuary,  1917;  President  of  Institute  of  Actuaries;  Fellow  of  Royal  Statistical  Society; 
member  of  recent  Royal  Commission  of  Decimal  Coinage.  Author  of  various  works 
on  actuarial  subjects. 

5.   Unemployment  Insurance 

By  Sir  William  Beveridge,  K.C.B. 

Member  of  Central  (Unemployed)  Body  for  London,  1905-8;  first  Chairman  of 
Employment  Exchanges  Committee;  Board  of  Trade,  1908-16,  as  Director  of  Labor 
Exchanges,  1909-16,  and  Assistant  Secretary  in  charge  of  Employment  Department; 
Chairman,  British  Editorial  Board. 

6.  National  Savings  Movement 
By  Sir  William  Schooling,  K.B.E. 

Vice  President  of  National  Savings  Committee;  author  and  journalist.  Author 
of  manuals  on  insurance  and  other  economic  topics. 

A  series  of  separate  studies  dealing  with  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  all  the 
principal  types  of  insurance — marine,  fire  and  air  raid  risks,  life,  health  and 
friendly  societies,  unemployment — together  with  the  history  of  the  savings  move- 
ment during  the  War;  written  by  experts  in  the  various  sections.  This  volume 
is  of  interest  in  the  study  of  war  costs,  offering  a  general  survey  of  the  statistics 
of  war  risks  and  the  extent  to  which  they  were  successfully  carried. 


42  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

EXPERIMENTS   IN  STATE  CONTROL  AT  THE  WAR  OFFICE  AND 
THE   MINISTRY   OF   FOOD 

By  E.  M.  H.  Lloyd 

Member  of  Inland  Revenue  Department,  1913-14;  Private  Secretary  to  Director 
of  Army  Contracts,  War  Office,  1914-15;  head  of  Raw  Materials  Section,  Army  Con- 
tracts Department,  19 16-17;  Secretary,  Central  Wool  Advisory  Committee;  Deputy 
Chairman,  Meat  and  Livestock  Board,  19 17-18;  Assistant  Secretary,  Ministry  of 
Food,  19 18;  member  of  Economic  and  Finance  Section,  League  of  Nations  Secretariat, 
1919-21. 

The  aim  of  this  book  is  to  trace  the  evolution  of  war-time  control  in  certain 
sections  of  the  War  Office  and  Ministry  of  Food.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to 
give  a  complete  historical  record  of  each  control  (some  of  which  such  as  wool  and 
food,  are  more  fully  dealt  with  in  other  monographs  in  this  series),  but  rather  to 
present  a  comparative  picture  of  a  fairly  wide  range. 

The  first  chapter  contains  a  brief  sketch  of  army  supply  in  the  past  as  a 
background  to  the  work  of  the  Army  Contracts  Department  during  the  War. 
Two  chapters  are  devoted  to  the  early  days  at  the  War  Office,  before  the  Min- 
istry of  Munitions  was  established.  The  rest  of  the  book  is  concerned  with  trades 
and  industries  falling  outside  the  sphere  of  munitions,  principally  with  textiles, 
leather  and  certain  foods. 

The  latter  part  of  the  book  examines  the  general  principles  of  war  organiza- 
tion, price  fixing,  the  costing  system  from  a  comparative  point  of  view,  with  illus- 
trations drawn  from  the  body  of  the  book.  The  last  chapter  summarizes  some  of 
the  lessons  and  consequences  of  war-time  control  with  special  reference  to  the 
problems  of  large  scale  organization  and  public  administration. 

BRITISH   FOOD   CONTROL 
By  Sir  William  Beveridge,  K.C.B. 

Chairman,  British  Editorial  Board 

This  volume  describes  the  working  and  effects  of  measures  taken  to  deal 
with  food  supplies  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  beginning  of  the  war  up  to 
the  dissolution  of  the  Ministry  of  Food  in  March,  192 1;  the  institution  in  that 
month  of  the  Ministry  of  Food,  and  its  working  under  Lord  Davenport;  the  great 
developments  and  success  of  the  work  under  Lord  Rhondda,  with  its  complete 
control  of  supplies,  prices,  distribution  and  consumption ;  the  international  control 
of  food,  and  finally,  after  the  Armistice,  the  difficulties  of  liquidation.  A  detailed 
description  with  statistics  and  documents. 

This  volume  was  originally  planned  in  cooperation  with  the  late  Sir  Edward 
Gonner,  and  part  of  it  will  be  based  upon  manuscript  left  by  Professor  Gonner  on 
his  death. 


BRITISH   SERIES  43 

FOOD   PRODUCTION    IN   WAR 

By  Sir  Thomas  Middleton,  K.B.E. 

Commissioner  under  Development  and  Road  Improvement  Funds  Acts,  1909, 
1910,  and  since  1919.  Glasgow  University  (B.Sc.,  1883);  Edinburgh  University 
(B.Sc,  1889);  Professor  of  Agriculture,  Baroda  College,  India,  1889-96;  Lecturer  in 
Agriculture,  University  College  of  Wales,  1896-99;  Professor  of  Agriculture,  Durham 
College  of  Science,  1 899-1902;  Professor  of  Agriculture,  Cambridge,  1902-7;  Assistant 
Secretary,  Board  of  Agriculture,  Cambridge,  1902-7;  Assistant  Secretary,  Board  of 
Agriculture,  1906-19;  Deputy  Director  General,  Food  Production  Department, 
1917-19. 

This  volume  offers  a  closely  documented  and  statistical  survey  of  the  do- 
mestic food  supply  of  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  War.  After  an  historical 
survey  and  an  account  of  the  resources  of  the  British  farmer  in  1 9 14,  it  describes 
the  measures  taken  from  a  scientific  and  administrative  standpoint  to  increase 
the  output;  the  effect  of  these  measures  upon  British  agriculture  and  the  har- 
vest output  year  by  year.  It  ends  with  an  account  of  the  period  of  reconstruc- 
tion and  the  return  to  a  normal  basis  of  industry.  It  includes  documentary 
appendices  and  statistical  tables.  (See  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews,  post, 
pp.  160-1.) 


WOOL  TRADE   DURING   THE  WAR 
By  E.  F.  Hitchcock 

Former  member  of  War  Contracts  Department;  now  in  the  wool  business;  recog- 
nized authority  in  wool  control;  wrote  special  articles  for  The  Times  on  the  subject; 
for  a  time  acting  Warden  of  Toynbee  Hall. 

The  intention  of  this  monograph  is  as  far  as  possible  to  show  the  operation 
and  results  of  war  conditions  upon  the  wool  textile  trade  from  raw  material  to  the 
finished  product.  It  outlines  the  mechanism  of  state  control  but  while  supplying 
statistics  and  some  documents  based  upon  memoranda,  departmental  files,  Army 
Council  Orders,  etc.,  also  takes  into  account  those  less  tangible  and  recordable 
factors  which  are  appreciated  by  the  practical  business  man  as  a  basis  for  criticism 
and  appraisement.  After  a  general  survey  of  the  wool  textile  trade  and  the  situa- 
tion in  1914  with  the  problems  of  military  supply,  it  traces  in  a  series  of  chapters 
the  history  of  British  wool  requisition;  the  Colonial  wool  contracts;  wool  pur- 
chase in  Australia,  imports  and  distribution;  price  fixing;  East  Indian  wool 
control;  control  by  Whitehall;  reorganization  of  the  general  supply;  machinery 
of  the  War  Office;  department  of  wool  textile  production;  problems  of  man- 
power; demand  for  representative  machinery;  control  of  civilian  trade;  the 
situation  at  the  Armistice;  and  the  various  aspects  revealed  in  the  period  of 
de-control. 


44  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

THE  COTTON   CONTROL  BOARD 
By  H.  D.  Henderson 

Fellow  of  Clare  College,  Cambridge;  University  Lecturer  in  Economics  at  Cam- 
bridge; during  the  War  at  Board  of  Trade,  and  acted  as  Secretary  of  Cotton  Control 
Board;  visited  America  in  connection  with  cotton  control. 

A  short  but  compact  story  of  government  control  in  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant British  industries.  Written  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Cotton  Control  Board, 
it  describes  in  an  impartial  manner  the  way  in  which  conflicting  claims  were 
weighed  and  disputes  settled,  and  brings  out  clearly  the  importance  of  a  dominat- 
ing personality  in  reaching  settlements.  The  comments  upon  the  attitude  of 
the  labor  unions  is  of  much  interest  in  the  history  of  labor  politics.  (See  Extracts 
from  Press  Reviews,  post,  pp.  157-8.) 

ALLIED     SHIPPING     CONTROL:     AN     EXPERIMENT     IN     INTER- 
NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION 
By  Sir  Arthur  Salter,  K.C.B. 

Secretary,  British  Department,  Supreme  Economic  Council  since  1919;  Higher 
Division  Clerk,  Transport  Department,  Admiralty,  1904;  Private  Secretary  to  Rt. 
Hon.  C.  F.  G.  Masterman;  Chairman,  National  Health  Insurance  Joint  Committee, 
1912;  Assistant  Secretary,  National  Health  Insurance  Commission,  England,  1913; 
Assistant  Secretary,  National  Relief  Fund,  19 14;  Assistant  Director  of  Transports, 
Admiralty,  1915;  Director  of  Ship  Requisitioning,  1917;  Secretary  of  Allied  Transport 
Maritime  Council  and  Chairman  of  Allied  Maritime  Transport  Executive,  191 8; 
Special  Shipping  Mission  to  America,  May,  191 8;  Secretary  of  Reparations  Commis- 
sion, 1919-22;  head  of  Economics  Division  of  Secretariat  of  League  of  Nations,  1922; 
Commander  of  Legion  of  Honor;  Officier  de  la  Couronne  Belgique,  1919. 

This  book  gives  the  history  of  the  Allied  Maritime  Transport  Council,  which 
coordinated  the  control  of  the  merchant  shipping  of  the  Allies  in  the  last  year  of 
the  War  and  may  claim  to  be  within  the  economic  sphere  the  most  advanced 
experiment  yet  made  in  international  administration.  As  an  introduction  the 
book  also  outlines  the  history  of  British  shipping  during  the  War  and  of  the 
struggle  against  the  submarine,  and  gives  a  scheme  on  a  smaller  scale  of  the  general 
economic  control  system.  As  an  epilogue  the  principles  of  international  adminis- 
tration are  discussed  and  an  attempt  is  made  to  forecast  the  way  in  which  it  may 
develop  under  the  League  of  Nations.  The  author  writes  with  the  advantage  of 
direct  official  experience  of  each  section,  and  has  received  permission  to  publish 
important  official  documents.  (See  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews,  post, 
PP.  150-3) 

GENERAL   HISTORY   OF   BRITISH   SHIPPING   DURING  THE  WAR 

By  C.  Ernest  Fayle 

On  staff  of  Garton  Foundation  for  promoting  the  Study  of  International  Polity, 
1914-19;  assisted  in  producing  Foundation's  Memorandum  on  the  Industrial  Situation 
after  the  War  (1916;  rev.  ed.,  1919);  on  staff  of  Historical  Section,  Committee  of  Im- 


BRITISH  SERIES  45 

penal  Defense,  1919-22;  engaged  upon  official  war  history  of  sea-borne  trade;  Lec- 
turer at  Royal  Naval  War  College,  Greenwich,  since  1920.  Author  of  The  Great  Set- 
tlement (191 5);  The  Fourteenth  Point;  A  Study  of  the  League  of  Nations  (19 19);  Sea- 
borne Trade;  Official  History  of  the  War  (vol.  1, 1920;  vol.  11  in  press;  vol.  in  shortly); 
articles  in  the  Quarterly,  Edinburgh  Review  and  elsewhere,  mainly  on  industrial  and 
shipping  subjects. 

The  subject  of  the  book  is  the  shipping  industry  in  Great  Britain  as  affected 
by  the  War.  It  begins  by  a  brief  description  of  the  industry  as  it  existed  in  1914: 
its  extent,  character,  functions,  place  in  the  national  economy,  and  relations  with 
the  state,  and  goes  on  to  examine  the  effect  of  war  conditions  under  all  these  as- 
pects. While  Sir  J.  A.  Salter  in  Allied  Shipping  Control,  and  the  author  in  Sea- 
borne  Trade,  have  dealt  with  the  maintenance  of  oversea  supplies  and  the  control 
of  shipping  for  this  purpose,  the  present  volume  is  primarily  concerned  with  the 
shipping  industry  itself:  the  relations  between  the  shipowners  and  the  control  and 
the  effects  of  control  on  the  working  of  the  industry;  the  effects  of  the  War  on 
freights,  profits,  and  shipping  finance  generally;  on  the  organization  of  services 
and  ownership;  on  seamen's  wages  and  the  conditions  of  life  afloat.  The  story  is 
continued  beyond  the  cessation  of  hostilities  through  the  period  of  transition  and 
de-control,  and  ends  with  an  examination  of  the  after  effects  of  the  War  on  the 
position  and  prospects  of  British  shipping.  Special  attention  is  given  to  the 
development  of  opinion  in  Great  Britain,  during  and  after  the  War,  on  questions 
of  shipping  policy,  such  as  nationalization,  legislative  regulation,  and  the  pro- 
posed revival  of  the  Navigation  Acts. 

BRITISH   COAL-MINING   INDUSTRY   DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Sir  Richard  A.  S.  Redmayne,  K.C.B. 

Chief  Inspector  of  Mines  since  1908;  M.Sc,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  M.I.M.E.,  F.H.S.;  hon- 
orary member,  Surveyors  Institute;  honorary  member,  Mining  and  Metallurgical 
Society  of  South  Africa;  H.M.  Assistant  to  Controller  of  Coal  Mines  since  February, 
1917;  member,  Institute  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy  (President,  1916-17);  mining  engi- 
neer and  colliery  manager;  Consulting  Mining  Engineer  and  Professor  of  Mining  in 
Birmingham  University,  1902-8;  member  of  a  departmental  committee  on  an  eight- 
hour  day  for  miners,  1906-7;  Chairman  of  Committee  of  Royal  Commission  on 
Mines,  on  accidents  in  shafts,  etc.,  1907-9;  member  of  Royal  Commission  on  Exhibi- 
tions, Brussels,  Turin  and  Rome,  1909;  Chairman  of  Departmental  Committee  on 
Use  of  Electricity  in  Mines,  1909;  member  of  Royal  Commission  on  Metalliferous 
Mines  and  Quarries,  1910-14;  member  of  Departmental  Committee  on  Organization 
of  Rescue  and  Aid  in  Case  of  Accidents  in  Mines,  191 1;  Chairman,  Departmental 
Committee  on  Testing  of  Safety  Lamps  for  Use  in  Mines,  191 1 ;  member  of  Executive 
Committee  on  Coal  Dust  and  Colliery  Explosions,  191 1;  Chairman,  Departmental 
Committee  on  Spontaneous  Combustion  in  Mines,  1912;  Chairman,  Departmental 
Committee  on  Organization  of  Coal  Mining  Industry  of  Great  Britain,  1915;  mem- 
ber, Departmental  Committee  on  Export  (Licensing)  of  Coal,  19 15;  Chairman  of 
Board  for  Mining  Examinations  since  1912;  Vice  Chairman,  Coal  Distribution  Com- 
mittee under  Board  of  Trade,  1916-17;  Mining  Assessor  to  Council  of  Scientific  and 
Industrial  Research;  member  of  Coal  Conservation  Committee,  1917-18;  member  of 


46  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF   THE   WORLD  WAR 

Fuel  Research  Board;  member  of  Committee  on  Fuel  Oil  from  Home  Sources,  1918; 
Chevalier,  Legion  of  Honour.  Author  of  Official  Reports  on  Colliery  Disasters;  An- 
nual Reports  of  Mines  Department;  Colliery  Working  and  Management  (joint  author); 
Coal:  its  Occurrence,  Value  and  Method  of  Boring;  The  Sinking  of  Shafts;  The  Ventila- 
tion of  Mines;  Methods  of  Working;  Report  on  the  Minerals  of  the  Vryheid  and  Non- 
dweni  Districts,  igo6,for  Natal  Government;  contributions  to  Transactions  of  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers;  numerous  papers  on  mining  and  allied  subjects  to  various  scien- 
tific, antiquarian,  and  industrial  periodicals. 

This  is  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  coal  mining  industry  throughout  the 
War  and  the  period  of  readjustment.  It  describes  the  organization  of  the  indus- 
try in  the  early  days  of  the  War,  the  effects  of  mobilization  and  of  compulsory 
limitation  of  prices.  It  traces  year  by  year  the  changing  mechanism  of  control 
and  the  effects  of  each  effort  to  secure  adequate  supplies  and  satisfactory  condi- 
tions. Leaving  the  detailed  study  of  labor  history  for  a  special  monograph,  it 
nevertheless  covers  the  history  of  the  official  and  unofficial  means  employed  to 
carry  on  the  industry  during  the  War  through  committees,  commissions  and 
administrative  stimuli.  It  closes  with  a  careful  survey  of  the  post-war  disturb- 
ances and  attempted  settlements.  Richly  documented  with  official  material  and 
statistics,  it  is  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  whole  subject.  (See  Extracts  from 
Press  Reviews,  post,  pp.  161-3.) 


BRITISH   IRON   AND   STEEL   INDUSTRY   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Walter  Thomas  Layton,  C.H.,  M.A. 

Editor  of  The  Economist;  formerly  Director,  National  Federation  of  Iron  and 
Steel  Trades;  member  of  Munitions  Council  in  Ministry  of  Munitions;  Fellow  of 
Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1909;  University  Lecturer  in  Economics, 
191 2;  Jevons  Memorial  Lecturer,  University  College,  1909-12;  Lecturer  for  Workers' 
Educational  Association  classes,  in  Leicester  and  Portsmouth,  1908-12;  represented 
Ministry  of  Munitions  on  the  Milner  visit  to  the  United  States  in  1917;  sometime 
head  of  Division  of  Economics  of  League  of  Nations  Secretariat.  Author  of  An  In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  Prices;  Relations  of  Capital  and  Labor;  various  articles  in 
reviews  and  journals. 

A  volume  dealing  with  the  industry  which  was  most  directly  transformed  by 
the  War,  and  analyzing  the  data  of  war-time  control  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
industry.  After  a  brief  historical  resume  of  the  iron  and  steel  trades  in  Great 
Britain  the  volume  treats  the  following  topics:  the  economic  position  of  the 
chief  iron  and  steel  producing  countries  immediately  prior  to  the  War;  war  re- 
quirements of  steel;  measures  taken  to  meet  requirements;  restriction  of  export; 
strict  rationing  of  the  supplies;  extension  of  iron  and  steel  works;  raw  material 
supplies;  labor  and  wages  questions;  price  control;  the  crisis  in  19 18  and  shortage 
of  men,  material  and  tonnage;  inter-Allied  arrangements;  the  effects  of  the  War 
in  the  iron  and  steel  producing  countries;  the  post-war  position;  the  effect  of  the 
Peace  Treaty  on  the  balance  of  power  in  Europe. 


BRITISH    SERIES  47 

BRITISH   LABOUR  UNIONS  AND   THE  WAR 
A  Series  of  Studies 
By  G.  D.  H.  Cole 

Honorary  Secretary,  Labour  Research  Department;  Secretary,  Advisory  Com- 
mittee of  the  Labour  Party;  Secretary,  Trade  Union  side  of  National  Industrial  Con- 
ference; Executive  Member,  National  Guilds  League;  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
prizeman;  Fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  1912-19;  Deputy  Professor  of  Philosophy, 
Armstrong  College,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  1913-14;  Tutorial  Class  Tutor,  Oxford 
University,  1914-19;  London  University,  19 16-19;  Adviser  to  Amalgamated  Society 
of  Engineers,  19 16-19;  member  of  Fabian  Society  Executive,  19 14-16;  helped  to  found 
National  Guilds  League,  191 5;  Chairman,  University  Socialist  Federation,  19 15-18. 
Author  of  Poems  (19 10);  edited  and  translated  Rousseau's  Social  Contract,  (19 13); 
The  World  of  Labour  (1913);  New  Beginnings  (1914);  Labour  in  War  Time  (1915); 
Trade  Unionism  on  the  Railways  (with  R.  Page  Arnot,  19 17);  Self  Government  in  In- 
dustry (1917);  The  Meaning  of  Industrial  Freedom  (with  W.  Mellor,  1918);  An  Intro- 
duction to  Trade  Unionism  (19 18);  The  Payment  of  Wages  (19 18);  Labour  in  the 
Commonwealth  (19 18). 

This  series  of  studies,  dealing  with  the  history  of  organized  labor,  is  written 
from  contemporary  documents  and  first-hand  information.  While,  upon  the 
whole,  it  presents  the  point  of  view  of  labor,  an  effort  has  been  made  throughout 
to  present  facts  rather  than  conclusions,  history  rather  than  economic  theory. 
It  is  based  largely  upon  material  which  is  either  unpublished  or  difficult  of  access. 

1.  Trade  Unionism  and  Munitions 
This  monograph  deals  with  the  history  of  labor  in  the  chief  industry  of  Britain 
during  the  war,  that  of  munitions.  It  describes  from  the  labor  point  of  view  the 
effect  of  successive  private  and  government  measures,  which  under  the  pressure 
of  war  necessity  endangered  the  peace-time  organization  of  labor  in  Britain.  It 
resembles  a  constitutional  history  of  labor  organization,  following  in  detail  the 
negotiations  of  labor  leaders  with  the  government  and  the  effect  upon  the  unions 
of  dilution,  the  admission  of  non-union  labor  under  war  pressure  particularly 
through  the  increased  numbers  of  women  workers.  (See  Extracts  from  Press 
Reviews,  post,  p.  166). 

2.  Labour  in  the  British  Coal  Mining  Industry,  1914-22 
This  monograph  deals  with  the  history  of  the  mining  trade  unions  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  worker.  After  an  analysis  of  the  situation  in  the  early  days  of  the 
War,  it  describes  the  working  of  state  control  and  war  service  generally.  The  full 
effect  of  War  conditions  in  mining,  however,  was  not  evident  until  after  the  period 
of  adjustment  following  the  War,  and  this  book  deals  in  detail  with  the  miners' 
program  of  1919,  the  Coal  Commission  from  the  miners'  standpoint,  and  the 
results  of  the  campaign.  After  an  analysis  of  wages  and  prices  and  the  strike  of 
1920,  it  closes  with  a  survey  of  de-control  and  the  national  agreement  of  1921. 
(See  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews,  post,  pp.  164-5). 


48  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

3.  Workshop  Organization 
This  monograph  deals  with  one  of  the  most  interesting  phases  of  war-time  indus- 
trial history,  the  growth  of  workshop  organization  based  on  local  lines  rather  than 
according  to  the  different  branches  of  industry.  The  book  describes  this  move- 
ment in  detail  and  includes  as  well  an  account  of  the  attitude  toward  the  War  of 
the  leaders  of  the  movement,  and  estimates  its  revolutionary  tendencies.  (See 
Extracts  from  Press  Reviews,  post,  p.  166). 


LABOUR  SUPPLY  AND   REGULATION 
By  Humbert  Wolfe,  C.B.E. 

Controller,  Labour  Regulation  Department  (with  rank  as  Assistant  Secretary), 
Ministry  of  Munitions;  entered  Board  of  Trade  (Harbor  Department)  as  Upper 
Division  Clerk,  1907;  Chief  of  Section,  Labour  Exchanges  Department,  Board  of 
Trade;  member,  Committee  on  Discharged  Soldiers  and  Sailors;  Committee  on  Re- 
cruiting of  Shop  Assistants;  Secretary,  Treasury  Committee  on  Munitions  of  War; 
member  of  various  reconstruction  committees;  Labour  Resettlement  Committee, 
Central  Billeting  Board;  entered  Ministry  of  Munitions  on  formation;  Controller, 
Labour  Regulation  Department. 

The  volume  deals  with  the  steps  taken  to  organize  civilian  labor  for  national 
purposes,  particularly  the  production  of  munitions  during  the  war,  by  diverting 
labor  from  unessential  occupations,  by  the  release  of  skilled  men  from  the  army, 
by  the  stoppage  of  disputes,  by  forming  mobilized  bodies  of  munition  volunteers, 
and  by  the  regulation  of  wages,  etc.  It  is  accompanied  by  many  documents, 
some  of  which  have  not  hitherto  been  published.  (See  Extracts  from  Press  Re- 
views, post,  pp.  166-8). 

PUBLIC  HEALTH  CONDITIONS  IN  ENGLAND  DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Dr.  Arthur  W.  J.  MacFadden,  C.B.,  M.B.,  CM.,  D.Ph. 

Senior  Medical  Officer  in  Ministry  of  Health;  late  Chief  Inspector  of  Foods,  Local 
Government  Board;  member  of  Food  (War)  Committee  of  the  Royal  Society;  mem- 
ber of  Committee  of  Accessory  Food  Factors  and  Human  Nutrition;  appointed  by 
Medical  Research  Council.  Author  of  various  official  reports  on  public  health  and 
medical  subjects  to  Ministry  of  Health  and  late  Local  Government  Board. 

After  a  short  historical  sketch  of  health  conditions  and  administration  prior 
to  the  war,  the  volume  describes  the  changes  due  to  new  social  conditions,  to  the 
movement  of  population  and  troops,  overcrowding,  fluctuations  in  purchasing 
power,  food  restrictions  and  organized  feeding,  alcohol  control,  industrial  condi- 
tions, etc.,  general  health  is  measured  on  the  basis  of  vital  statistics  and  deduc- 
tions drawn.  The  volume  includes  as  well  a  section  on  post-war  health  conditions 
in  England  during  the  period  of  demobilization,  the  influence  of  housing  and  trans- 
port conditions  and  food  de-control,  and  ends  with  a  description  of  the  influence 
of  these  factors  on  health  conditions  in  England  generally. 


BRITISH   SERIES  49 

HEALTH   OF  THE   RETURNED   SOLDIER 
By  R.  Cunyngham  Brown,  C.B.E.,  M.D. 

Deputy  Director  General  of  Military  Services  in  Ministry  of  Pensions. 

This  monograph  deals  with  the  various  questions  in  connection  with  the  treat- 
ment of  invalided  and  wounded  soldiers,  reeducation,  social  displacement,  cost 
to  the  community  and  to  the  nation,  etc. 


INDUSTRIES   OF  THE   CLYDE  VALLEY   DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Professor  W.  R.  Scott 

Member  of  British  Editorial  Board 

and 

James  Cunnison,  M.A. 

Lecturer  in  Social  Economics,  University  of  Glasgow;  Lecturer  in  Economics, 
Woodbroke  College,  Birmingham,  1912-19;  Examiner  in  Political  Economy,  Glas- 
gow, 1912-14;  Secretary  of  Economic  Section,  British  Association,  1919-20;  Artil- 
lery officer  during  the  War.  Publications :  Report  of  Replacement  of  Men  by  Women  in 
Industry  during  the  War;  Economics  (1920);  articles,  etc. 

This  book  has  a  double  purpose.  On  the  one  hand  it  shows  how  the  very 
diversified  power  of  the  West  of  Scotland  was  made  available  for  war-time  produc- 
tion, while  on  the  other  hand  it  traces  the  necessary  diversion  from  peace  products 
to  those  of  war  and  the  reverse  movement  to  normal  work,  as  far  as  this  has  de- 
veloped. The  introductory  chapter  discusses  the  industrial  capacities  of  the 
district,  explaining  the  causes,  geographical  and  historical,  which  have  resulted  in 
the  Clyde  Valley  being  noteworthy  both  for  the  extent  and  variety  of  its  indus- 
tries. Thereafter  the  center  of  interest  depends  upon  the  double  character  of  the 
main  war  work  of  this  area,  meeting  the  demands  of  the  Navy  in  the  first  instance, 
and  secondarily  those  for  munitions  and  other  military  requisites.  As  a  prelim- 
inary to  both  of  these  there  is  an  account  of  the  coal,  the  iron  and  steel  industries 
of  the  West  of  Scotland.  This  leads  on  to  the  story  of  the  shipyards  and  marine 
engine  shops  during  the  War  and  since  the  Armistice,  which  is  amplified  by  orig- 
inal documents  of  the  Admiralty.  The  interest  then  shifts  to  the  utilization  of  the 
remaining  productive  power  in  the  making  of  munitions  and  other  supplies  for  the 
Army.  As  more  and  more  labor  was  drawn  into  war  work,  there  arises  the  ques- 
tion of  whence  it  came  and  so  a  brief  account  is  given  of  other  industries,  e.  g. 
locomotive-building,  boiler-making,  structural  engineering,  electrical  engineering, 
agricultural  machinery,  chemicals,  the  textiles  and  the  tobacco  industry.  Also 
the  effect  of  the  War  on  commerce  is  illustrated  by  the  shipping  trade  of  the  Clyde, 
before,  during  and  since  the  War.  The  life  of  the  people  and  labor  conditions 
are  dealt  with  in  the  last  three  chapters  and  at  the  end  the  reactions  of  the 
War  upon  the  present  and  the  future  of  the  industry,  commerce  and  shipping 
of  the  Clyde  are  discussed.     (See  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews,  post,  pp.  168-9). 


50  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD  WAR 

SCOTTISH   AGRICULTURE   AND   FISHERIES 

(With  a  supplementary  chapter  on  the  Jute  Industry) 

A  Series  of  Studies  in  War-Time  Economics 

Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  Professor  W.  R.  Scott 

Member  of  British  Editorial  Board 

1.  Agricultural  Food  Production 

By  H.  M.  Conacher 

Deputy  Commissioner  of  Board  of  Agriculture  for  Scotland. 

This  is  a  detailed  study  of  agricultural  food  production,  dealing  with  all 
aspects  of  the  problem,  the  imports  of  food  into  Scotland  before  and  during  the 
War,  modifications  of  agriculture  during  the  War,  sheep  farming,  Scottish  dairy 
farms  and  stock  farms,  increased  production  of  food  and  a  discussion  of  the  per- 
manent effects  of  the  War  on  Scottish  Agriculture. 

2.  Scottish  Agricultural  Labour 

By  Joseph  Duncan 

Secretary  of  Scottish  Farm  Servants'  Union 

The  peculiarities  of  the  agricultural  work  on  Scottish  farms  is  shown,  also 
the  housing  conditions  and  conditions  of  employment  before  the  War  and  since. 
The  influx  of  women  to  agricultural  work  during  the  War  is  described,  as  well  as 
the  methods  for  fixing  wages.  The  study  concludes  with  a  notice  of  the  elements 
involved  in  the  problem  of  rural  depopulation. 

3.  Scottish  Fisheries  During  the  War 
By  David  T.  Jones,  C.B.E. 

Chairman  of  Fishery  Board 

The  study  begins  with  an  account  of  the  conditions  of  the  industry  in  so  far 
as  they  were  peculiar  to  Scotland  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War.  The  combinations 
of  difficulties  that  had  to  be  faced  is  analyzed  step  by  step  under  the  heads  of 
man-power,  the  position  created  by  the  orders  of  the  Admiralty  in  relation  to 
naval  operations,  the  effects  of  a  changing  situation  on  the  herring  fishing,  trawl- 
ing and  line  fishing  respectively,  the  problem  of  distribution,  the  double  role  of 
the  fisherman  in  war  and  in  increasing  the  national  food  supply  and  the  general 
effects  of  the  War  on  this  trade. 

4.   The  Jute  Industry 
By  J.  P.  Day,  Ph.D. 

Lecturer  in  Economics,  University  College,  Dundee 

This  study,  while  dealing  with  a  manufacturing  industry  is  included  in  the 
series,  because  of  the  distinct  r61e  which  it  played  in  the  War,  as  indicated  in  the 


BRITISH   SERIES  5 1 

volume  on  war  controls,  and  also  because  of  the  unique  setting  of  the  industry  in 
the  economic  life  of  Dundee.  Being  peculiarly  sensitive  to  war  demands,  it  offers 
some  interesting  economic  data. 

WALES   IN  THE  WORLD   WAR 

A  Volume  of  Social  History 
By  Thomas  Jones,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Member  of  British  Editorial  Board 

This  volume  is  planned  to  cover  the  entire  field  of  the  effects  of  the  War  upon 
Welsh  life  and  industry.  It  is  based  upon  careful  preliminary  studies,  statistical 
and  descriptive,  by  specialists  working  under  Dr.  Jones'  direction  in  various 
parts  of  Wales.  Chief  emphasis  is  naturally  given  to  the  Welsh  mining  industry, 
but  an  account  is  also  included  of  the  more  agricultural  North.  In  keeping  with 
the  spirit  of  the  survey  there  is  also  an  analysis  of  the  moral  and  religious  history 
of  Wales  during  and  after  the  War. 

MANCHESTER:   A   STUDY    IN   LOCAL   WAR-TIME   CONDITIONS 
By  Professor  H.  W.  C.  Davis,  C.B.E.,  M.A. 

Member  of  British  Editorial  Board 

This  study  is  planned  as  one  of  a  number  of  local  war  histories  dealing  with 
areas  of  special  interest.  An  analysis  of  the  effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Manchester 
district  is  of  much  more  than  local  application.  It  opens  up  most  of  the  ques- 
tions treated  in  the  History  as  a  whole,  and  thus  offers  suggestions  for  the  gen- 
eral synthesis.     Descriptive  and  historical  rather  than  purely  statistical. 

GUIDES  TO  THE  STUDY   OF  WAR-TIME   ECONOMICS 

The  three  monographs  here  grouped  together  are  the  outgrowth  of  the  activ- 
ities of  the  British  Editorial  Board  in  that  phase  of  its  work  which  has  had  to 
do  with  the  preparation  of  material  for  future  research  and  for  reference. 

I.  Guide  to  Local  War  Records 

By  Miss  Wretts-Smith,  M.A.,  M.Sc.  (Econ.) 

Secretary  of  Local  War  Records  Committee,  working  under  joint  authority  of 
British  Academy  and  British  Editorial  Board  of  Carnegie  Endowment. 

The  Committee  on  Local  War  Records  circulated  a  questionnaire  to  all  local 
government  authorities  and  to  numerous  societies  and  institutions  throughout 
Great  Britain,  to  learn  the  condition  of  local  war  records  both  official  and  unoffi- 
cial, in  so  far  as  they  bear  upon  the  economic  history  of  the  country.  The  manual 
is  the  result  of  the  answers  to  this  questionnaire  and  of  subsequent  investigations, 
and  is  the  only  guide  in  existence  covering  this  material. 


LIBRARY 

UNJVERsrnr  of  mwow 


52  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

2.  Dictionary  of  Official  War-Time  Organizations 
By  Norman  Burrell  Dearle,  D.Sc. 

D.Sc.  in  Economics,  London,  1915;  Technical  Adviser  to  Apprentices  Branch, 
Ministry  of  Labour,  Training  Department,  1919-21;  previously  in  Board  of  Trade, 
Labour  Statistics  Department;  Ministry  of  Munitions,  Labour  Supply  Department; 
Office  of  the  Umpire,  Unemployment  Insurance;  Ministry  of  Labour,  Demobilization 
Section.  Author  of  Industrial  Training  (19 14);  Problems  of  Unemployment  in  the 
London  Building  Trades  (1908);  The  Working  of  the  Unemployed  Workmen  Act  (1905); 
in  relation  to  the  London  Building  Trades  (1908);  English  Statistics  of  Unemployment 
(19 10);  Organization  of  Public  Work  in  relation  to  Unemployment  in  the  Building 
Trades  (191 1);  The  Alien  Act  (1911);  The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Overtime  (1920);  Appren- 
ticeship and  Boy  Labor  (1922). 

This  will  be  a  guide  to  the  many  government  organizations  established  during 
the  War.  No  such  guide  exists  at  present,  and  the  manual  is  planned  for  use  by 
both  researchers  and  those  interested  in  practical  administration.  The  relation 
of  commissions,  committees,  etc.,  to  the  various  departments  is  traced  to  some 
extent  and  a  brief  note  given  of  the  history,  scope  of  activity  and  final  disposition 
of  the  organizations.     The  period  covered  is  from  July  1,  1914,  to  the  end  of  1922. 

3.  Economic  Chronicle  of  the  War 
By  Norman  Burrell  Dearle,  D.Sc. 

Author  of  A  Dictionary  of  Official  War-Time  Organizations 

This  is  a  mere  summary  account,  in  chronological  order,  of  the  main  economic 
events  arising  out  of  the  War  and  the  reconstruction  period.  It  will  include  agri- 
culture and  industry;  commerce,  finance  and  transport;  labor  problems  and  indus- 
trial relations;  economic  legislation;  social  developments  to  meet  the  needs  of  war. 
The  chronicle  will  extend  from  the  closing  days  of  July,  1914,  to  the  end  of  1922 
and  will  thus  cover  the  emergency  measures  taken  at  the  outbreak  of  war  and  the 
period  of  reconstruction  after  its  close. 

STUDIES   IN   BRITISH  SOCIAL   HISTORY   DURING  THE 

WORLD  WAR 

(Volumes  to  be  arranged) 

THE  COST  OF  THE  WAR  TO  GREAT   BRITAIN 
(Volume  to  be  arranged) 


AUSTRIAN  AND  HUNGARIAN   SERIES:  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  53 

AUSTRIAN   AND   HUNGARIAN   SERIES 

Austria-Hungary 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  AUSTRIAN  ECONOMIC  LITERATURE  DURING 

THE  WAR 

By  Professor  Dr.  Othmar  Spann 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  University  of  Vienna;  collaborator  on  Scientific 
Committee  of  War  Ministry,  1916-18. 

This  is  a  general  bibliographical  guide  to  the  literature  in  the  German  language 
dealing  with  the  economic  and  social  aspects  of  the  history  of  Austria-Hungary 
during  the  War.  It  covers  articles,  parliamentary  and  government  records,  in 
addition  to  book  titles;  and  arranges  material  according  to  the  main  headings  of 
the  Austrian  Series  of  the  Economic  and  Social  History.  (Published,  September, 
1923). 

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN   FINANCE  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Dr.  Alexander  von  Popovics 

Late  Minister;  President  of  Royal  Hungarian  Institute  for  the  issue  of  currency 
notes;  entered  Hungarian  Ministry  of  Finance  in  1884,  and  remained  in  that  depart- 
ment without  a  break  until  April,  1909;  in  this  office  he  had  to  do  with  practically  . 
every  branch  of  financial  administration;  was  principally  engaged  in  the  sections 
concerned  with  the  state  loans  and  questions  relating  to  currency,  the  Bank  of  Issue 
(Notenbank)  and  railways,  and  later  with  many  of  the  affairs  which  necessitated 
economic  and  financial  negotiations  between  Hungary  and  Austria;  in  1892  became 
Deputy  Government  Commissioner  of  the  Bank  of  Issue  (Austro-Hungarian  Bank), 
and  later  Government  Commissioner:  in  1902  appointed  Administrative  Secretary 
of  State  for  his  department  and  finally  Governor  of  Austro-Hungarian  Bank,  with 
headquarters  in  Vienna;  in  19 18  he  entered  third  Wekerle  Cabinet  as  Minister  of 
Finance,  in  which  he  remained  until  1918;  after  collapse  and  close  of  Bolshevist  regime 
in  Hungary,  he  was  appointed  to  Hungarian  Peace  Delegation  at  Neuilly,  and  took 
part  in  its  work  as  head  of  the  Economic  and  Financial  Sections;  in  1920  he  was  one  ot 
the  Hungarian  delegates  at  International  Financial  Conference  in  Brussels;  in  April, 
192 1,  he  was  appointed  President  of  the  newly  established  State  Note  Institute 
which  began  its  operations  on  August  1  of  the  same  year;  in  May,  1924,  was 
chosen  Governor  of  the  Hungarian  State  Bank;  is  also  President  of  Administrative 
Council  of  Hungary's  first  shipping  enterprise — Hungarian  River  and  Sea  Shipping 
Company. 

The  book  opens  with  a  short  introductory  account  of  the  development  and 
condition  of  currency  in  both  states  of  the  Monarchy.  This  includes  an  account 
of  the  r61e  played  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  Bank  in  191 1  with  reference  to  the 
Balkan  War.  It  then  deals  authoritatively  with  the  question  of  financial  pre- 
paredness for  war  on  the  basis  of  documents  hitherto  unpublished.  Then  it  out- 
lines the  relations  existing  between  the  General  Staff  and  the  Bank  authorities. 
Then  follows  an  exhaustive  account  of  financial  conditions  and  measures  at  the 


54  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

outbreak  of  the  War  and  the  first  results  of  those  measures.  War-time  develop- 
ments are  traced  in  detail:  The  taxation  policy  of  the  governments.  Increase  of 
state  revenue.  Original  intention  of  covering  only  actual  war  expenditure  out  of 
extraordinary  credits.  Price  movements  and  blockade  completely  prevent  reali- 
zation of  this  intention.  Slow  and  inadequate  response  of  taxation  policy.  As  a 
consequence,  further  war  loans  and  further  foreign  credits  (Holland,  Switzerland, 
Scandinavian  states).  Financial  operations  in  support  of  war-time  commerce. 
Export  and  import  prohibitions.  Balance  of  trade  in  its  final  aspects.  Rates  of 
exchange.  Method  of  ascertaining  exchange  movements.  Establishment  of 
Central  Exchange  Office.  Effort  to  establish  it  without  state  compulsion.  In- 
adequacy of  measure.  Its  organization.  Operation.  Attempts  to  restrict  in- 
flation. Moratorium.  Discontinuance.  Report  to  extraordinary  general  meeting 
of  Bank  shareholders  in  191 7.  Resumption  of  publications.  Disparity  in  recourse 
to  bank  credit  on  part  of  Austria  and  Hungary.     Criticism  and  conclusions. 

MILITARY   ECONOMIC   HISTORY 

A  Series  of  Studies 

Edited  by  Professor  Dr.  Friedrich  von  Wieser 

With  collaboration  of 

General  Alfred  Krauss 

Ranks  high  among  army  commanders  of  the  War  and  is  an  outstanding  figure 
in  Austrian  history.  Author  of  a  recent  work  on  the  causes  of  defeat  of  Central 
Powers; 

General  Max  Hoen 

General  Director  of  War  Archives  and  a  writer  on  scientific  military  subjects; 

and 
Colonel  Glaise-Horstenau 

Of  historical  section  of  the  Army;  during  the  War  in  charge  of  documentation  of 
Military  Cabinet  and  appointed  to  important  missions,  since  the  War  he  has  returned 
to  the  archives.     Author  of  a  number  of  military  and  political  histories. 

So  much  of  the  economic  life  of  Europe  was  under  direct  or  indirect  military 
control  during  the  War,  that  a  description  of  this  phase  of  economic  administra- 
tion is  indispensable  in  a  history  of  the  War.  In  Austria-Hungary  this  is  espe- 
cially the  case,  and  a  systematic  description  and  statistical  analysis  has  been 
planned  in  considerable  detail,  the  material  being  prepared  for  the  most  part  by 
those  in  positions  of  responsibility  in  the  military  administration  itself.  The 
following  are  among  the  more  important  of  the  monographs  planned : 

I.  Problems  of  Conscription,  Man-Power,  etc.,  in  the  Austrian  Army 
By  Colonel  Eugen  Klose 

Late  of  Austrian  General  Staff;  entering  the  army  in  1892,  called  to  War  Ministry 
in  1906  (where  he  remained  until  19 18),  Colonel  Klose  was  at  the  head  of  Division  of 


AUSTRIAN   AND  HUNGARIAN    SERIES:   AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  55 

Mobilization  with  but  short  interruption  for  active  service  throughout  the  War; 
his  unrivaled  knowledge  of  the  legal  as  well  as  the  practical  aspects  of  this  vast  and 
complicated  system  was  recognized  as  well  in  the  period  of  liquidation  and  he  was 
appointed  an  inspector  for  liquidating  War  Ministry;  now  in  retirement. 

This  monograph  describes  the  economic  effects  of  National  Service  Laws 
which  were  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  War,  and  counter  measures  of  the 
military  administration  (War  Office  and  both  Ministries  of  Defense),  to  lessen  the 
adverse  economic  effects  of  this  action  where  necessary.  It  then  deals  in  detail 
with  the  extension  of  war  services,  showing  how  industries  working  for  military 
purposes  (war  industries)  and  mines  were  successively  brought  under  the  scope  of 
the  War  Service  Acts.  Of  great  interest  is  the  account  of  the  social  measures 
adopted,  social  welfare  measures  being  used  much  more  than  military  coercion,  to 
produce  the  proper  morale.  Among  these  measures  were  the  creation  of  the  sys- 
tem of  foremen,  "works  committees"  (shop  stewards),  and  the  creation  of  a  com- 
mittee of  complaints  with  the  object  of  deciding  all  questions  and  conflicts  between 
employers  and  employed  by  judicial  methods. 

2.  Munitions  and  Supply 
By  Colonel  Ottokar  Pflug 

A  member,  since  1908,  of  bureau  of  Operations  of  General  Staff,  which  had  charge 
of  the  rearming  of  Austro-Hungarian  Army;  during  the  war,  Chief  of  Artillery  Section 
and  in  responsible  relations  with  Division  of  Raw  Materials;  in  1920  retired  from 
service  to  become  General  Secretary  of  Enzenfeld  Metal  Works  Company. 

This  is  a  technical  account  of  the  mobilization  of  industry  under  the  general 
staff,  the  manufacture  of  munitions  and  weapons,  plans  for  procuring  raw  ma- 
terials, the  strain  of  the  prolonged  war,  relations  with  other  concerns,  and  an 
estimate  of  total  output. 

3.  Transportation  under  Military  Control 
By  Colonel  Emil  Ratzenhofer 

Since  1908  in  Bureau  of  Railroads  of  Austrian  General  Staff;  on  the  outbreak  of 
war  became  Military  Director  of  Railroads  on  the  eastern  front,  then  organizer  of 
grain  shipments  by  rail  and  boat;  both  by  experience  and  study  he  has  the  most  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  the  subject. 

The  military  control  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  railroads  is  described  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  administration  and  of  practical  engineering.  The  strain  of 
mobilization  and  army  movements,  problems  of  transport,  changes  in  method  and 
expedients  to  insure  necessary  movement  of  supplies  for  civilians  as  well  as  for  the 
Army.  Then  follows  an  outline  of  transport  by  waterways,  especially  the 
Danube.     Total  results  of  military  movements  upon  economic  activities. 

4.  The  Cost  of  the  War  to  A  ustria 
By  Dr.  Fritz  Hornik 

President  of  Austrian  Office  for  Liquidation  of  Military  Affairs;  1910-1918  in  the 
Ministry  of  Finances,  where  he  helped  frame  regulations  with  reference  to  the  banks, 


56  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD   WAR 

the  organization  of  war  insurances,  and  various  war-time  institutions  of  credit;  during 
the  War  he  was  charged  with  important  commissions,  among  them  being  the  over- 
seeing of  special  war-time  legislation  in  connection  with  the  army,  the  Vienna  money 
market  and  credit  institutions;  since  the  Revolution  he  has  been  President  of  Office 
of  Military  Liquidation.  Upon  the  acceptance  by  Austria  of  the  conditions  for  in- 
ternational loans  arranged  by  the  League  of  Nations,  Dr.  Hornik  was  made  Commis- 
sioner charged  with  the  reform  of  the  Austrian  Administration  in  order  to  meet  the 
financial  terms  of  the  international  agreement. 

During  the  earlier  period  of  liquidation  Dr.  Hornik  was  in  charge  of  the 
military,  financial  administration,  and  his  book  will  include  an  account  of  military 
expenses  and  methods  of  bookkeeping.  The  book,  however,  will  deal  mainly  with 
the  major  problem  of  the  direct  and  indirect  financial  costs  of  the  War  to  Austria 
as  revealed  in  the  later  period  of  Dr.  Hornik's  activity.  No  other  official  is  so  well 
qualified  as  Dr.  Hornik  to  contribute  this  fundamental  volume  to  the  Austrian 
Series. 

(Others  to  follow.) 

THE   ECONOMIC   USE  OF  OCCUPIED  TERRITORIES:  SERBIA, 
MONTENEGRO,  ALBANIA 

By  General  Hugo  Kerchnawe 

General  in  former  Austrian  Army;  1902-14  in  Department  of  History  of  General 
Staff  at  War  Archives  in  Vienna;  knighted  in  1908;  during  the  War,  Chief  of  Staff  in 
Serbia  and  as  such  largely  responsible  for  administration  of  the  territory  occupied  by 
the  Austro-Hungarian  Army;  after  the  evacuation  of  Serbia  by  Austria  was  entrusted 
with  the  liquidation  of  the  former  military  administration  with  which  he  had  been 
connected  in  Vienna,  and  is  still  Director  of  this  work;  for  his  work  during  the  War  he 
received  many  decorations.  Author  of  some  ten  or  twelve  volumes  mainly  of  military 
history. 

The  first  part  is  devoted  mainly  to  Serbia.  It  deals  with  the  Central  Powers' 
need  of  the  occupied  territories  for  the  conduct  of  the  War  and  gives  a  short  survey 
of  similar  Austrian  military  administrations  in  former  times.  It  then  describes 
the  nature  of  the  military  administrative  authorities  in  Poland,  Serbia  and  Monte- 
negro; the  fiasco  of  the  first  military  administration  in  Serbia  and  its  reorganiza- 
tion. 

The  volume  contains  a  detailed  account  of  how  the  economic  exploitation  of  the 
country  was  carried  out  and  the  significance  of  it  for  the  continuation  of  the  War 
by  the  Central  Powers,  especially  Austria-Hungary.  This  is  based  upon  unique 
personal  documents  of  the  author,  who  was  largely  responsible  for  the  administra- 
tion of  these  measures. 

Similar,  but  less  developed,  accounts  are  also  given  of  the  exploitation  of 
Montenegro  and  parts  of  Albania. 

Similar  studies  of  other  occupied  areas  have  been  planned,  e.g.,  Northern 
Italy  by  General  Leidl,  the  Ukraine  by  General  Krauss,  Rumania  by  Consul- 
General  Felix  Sobotka,  and  Poland  by  General  Mitzka. 


AUSTRIAN   AND  HUNGARIAN    SERIES:  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  57 

"MITTEL-EUROPA":  THE   PREPARATION   OF  A   NEW   JOINT 

ECONOMY 
By  Dr.  Gustav  Gratz  and  Dr.  Richard  Schuller 

The  plans  for  realizing  the  scheme  for  an  economic  Mittel-Europa  were 
carried  out  during  the  period  when  Professor  Wieser  was  Minister  of  Commerce. 
Dr.  Schuller  was  negotiator  for  Austria  and  Dr.  Gratz  for  Hungary.  This  volume 
(their  joint  production)  describes  in  detail  the  negotiations  for  the  commercial 
treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany,  and  the  new  "Compromise" 
(Ausgleich)  between  Austria  and  Hungary.  The  formal  negotiations  which  began 
with  the  preparation  of  a  memorandum  by  the  German  Government  in  19 15 
ended  in  a  conference  at  Salzburg  which  reached  agreement  only  a  few  days  before 
the  close  of  the  War.  Although  the  Peace  rendered  these  negotiations  futile,  a 
total  analysis  offers  a  most  instructive  chapter  in  the  history  of  tariff  arrange- 
ments. The  texts  of  both  agreements  have  not  otherwise  been  published  and 
the  volume  therefore  offers  a  contribution  to  political  as  well  as  to  economic 
history. 

A  separate  section  deals  with  the  negotiations  for  the  Treaties  of  Brest- 
Litovsk  and  Bucharest  and  the  close  connection  of  these  with  the  foregoing  is 
clearly  shown. 

EXHAUSTION   AND   DISORGANIZATION   OF  THE  HAPSBURG 

MONARCHY 

By  Professor  Dr.  Friedrich  von  Wieser 
Chairman  of  Austrian  Editorial  Board 

This  volume  is  planned  to  describe  the  final  effects  of  the  War  upon  the 
Hapsburg  Monarchy.  It  is  a  study  of  both  social  and  economic  factors  in  the 
break-up  of  the  Monarchy,  but  deals  as  well  with  the  administrative  and  political 
elements  of  the  crisis.  One  of  the  most  important  volumes  in  the  History. 
Detailed  announcement  later. 

DISRUPTION    OF    THE   AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN    ECONOMIC    UNION 

By  Dr.  Richard  Schuller 

Member  of  Austro-Hungarian  Editorial  Board 

A  short  study  of  the  immediate  effects  of  the  War  and  Revolution  as  seen 
from  the  standpoint  of  an  old  Austrian  government  department.  The  essay  will 
be  closely  articulated  with  the  larger  study  by  Professor  WTieser  dealing  with 
general  conditions  in  the  Monarchy  prior  to  and  during  the  final  break-up. 


58  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

Empire  of  Austria 

WAR  GOVERNMENT   IN  AUSTRIA 

By  Professor  Dr.  Joseph  Redlich 

Jurist  and  Professor  at  University  of  Vienna;  elected  in  1906  to  Moravian  Diet 
as  Deputy  of  South  Moravian  Germans,  and  in  1907  to  Lower  House  (House  of 
Representatives)  of  Reichsrat,  of  which  he  continued  a  member  until  the  fall  of  the 
Empire  in  1918;  in  1908  appointed  regular  Professor  of  Public  and  Administrative 
Law  in  Technical  College  in  Vienna,  holding  this  post  until  1918;  initiator  and  princi- 
pal director  of  the  work  of  Imperial  Commission  for  Administrative  Reform  ap- 
pointed by  Austrian  Government  in  I9ii;in  1918  Minister  of  Finance  in  government 
formed  by  Dr.  H.  Lammasch;  a  recognized  authority  on  British  political  institutions; 
as  jurist,  Dr.  Redlich  was  invited  to  deliver  the  Godkin  lectures  at  Harvard  in  1910, 
also  lecturing  at  University  of  Illinois  and  at  Columbia  University;  in  19 13  prepared  a 
report  on  legal  instruction  in  America  for  Carnegie  Foundation  and  delivered  the 
Schouler  Lectures  at  Johns  Hopkins  University;  member  of  Committee  of  Carnegie 
Endowment  for  investigating  the  atrocities  of  the  Balkan  War  of  1912-13;  gave  the 
Lowell  Lectures  in  1922  and  lectured  at  Institute  of  International  Affairs.  Author  of 
Englische  Lokalverwaltung  (1901);  English  local  Government  (2  vols.,  1903);  Recht  und 
Technik  des  englischen  Parlamentarismus,  Parliamentary  Procedure  of  the  House  of 
Commons  (vols,  i-iii,  1907);  Oesterreichische  Kommunalverfassung  (1908);  Bericht 
iiber  die  Entwicklung  und  den  gegenwdrtigen  Stand  der  osterreichischen  Finanzverwaltung 
sowie  Vorschldge  zur  Reform  dieser  Verwaltung  (19 13);  The  Case  Method  in  the  Ameri- 
can Law  Schools  (19 14);  Das  osterreichische  Reichs-  und  Staats problem;  Geschichtliche 
Darstellung  der  Inneren  Politik  der  habsburgischen  Monarchic  von  1848  bis  zum 
Untergang  des  Reiches  (vol.  1,  pts.  1  and  II,  1920). 

This  volume  shows  what  changes  were  introduced  in  consequence  of  the  War 
in  the  constitution  and  functions  of  the  economic  administration.  In  particular 
it  treats  of  the  rise  and  growth  of  the  military  administration,  the  changes  in  the 
relations  between  Austria  and  Hungary,  as  well  as  the  growth  of  state  regulation 
in  the  first  period  of  the  War,  and  the  subsequent  development  of  national,  social 
and  local  opposition.  In  order  to  make  this  clear  it  develops  the  historical  back- 
ground of  the  complicated  problems  of  the  old  federal  system,  with  its  local  or- 
ganizations serving  as  media  for  national  aspirations,  and  a  centralizing  bureau- 
cracy without  adequate  legislative  support.  The  relation  of  these  prewar  strains 
in  the  political  organization  to  those  of  the  War  are  then  shown,  and  the  effects  of 
the  War  itself  upon  the  government  prior  to  the  revolution. 

INDUSTRIAL   CONTROL   IN   AUSTRIA   DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Dr.  Richard  Riedl 

Member  of  Austrian  Editorial  Board 

Monographic  studies  of  the  war-time  history  of  the  more  important  industries, 
prepared  by  a  staff  of  specialists  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Riedl,  who  also  con- 
tributes largely. 

The  volume  begins  with  a  brief  statement  of  the  position  of  the  industry 
before  the  War.     (1)  Statistical  accounts  of  number  of  firms  and  work-people 


AUSTRIAN  AND  HUNGARIAN   SERIES:  AUSTRIA  59 

in  the  industry,  size  of  the  industry  and  characteristic  machinery  and  plant, 
e.g.,  number  of  spindles  and  looms,  of  blast  furnaces,  of  converters,  of  open 
hearth  furnaces,  etc.  (2)  The  methods  by  which  the  raw  material  requirements 
of  industry  were  met  before  the  War.  (3)  Extent  of  production  so  far  as  statis- 
tical data  exist.  (4)  Market  conditions  of  home  production  and  the  supply  from 
abroad  of  similar  manufactures. 

Part  II  describes  the  changes  in  economic  conditions  during  the  War:  (1) 
Effect  of  the  War  on  the  supply  of  raw  materials  of  industry.  (2)  Effect  of  the 
War  on  production.     (3)  Effect  of  the  War  on  consumption  and  sale. 

Part  III  is  an  account  of  economic  war  measures,  successful  and  unsuccess- 
ful.    The  desperate  strain  caused  by  the  War,  until  the  gradual  exhaustion. 

FOOD  CONTROL  AND  AGRICULTURE  IN  AUSTRIA  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Dr.  Hans  LOwenfeld-Russ 

Formerly  Austrian  Departmental  State  Secretary;  member  of  Austrian  State 
Service  since  1897,  and  from  1899  in  Ministry  of  Commerce,  becoming  in  1913 
Director  of  Industrial  Department  and  of  Bureau  of  the  Industrial  Council;  during 
the  War  prepared  and  carried  into  effect  the  legislative  and  administrative  measures 
for  the  War  organization  of  food  industries,  and  when  National  Food  Department 
was  established  at  the  end  of  1916  he  was  appointed  to  that  Ministry,  acting  from  1917 
as  the  Minister's  deputy,  and  as  such  taking  part  in  most  of  the  negotiations  con- 
ducted with  the  German  Empire  and  with  Hungary  on  food  questions;  in  1918,  after 
the  Revolution,  Dr.  Lowenfeld-Russ  was  appointed  Chief  Director  of  State  Food 
Department  (Ministry  of  Food),  and  as  State  Secretary  for  Food  he  was  a  member 
of  first  Republican  cabinet  as  well  as  of  second  and  third  Renner  cabinets;  under  his 
direction  the  internal  food  service  was  speedily  adapted  to  the  altered  conditions  in 
New  Austria  and  reorganized;  he  also  took  part  in  the  economic  negotiations  con- 
ducted in  Belgrade,  Prague,  Paris  and  Rome;  in  July,  1920,  he  left  the  service  of  the 
State  and  in  192 1  joined  the  management  of  the  Export  und  Industrie  Bank  in  Vienna, 
which  forms  part  of  an  important  Austrian  industrial  undertaking. 

A  number  of  heads  of  departments  in  the  former  ministry  and  other  highly 
qualified  specialists  are  associated  with  Dr.  Lowenfeld-Russ  in  the  preparation 
of  this  volume.     In  view  of  its  importance  it  has  been  planned  in  great  detail. 

The  introduction  deals  with  the  conditions  and  capacity  of  Austrian  agri- 
culture and  food  industries  before  the  War.  The  proportion  of  home  food  pro- 
duction to  consumption  requirements.  Of  special  interest  is  the  position  of 
Vienna  and  its  dependence  on  the  Hungarian  supply.  Similar  analyses  of  the 
situation  of  various  large  Austrian  provincial  capitals. 

War  measures  in  general;  a  comprehensive  account  of  war  administration 
serving  as  framework  for  the  separate  narratives  which  follow  and  offering 
critical  and  historical  data. 

Detailed  studies  of  the  development  of  the  war  administration  with  regard 
to  (a)  food  produced  in  agriculture;  and  (b)  food  produced  in  industry.  Each 
is  prefaced  by  a  short  account  of  the  war  measures  of  a  general  nature  and  con- 


60  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

eludes  with  a  description  of  the  position  directly  before  the  collapse,  in  order  to 
show  in  the  briefest  manner  the  prospects  for  the  winter  191 8-19,  if  the  war 
had  continued. 

Part  IV  deals  with:  (a)  organization  of  the  food  service;  (b)  organization 
of  consumption. 

Part  V  describes  the  feeding  of  the  Army  and  the  Austrian  food  policy;  its 
effects  on  civilian  consumption:  (a)  account  of  the  organizing  measures;  (b) 
food  conditions  in  the  Army. 

Relations  with  Hungary  and  with  foreign  countries;  comprehensive  account 
of  food  administration  relations  during  the  War,  are  dealt  with  in  detail  in 
Chapter  VI:  (1)  Relations  with  Hungary  (Croatia)  and  Bosnia-Herzegovina: 
(2)  Relations  with  the  occupied  districts  (Serbia,  Poland,  Italy  and  Rumania, 
the  latter  two  before  their  entry  into  the  War  and  after  occupation).  Value  to 
the  civilian  population  and  the  Army.  (3)  Relations  with  Germany.  (4) 
Relations  with  Bulgaria  and  Turkey.  (5)  Relations  with  neutral  countries. 
The  blockade  compensation  treaties  (especially  for  sugar),  organization,  monop- 
oly and  centralization  of  imports  (import  prospects). 

The  final  Chapter  (VII)  deals  with  conditions  at  the  time  of  the  collapse. 
It  analyzes  the  effect  of  the  War  on  agricultural  and  industrial  food  production 
and  the  effect  of  the  War  on  consumption. 

LABOR   IN  AUSTRIA   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Ferdinand  Hanusch 

The  author  began  life  as  a  spinner  in  Silesia,  as  journeyman  apprentice  visiting 
all  the  countries  of  Southeastern  Europe;  a  local  leader  of  Social  Democratic  Party,  he 
was  elected  in  1897  Secretary  of  his  Union  for  Silesia  and  the  German  part  of  Moravia 
in  old  Austria;  in  1900  came  to  Vienna  as  Secretary  of  Union  of  Textile  Workers  for 
Austiia,  which  post  he  held  until  1918;  since  1907  (when  universal  suffrage  was 
introduced  into  Austria),  member  of  the  Reichsrat,  and  a  member  of  its  Committee 
on  Social  Politics,  he  has  collaborated  on  every  law  dealing  with  matters  of  social 
welfare  duiing  that  time;  1918-20,  Minister  for  Social  Welfare;  at  present  Director  of 
Vienna  Organization  of  Workers  and  Employees,  and  a  member  of  National  Assembly. 

This  is  a  war-time  history  of  labor  prepared  by  representative  working  men, 
under  the  direction  of  Herr  Hanusch,  who  also  contributes  largely.  The  differ- 
ent sections  are  assigned  to  competent  authorities  representing  each  branch  of 
labor.  After  an  introduction,  giving  a  brief  resume  of  the  whole  subject,  the 
volume  deals  with  the  legal  regulation  of  labor  conditions  and  with  administrative 
measures  (governmental  assistance,  etc.).  Then  follows  a  description  of  labor 
conditions  in  the  various  branches  of  industry,  worked  up  for  each  group  in  the 
following  chronological  order:  (a)  Conditions  immediately  before  the  outbreak 
of  war.  (b)  Immediate  effect  of  the  outbreak  of  war.  (c)  Consequence  of  the 
diversion  of  numerous  trades  to  war  industries,  (d)  Effects  of  the  long  duration 
of  the  war.     (e)  Position  in  the  summer  of  191 8.     The  volume  concludes  with  a 


AUSTRIAN  AND  HUNGARIAN   SERIES:  AUSTRIA  6l 

close  survey  of  the  influence  of  the  war  legislation  and  the  state  of  war  upon :  (a) 
Labor  organization,  particularly  on  the  political  and  legal  position  of  the  worker, 
the  labor  press,  strike  movements,  influence  of  the  War  upon  the  personal  out- 
look and  political  attitude  of  the  workers;  and  (b)  Health  and  food  conditions, 
reduction  in  working  power  and  inclination  for  work,  consideration  for  health 
and  physical  safety  of  the  worker  in  the  trades,  regulations  for  protection  of  the 
workers. 

AUSTRIAN   RAILWAYS   DURING  THE  WAR 

(Civil  Control) 
By  Ing.  Bruno  Ritter  von  Enderes 

Since  1917  on  staff  of  the  Ministry  of  Railways;  engineer  and  railroad  constructor, 
for  part  of  the  War  at  the  head  of  Office  of  Transportation;  after  the  revolution  he 
remained  Secretary  of  State  in  Ministry  of  Transportation,  and  as  such  has  played 
a  leading  r61e  in  the  difficult  task  of  reconstructing  Austrian  transportation,  and  was 
the  Austrian  railway  expert  at  Conference  of  Portorose  in  192 1. 

A  short  survey  of  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Austrian  railway  system 
viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  civilian  control.  This  study  forms  a  supplement 
to  that  dealing  with  military  control.  It  brings  out  the  displacement  caused  by 
the  War  in  practical  railroading  and  the  question  of  transport. 

COAL  SUPPLY   IN  AUSTRIA   DURING  THE  WAR 

(1914-1918) 
By  Ing.  Emil  Homann-Herimberg 

For  many  years  a  high  official  in  Austrian  Government,  and  Director  of  the  most 
important  technical  section  of  Office  of  Public  Works;  after  serving  in  this  capacity 
for  several  years  appointed  Minister  for  Public  Works,  which  office  he  held  for  some 
time  during  the  War;  President  of  Austrian  Society  of  Engineers  and  Architects,  and 
a  member  of  Economy  Commission. 

General  account  of  the  coal  industry  of  Austria  in  the  prewar  period.  Pro- 
duction, imports  and  exports  of  coal  in  the  years  1914  to  191 8.  Relations  with 
Hungary  and  the  German  Empire.  Administrative  measures  for  the  speeding 
up  of  coal  production.  Labor  conditions  in  the  coal  mining  industry.  The 
demand  for  coal,  with  special  consideration  of  the  principal  groups  of  consumers. 
Meeting  of  the  demand  for  coal.  Organization  of  the  distribution  of  coal. 
Measures  for  economizing  coal.  Provision  of  coal  for  the  larger  towns.  Hin- 
drances to  the  coal  supply  service  through  the  disorganization  of  the  railway 
traffic.  Regulation  of  coal  prices.  Coal  management  in  the  occupied  districts; 
exploitation  of  the  coal  mines  in  the  coal  districts  of  Dabrowa  in  Russian  Poland. 

THE  MORAL  EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  AUSTRIA 
By  Chancellor  Ignaz  Seipel 

Chancellor  of  Austria  since  May  1922;  professor  of  moral  theology  at  Salzburg 
and  Vienna  before  entering  political  life;  joined  the  Christian  Socialist  party  in  191 7; 


6e  ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Minister  for  Social  Welfare  in  the  Lammasch  Cabinet  in  191 8;  elected  to  Parliament 
in  1920;  chosen  to  lead  his  party  in  1921;  through  his  cooperation  with  the  League 
of  Nations  he  has  enabled  Austria  to  stabilize  its  currency  by  an  international  loan, 
and  his  policy  has  contributed  effectively  to  one  of  the  most  striking  chapters  of 
post-war  history.  Author  of  many  books,  some  purely  theological,  as  Beim  eucha- 
ristischen  Gott  (1909);  Der  heilige  Ambrosius  von  Mailand  (191 3);  Die  Grundwahr- 
heiten  der  Erlosung  (1914);  others  dealing  with  the  moral  education  of  the  young,  as 
Die  Askese  im  Leben  der  studierenden  Jugend  (191 2)  and  Lehrbuch  der  Moral  fiir  Mil- 
telschulen  (191 3);  and  some  political,  as  Nation  und  Staat  (1916)  and  Die  osterreichis- 
che  Verfassungsreform  (191 7). 

Chancellor  Seipel  proposes  to  consider  in  this  study  the  exceedingly  difficult 
task  of  the  moral  healing  of  Austria;  and  the  volume  is  therefore  planned  as  an 
introductory  survey  of  the  elements  of  moral  and  social  displacements  caused  by 
the  war,  together  with  a  search  for  a  basis  for  measures  of  social  reform.  It  will, 
however,  deal  with  its  subject  historically  and  objectively  in  order  to  secure  a 
sound  foundation  for  future  action.  The  value  of  such  a  survey  is  increased  by 
the  concern  of  southeastern  Europe  and  of  the  Continent  generally  in  the  attitude 
of  public  opinion  in  the  old  Austrian  Monarchy  toward  peace  and  war.  For 
obvious  reasons  this  volume  will  not  be  ready  until  later  than  others  in  this  series. 


THE  WAR  AND  CRIME  IN  AUSTRIA 
By  Professor  Franz  Exner 

Professor  of  Criminal  Law,  Law  of  Nations,  and  Legal  Philosophy  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Leipzig;  legal  practicioner  in  Vienna  1905-1911;  Professor  of  Criminal  Law 
in  the  University  of  Czernowitz  1912-1914;  artillery  officer  191 4-1 916;  Professor  in 
the  German  University  of  Prague  1916-1919,  Tubingen  1919-1921,  and  Leipzig 
since  1921.  Author  of  Das  Wesen  der  Fahrldssigkeit  (1910);  Die  Theorie  der  Sich- 
erungsmittel  (1914);  Gerechtigkeit  und  Richteramt  (1922). 

This  volume  is  similar  to  that  by  Professor  Liepmann  in  the  German  series. 
Despite  the  relatively  scanty  statistical  data  available,  it  treats  of  psychological 
and  moral  consequences  of  the  war  which  indubitably  exist  and  which  are  of 
grave  influence  upon  society,  so  that  it  forms  in  effect  a  study  in  social  psychology. 
The  problem  of  the  effect  of  army  discipline  upon  the  soldiers  is  balanced  against 
the  anti-social  tendencies  of  war,  notably  the  destruction  of  the  normal  sense  of 
values  of  life  and  property.  The  displacement  in  civil  life  is  studied  with  par- 
ticular regard  to  the  relations  of  family  life,  the  unsettlement  of  customs  and 
manners,  the  neglect  and  consequent  demoralization  of  the  young,  the  new  place 
of  women  in  industry,  the  malign  consequences  of  economic  pressure,  and  other 
such  phenomena.  The  chief  emphasis,  however,  is  laid  upon  the  post-war  period, 
where  a  comparison,  based  upon  statistics,  between  conditions  in  German  Austria 
in  1912-1913  and  in  1919-1920  renders  it  possible  to  show  the  ruinous  ethical 
results  of  neglect  and  of  the  economic,  political,  and  moral  collapse  of  which  the 
Austrian  revolution  is  itself  a  product. 


AUSTRIAN   AND  HUNGARIAN   SERIES:  HUNGARY  63 

Kingdom  of  Hungary 
THE  ECONOMIC  WAR  HISTORY  OF  HUNGARY:  A  GENERAL  SURVEY 

By  Dr.  Gustav  Gratz 
Editor  for  Hungary 
The  volume,  which  covers  the  general  economic  war  history  of  Hungary, 
is  planned  as  a  final  survey  of  the  whole  field,  covered  for  the  most  part  by  the 
more  detailed  separate  monographs.  It  therefore  takes  account  (1)  of  the 
various  factors  which  altered  economic  war-time  conditions  in  Hungary:  (a) 
curtailment  of  production;  (b)  creation  of  new  production  facilities;  (c)  transfor- 
mation of  currency.  (2)  Their  cumulative  effect  is  a  gradual  exhaustion,  finding 
expression  in  (a)  growing  lack  of  raw  materials  until  it  is  impossible  to  meet  the 
demand;  (b)  increasing  shortage  in  labor;  (c)  growing  exhaustion  of  the  soil; 
(d)  reaction  of  irrational  finance  economics;  (e)  actual  consumption  of  capital 
(decrease  of  the  public  wealth) ;  (f)  high  prices  as  a  symptom  and  consequence  of 
exhaustion.  (3)  The  attempts  to  prevent  or  delay  complete  exhaustion  (like 
the  Hazay  enterprise)  are  described,  as  well  as  their  failure  in  the  various  economic 
spheres.  (4)  The  volume  concludes  with  an  analysis  of  social  tension  as  a  product 
of  exhaustion. 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  THE  HUNGARIAN  GOVERNMENT 

AND   PEOPLE 
By  Count  Albert  Apponyi 

Since  1872  a  member  of  Hungarian  House  of  Representatives,  where  as  orator  and 
statesman,  he  long  played  a  leading  r61e;  at  first  Conservative,  later  chief  of  a  separate 
National  party,  he  joined  the  Liberal  party  from  1899  to  1903;  for  the  next  two  years 
he  revived  the  National  party,  then  in  1905  he  took  a  further  step  in  the  direction  of 
national  radicalism  by  joining  the  Independent  party;  in  Wekerle  Coalition  Cabinet 
he  was  Minister  of  Instruction,  1906-10,  when  he  again  went  into  opposition;  during 
the  War  was  drawn  to  a  policy  of  political  and  social  progress,  becoming  one  of  the 
most  resolute  champions  of  universal  suffrage  in  Hungary,  a  step  which  formerly 
he  had  steadfastly  opposed;  in  February,  1917,  he  again  took  office  as  Minister  of 
Instruction,  but  resigned  in  the  summer  of  19 18  because  the  Cabinet  had  decided 
upon  certain  restrictions  in  the  first  draft  of  the  electoral  reform  bill;  after  the 
Revolution  he  withdrew  entirely  from  political  life,  and  it  was  only  in  the  summer  of 
1919,  after  collapse  of  the  Bolshevist  regime,  that  his  public  activities  were  resumed; 
at  that  time  Apponyi  was — and  has  been  ever  since — one  of  the  keenest  opponents  of 
those  extreme  political  tendencies  which  have  obtained  ascendency  in  Hungary  since 
1919;  in  December,  1919,  he  was  appointed  President  of  Hungarian  Peace  Delegation, 
but  he  declared  himself  unable  to  sign  resulting  Peace  Treaty  and  resigned  office 
before  its  signature;  Count  Apponyi  was  leader  of  Hungarian  group  in  the  Inter- 
parliamentary Conference  and  President  of  League  of  Nations  Association  in  Hun- 
gary; in  1921  he  was  appointed  representative  of  Hungary  to  League  of  Nations 
when  that  country's  admission  came  before  the  League;  Hungary  regards  him  as  her 
"grand  old  man"  and  he  is  held  in  the  highest  esteem  throughout  the  country. 

In  order  to  supply  the  necessary  background  for  an  understanding  of  Hun- 
garian affairs,  the  volume  first  gives  an  outline  of  Hungarian  history  and  of  the 


64  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD  WAR 

evolution  of  the  Hungarian  constitution.  It  mentions  the  chief  features  of 
economic  and  moral  evolution;  parties  and  currents  of  opinion  in  the  era  of  the 
Compromise;  the  nationality  problem  and  socialism.  The  second  part  is  devoted 
to  the  War.  It  discusses  with  reference  to  that  period  the  attitude  of  the  Hun- 
garian Government;  the  changes  in  government  machinery;  the  mentality  of 
the  Hungarian  people  and  of  the  different  national  minorities  during  the  War. 
The  last  part  surveys  the  evolution  of  Hungary  after  the  War :  the  collapse ;  the  two 
revolutions;  the  restoration  of  a  national  government;  provisional  constitutional 
arrangements ;  new  parties ;  survival  of  old  traditions;  characteristic  features  of  the 
new  post-war  mentality,  as  compared  to  former  currents  of  opinion;  chances  of 
the  future. 

HUNGARIAN   INDUSTRY  DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Baron  Josef  Szterenyi 

In  1889  appointed  Inspector  of  Industries;  in  1889  Hungarian  delegate  at  first 
Labor  Conference  on  Labor  Legislation  in  Beilin;  in  1892  Government  Commis- 
sioner and  Chief  Supervisor  of  Industrial  Instruction,  with  supervision  of  entire 
industrial  section  of  Ministry  of  Commerce;  Secretary  of  State,  1905;  special  meas- 
ures adopted  for  promotion  of  industry — to  which  Hungarian  industries  largely  owe 
their  existence — were  mainly  due  to  his  labors;  elaboration  of  provisions  for  pro- 
tection of  labor  and  workers'  insurance  is  also  due  to  his  initiative;  instituted  and 
completed  first  Hungarian  statistical  return  of  production;  in  January,  1918,  Minister 
of  Commerce  in  Wekerle  Cabinet;  the  last  stage  of  the  War  coincided  with  his  period 
of  office — the  period  in  which  the  state  control  of  industry  reached  its  fullest  de- 
velopment; no  one  in  Hungary,  therefore,  can  describe  with  equal  authority  the 
motives  underlying  the  various  war  measures  affecting  industries;  retained  office  as 
Minister  of  Commerce  until  the  Revolution;  since  the  overthrow  of  Bolshevism  again 
a  member  of  the  National  Assembly;  president  of  the  Hungarian  Social -Political 
Union  and  director  of  important  concerns  in  Hungarian  business  life.  Author  of 
many  works  in  Hungarian,  chiefly  on  industrial  questions. 

This  volume  consists  of  two  parts:  the  first,  covering  the  entire  field  in  a 
general  way;  the  second,  consisting  of  monographs  dealing  with  the  more  im- 
portant industries  separately. 

The  general  account  of  the  industrial  conditions  during  the  War,  describes 
Hungarian  industry  at  the  outbreak  of  war  (geographical,  historical  and  economic 
surveys  based  upon  the  data  of  1913);  the  perplexity  and  confusion  produced 
by  the  suddenness  of  the  declaration  of  war;  relations  between  consumption  and 
production;  legislative  and  governmental  measures,  and  their  consequences;  price 
control;  the  supply  of  raw  material  and  semi-manufactures;  the  effect  of  labor 
and  wage  conditions  on  production.  Part  I  concludes  with  a  summary  of  the 
industrial  situation  at  the  end  of  the  War,  comparing  1913  data  with  those  of 
the  end  of  the  War  relating  to  different  branches  of  industry;  the  ruin  of  industrial 
plants;  extent  and  effect  of  militarization  in  individual  branches  of  industry; 
Hungary's  share  in  supplies  for  the  Army;  war  earnings  of  industries  and  con- 
centration of  capital. 


AUSTRIAN   AND   HUNGARIAN    SERIES:  HUNGARY  65 

Part  II  consists  of  detailed  industrial  monographs  on  the  situation,  conditions 
of  working  and  production,  and  economic  results  during  the  War  in  the  various 
trades. 

HISTORY  OF   HUNGARIAN   COMMERCE   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Alexander  von  Matlckovits 

President  of  Hungarian  National  Industrial  Association  for  Agricultural  Industries; 
formerly  Secretary  of  State;  entered  Ministry  of  Commerce  in  1867,  becoming 
Director  of  Commercial  Section  in  1875;  1880-89,  Secretary  of  State  for  Ministry 
of  Commerce,  he  was  largely  responsible  for  Hungarian  Industrial  and  Commercial 
Acts,  and  the  shaping  of  Hungarian  commercial  policy;  retiring  in  1889,  he  published 
an  important  volume  on  the  commercial  policy  of  the  Habsburg  Monarchy,  written 
from  the  standpoint  of  a  liberal  and  free  trader;  as  President  of  National  Industrial 
Association,  he  was  technical  adviser  to  Hungarian  Government  during  the  War; 
president  or  member  of  many  boards  of  industrial  undertakings. 

By  conviction  a  free  trader  and  liberal,  the  author  nevertheless  was  obliged 
to  meet  war  conditions  on  a  practical  basis  as  directing  head  of  Hungarian  indus- 
trial concerns  and  technical  adviser  to  the  government  during  the  War.  The 
history  of  Hungarian  commerce  is  of  special  interest  owing  to  the  blockade  and 
the  relation  with  neighboring  states — especially  Austria.  The  narrative  rests 
upon  a  basis  of  facts  and  statistical  data  and  practical  experience  and  is  carefully 
planned  to  articulate  with  the  volumes  on  finance. 

HISTORY  OF  HUNGARIAN   FINANCE  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Johann  VON  Teleszky 

For  many  years  head  of  Budget  Section  in  Ministry  of  Finance;  Minister  of 
Finance,  1909;  became  Minister  of  Finance  in  Lukacs  Cabinet,  April,  1912,  a 
position  which  he  retained  in  Tisza  Ministry,  which  was  in  power  in  Hungary  during 
the  first  years  of  the  War;  in  this  capacity  he  laid  the  foundations  of  the  new  financial 
policy  followed  during  the  War  not  only  by  his  successors  but  also  by  his  colleagues 
in  Austria;  admittedly  the  most  competent  person  to  give  an  account  of  financial 
policy  in  Hungary  during  the  War;  after  his  resignation  along  with  Tisza  in  1917,  he 
still  played  an  active  part  as  adviser  in  the  conduct  of  Hungary's  financial  policy; 
during  both  revolutions  he  lived  in  retirement,  and  until  recently  he  took  no  active 
part  in  public  affairs,  but  he  is  still  a  leading  and  authoritative  figure  in  the  sphere 
of  finance,  and  latterly  has  been  called  in  consultation  on  international  negotiations, 
especially  at  Genoa. 

The  introduction  describes  the  financial  situation  of  Hungary  on  declara- 
tion of  war,  giving  short  accounts  of  the  taxation  system,  of  the  position  of  state 
debt  and  of  the  financial  relations  with  Austria,  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  and  Bosnia 
and  Herzegovina.  Part  II  deals  with  direct  war  expenditure.  Then  follow 
chapters  on  the  effects  of  the  War  on  state  revenue,  on  loans  and  loan  organiza- 
tion during  the  War;  on  taxation  policy  during  the  War;  and  on  the  influence  of 
the  War  on  the  money  market.  The  concluding  chapter  is  a  summary  of  the 
principal  features  of  state  finance  during  the  War  (so  far  as  the  accounts  have  been 
finally  made  up)  and  critical  remarks. 


66  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

HUNGARIAN  AGRICULTURE  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Dr.  Emil  von  Mutschenbacher 

Managing  General  Secretary  of  National  Agriculture  Association,  the  principal 
body  representing  the  interests  of  Hungarian  agriculturists;  Hungarian  Editor  for 
International  Institute  of  Agriculture;  one  of  the  best  known  economic  publicists  in 
Hungary;  during  the  War  a  member  of  all  commissions  concerned  with  agricultural 
questions.  Author  of  works  on  agricultural  policy  of  Hungary,  on  customs  tariffs 
and  agriculture,  effect  of  the  War  upon  farmers,  etc. 

The  volume  was  originally  planned  by  Dr.  Julius  Rubinek,  formerly  Hun- 
garian Minister  of  Agriculture,  with  the  collaboration  of  Dr.  von  Mutschenbacher. 
Upon  the  death  of  Dr.  Rubinek,  Dr.  von  Mutschenbacher  has  taken  over  the 
direction  of  the  entire  work.  Owing  to  its  importance  in  the  Hungarian  Series 
it  is  planned  in  detail,  with  sections  by  specialists. 

Section  I — Hungarian  Agriculture  on  the  Outbreak  of  War 

The  collaborators  in  this  section  are:  Dr.  Alois  Szab6ky,  Director  of  the 
National  Statistical  Office;  Dr.  Savoly,  member  of  the  Meteorological  Institute; 
Director  Karl  Meyer,  Ministerialrat,  Director  of  the  Social-Political  Section 
of  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture;  and  Baron  Friedrich  KorAnyi,  formerly  Minister 
of  Finance,  late  Managing  Director  of  the  National  Central  Credit  Cooperative 
Society,  as  expert  in  questions  relating  to  agricultural  credits  and  cooperative 
societies. 

This  section  deals  with  the  position  of  the  agriculture  and  of  the  agricul- 
tural population  of  Hungary  on  the  outbreak  of  war.  It  also  refers  to  external 
trade  and  tariff  policy. 

Section   II — Measures  of  the  Legislature,   Government  and   Municipalities  for 
Control  of  Agricultural  Production  and  Restriction  of  Free  Trade 

The  collaborators  in  this  section  are:  Mr.  Bela  Terffy,  formerly  Minister 
of  Food,  and  Dr.  Theodor  Guthy,  formerly  Departmental  Secretary  to  the 
Ministry  of  Food. 

Section  III — Economic  and  Social  Effects  upon  Agriculture  of  the  State  of  War 
and  of  the  Restrictive  Measures  described  in  the  Second  Section 

The  collaborators  in  this  section  are:  Dr.  Bela  Reichenbach,  Professor 
of  the  Theory  of  Industrial  Management  at  the  University  of  Political  Economy, 
Budapest;  and  Mr.  Barna  Buday,  General  Secretary  of  the  National  Agricul- 
tural Association. 

Exhaustion  of  the  soil.  Decline  in  production.  Increase  in  land  values  and 
income  from  land,  and  in  the  price  of  agricultural  products.  Increased  cost  of  im- 
plements and  labor.  Rapid  enrichment  of  farmers.  Development  of  unfair  com- 
petition ;  social  evils.     Aggravation  of  conditions  of  owners  of  capital  and  workers. 


AUSTRIAN  AND  HUNGARIAN   SERIES:  HUNGARY  67 

Section  IV — Effects  of  the  State  of  War  and  of  the  Restrictive  Measures  upon 

the  Individual  Classes  of  Landowners,  as  also  upon  the  Agricultural 

Domestics  and  Laborers 

The  collaborators  in  this  section  are:  Mr.  Barna  Buday,  Dr.  Bela  Reich- 
enbach,  and  Director  Karl  Meyer. 

I.  Large  properties,  medium  properties,  small  holdings.  2.  Large  and 
small  tenant  farmers.  3.  Increase  of  wages  for  domestics  and  laborers.  De- 
crease of  desire  for  work.  Land  reform  schemes.  Schemes  for  introduction  of 
legislation  and  ordinances  for  protection  of  laborers.  Disturbing  effects  of  the 
War  from  a  national,  moral  and  intellectual  point  of  view. 

FOOD   CONTROL   IN   HUNGARY  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Professor  Johann  Bud 

Minister  of  Food  for  Hungary  during  the  War;  as  expert  in  Central  Statistical 
Bureau,  he  had  prepared  numerous  reports  on  Industry,  Prices,  etc.,  before  the  War, 
and  was  Hungarian  representative  at  International  Institute  of  Statistics  in  Copen- 
hagen in  1907,  and  in  Paris,  1909;  from  1912  on  Staff  of  Ministry  of  Commerce,  he 
prepared  material  for  the  renewal  of  the  Ausgleich  between  Austria  and  Hungary, 
and  after  outbreak  of  the  War  represented  this  Ministry  in  Economic  Agricultural 
Commission  until  his  transfer  to  Ministry  of  Food,  which  was  set  up  in  19 16.  Was 
also  Vice  President  of  the  Price-Fixing  Commission.  In  1920,  elected  professor  at 
Budapest  Polytechnikum  and,  finally,  in  1922,  appointed  Minister  of  Food  for 
Hungary. 

This  monograph  is  closely  articulated  with  that  on  Agriculture.  It  gives 
in  outline  the  history  of  one  of  the  most  controverted  sections  of  the  economic 
history  of  the  Hapsburg  Monarchy.  It  describes  the  working  of  government 
regulations  and,  as  well,  analyzes  the  motives  behind  the  war-time  policies. 
It  also  touches  the  effect  of  these  policies  on  the  problem  of  food  supply  in  the 
Central  Powers  outside  Hungary. 

SOCIAL   CONDITIONS   IN   HUNGARY   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Dr.  Desider  Pap 

Doctor  of  Political  Science  and  Lecturer  on  Social  Politics  at  Budapest  Poly- 
technic; in  i8q6  entered  Hungarian  Ministry  of  Commerce,  in  which  he  still  serves, 
having  been  Deputy  Departmental  Chief  since  1918;  member  of  council  of  several 
scientific  societies,  including  Agricultural  Society,  Hungarian  Section  of  International 
Society  for  Legislative  Labor  Protection,  Hungarian  Section  of  International  Society 
for  Combating  Unemployment,  etc.,  and  Hungarian  correspondent  of  International 
Laboi  Office  in  Genoa.  In  addition  to  numerous  articles  and  papers  which  have 
appeared  in  various  journals  and  periodicals,  Dr.  Pap's  literary  labors  comprise  the 
following  separate  works:  The  Guarantee  of  Bond  Issues  (1901);  The  Redemption  of 
Public  Debts,  which  received  the  prize  of  the  Hungarian  Academy  of  Sciences  (1906); 
Industrial  Labour  Conditions  (19 10);  The  Security  of  Wages  (191 1);  The  Legal  Regula- 
tion of  Home  Industries  (19 12);  Contract  of  Service  under  the  Bill  oj  the  Hungarian 
Civil  Code  (1914);  The  Peace  Treaty  and  Labour  Protection  (1920). 

This  volume  is  planned  to  deal  in  a  general  manner  with  the  effect  of  the 
War  upon  different  classes  in  Hungary,  upon  mode  of  life,  household  income, 


68  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

attitude  and  outlook.  It  describes  more  especially  the  social  history  of  the  work- 
ing class  but  also  analyzes  the  effect  upon  the  middle  class,  especially  in  regard 
to  the  shifting  of  fortunes  and  social  status.  The  subject  is  of  more  than  usual 
interest  in  view  of  the  Bolshevist  revolution  in  Hungary  and  the  subsequent 
reaction;  but  as  far  as  possible  theories  and  controversies  are  left  aside.  The 
volume  is  also  carefully  articulated  with  the  more  special  monographs. 


Public  Health  and  the  War  in  Austria-Hungary 

EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   PUBLIC   HEALTH   IN   AUSTRIA 

AND   HUNGARY 

A  Series  of  Studies 

Edited  by  Professor  Clemens  von  Pirquet 

In  view  both  of  the  importance  of  this  subject  and  of  the  scientific  opportu- 
nity offered  by  the  cooperation  of  Austrian  medical  and  scientific  specialists,  a  more 
detailed  survey  is  being  made  of  this  subject  in  the  Austro-Hungarian  Series  than 
in  any  other.  Arrangements  had  originally  been  made  for  some  five  volumes 
of  studies  similar  to  those  described  below,  one  of  which  will  contain  an  histori- 
cal survey  of  the  whole  field  by  Professor  von  Pirquet.  It  is  planned  now  to 
group  the  whole  series  into  two  full  volumes. 

I.   Vital  Statistics  of  the  Republic  of  Austria  during  and 
after  the  War 

By  Dr.  Karl  Helly 

Chief  of  Section  and  Director  of  Department  of  Public  Health  in  Federal  Ministry 
for  Social  Welfare;  Medical  Sanitary  Officer;  member  of  Staff  of  Ministry  for  Home 
Affairs,  1896-191 1;  then  chief  commissioner  on  sanitation  for  the  government  (k.  k. 
Statthalteiei);  member  of  Administrative  Committee  of  Medical  Society  of  Vienna 
and  Vice  President  of  Austrian  Red  Cross. 

This  is  a  detailed  statistical  study,  with  charts  and  tables  both  geographi- 
cal and  chronological.  It  analyzes  the  effects  of  the  War  as  shown  in  vital 
statistics  of  various  classes  of  population  and  the  extent  of  the  ravages  of  different 
war  time  diseases. 

2.  Health  Statistics  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Army 

during  the  War 

By  Generalstabarzt  Dr.  S.   Kirchenberger 

Of  Medical  Department  of  General  Staff 

The  statistics  of  various  diseases  in  the  Army  and  of  the  extent  of  their 
ravages. 


AUSTRIAN  AND  HUNGARIAN   SERIES:   PUBLIC   HEALTH  60, 

3.  The  Medical  Service  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Army 

By  Dr.  Johann  Steiner 

Of  Medical  Department  of  General  Staff 

Contains  tables  and  description  of  the  organization  and  equipment,  and 
statistical  tables. 

4-5.  Organization  and  Administration  of  Field  Hospitals  in  the 

Austro-Hungarian  Army 

By  Dr.  Wilhelm  Raschofsky 

Of  Medical  Department  of  General  Staff 

This  consists  of  two  separate  studies:  one  dealing  with  the  hospital  service 
in  general,  and  the  other  with  the  special  hospitals  for  epidemic  diseases.  The 
latter  study  is  of  especial  interest  owing  to  the  geographical  situation  of  the 
Austro-Hungarian  front. 

6.  The  Army  Surgeon  at  the  Front 
By  Dr.  Karl  Kassowitz 

Member  of  Staff  of  Children's  Clinic  in  Vienna 

This  short  study  deals  in  a  graphic  way  with  the  experiences  of  a  front-line 
physician,  describing  the  organization  for  the  treatment  of  wounded,  etc. 

7-8.  Austro-Hungarian  Prisoners  and  their  Medical  Service  in  Russian 

Siberia 

By  Dr.  Burkhead  Breitner 

Member  of  Staff  of  Eiselberg  Clinic,  Vienna 

A  personal  narrative  based  upon  personal  experience  showing  the  sufferings 
of  Siberian  prisoners  and  the  work  of  the  Austrian  Medical  Staff  among  them. 

9.  The  State  of  Nutrition  of  Austrian  Children  during  and  after  the  War 

By  Professor  Clemens  von  Pirquet 

10.  The  State  of  Nutrition  of  Hungarian  Children  at  the  Close  of  the  War 

By  Dr.  Johann  von  Bokay 

Professor  of  Pediatrics  at  University  of  Budapest  and  Director  of  Stephanie 
Children's  Hospital;  knighted  by  King  of  Hungary  for  his  work  as  physician  and 
organizer;  head  of  American  Relief  Organization  in  Hungary,  1919. 

These  two  studies,  prepared  by  those  in  charge  of  the  organization  of  child 
feeding  in  Austria  and  Hungary,  are  of  especial  interest  in  view  of  the  extent  of 
the  experiment  carried  out  largely  through  American  cooperation. 


70  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD   WAR 

II.  Food  Substitutes  during  and  after  the  War 

By  Dr.  G.  Schacherl 

Hofrat;  member  of  Staff  of  Institute  of  Hygiene,  Vienna 

and 

Professor  Josef  Hockauf 

Professor  in  Institute  of  Hygiene 
A  study  of  the  interesting  developments  during  the  War  in  legal  and  illegal 
food  substitutes,  treated  from  both  social  and  medical  standpoints. 

12.  The  Spread  of  Syphilis  in  Austria  1910-1920 
By  Dr.  Ernst  Finger 

Professor  at  University  of  Vienna  and  Director  of  Clinic  for  Venereal  Diseases. 
Analysis  of  statistics  and  medical  data  with  reference  to  the  apparent  ex- 
traordinary increase  of  this  disease  as  a  result  of  the  War.     Deals  as  well  with  the 
moral  and  social  aspects. 

13.  Smallpox  during  and  after  the  War 
By  Dr.  Josef  Kyrle 

Professor  at  University  of  Vienna 
Deals  with  the  measures  taken  to  combat  smallpox  epidemics  at  the  front, 
among  refugees  and  in  the  local  population.     Deals  as  well  with  the  progress  made 
by  scientific  experimentation  under  these  circumstances. 

14.  Asiatic  Cholera 
By  Dr.  Herbert  Elias 

Of  Staff  of  Medical  Clinic,  University  of  Vienna 
The  repeated  danger  to  Europe  from  the  spread  of  Asiatic  cholera  during  and 
after  the  War  and  the  measures  taken  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  medical  pro- 
fession to  prevent  it.     A  careful  study  of  war-time  experience  and  scientific 
achievement. 

15.  Influenza  during  and  after  the  War 
By  Dr.  Herbert  Elias 
Beginning  with  a  scientific  analysis  of  the  various  forms  of  the  epidemic, 
this  study  gives  a  short  history  of  the  origins  and  extent  of  the  ravages  of  "grippe," 
and  the  baffling  medical  problem  which  it  presented. 

16.  Sleeping  Sickness;  its  Relation  to  Influenza  under  War  Conditions 

By  Professor  C.  Economo 

Of  University  of  Vienna 

This  form  of  influenza,  analyzed  and  described  by  Prof.  Economo,  is  of 

especial  medical  interest,  although  apparently  not  in  itself  a  specific  war-time 

disease. 


BELGIAN   SERIES  7 1 

17.  Typhus  and  Spotted  Fever,  etc.,  as  War-Time  Diseases 
A  Series  of  Seven  Separate  Studies 
By  Dr.  Albert  Muller-Deham 

Of  Medical  Department,  University  of  Vienna 

Dr.  Edmund  Nobel 

Of  Staff  of  Children's  Clinic,  University  of  Vienna 

Dr.  Richard  Wagner 

Of  Children's  Clinic,  University  of  Vienna 

and 

Dr.  A.  Edelmann 

Of  Medical  Clinic,  University  of  Vienna 

Analyzing  the  various  forms  of  this  most  dreaded  of  war-time  scourges,  with 
especial  reference  to  the  work  of  field  hospitals  in  combating  them  and  the 
efforts  made  to  secure  bacteriological  analyses. 

18.  Dysentery  as  a  War  Disease 
By  Dr.  E.  Mayerhofer 

Of  Staff  of  Children's  Clinic,  University  of  Vienna 

A  detailed  study  of  this  disease  both  in  the  Army  and  among  the  civilian 
population:  primarily  an  analysis  of  the  progress  of  medicine  in  regard  to  this 
disease. 

19.  Barlow's  Disease 
By  Dr.  Edmund  Nobel 

The  medical  importance  of  this  study  is  considerable,  but  its  social  implica- 
tion is  still  more  important  as  it  deals  with  the  question  of  malnutrition,  etc. 

(The  above  studies  are  already  completed,  and  are  being  prepared  for  publica- 
tion ;  plans  for  others  have  already  been  drawn  up.) 


BELGIAN   SERIES 

BELGIUM  AND  THE  WORLD  WAR 

By  Professor  H.  Pirenne 

Editor  of  Belgian  Series 

This  will  be  a  general  history  of  the  people  of  Belgium  as  affected  by  the 
War,  with  emphasis  upon  moral,  social  and  economic  conditions.  It  will  cover 
as  well  such  questions  as  reconstructions  of  government;  the  special  Belgian 
question  arising  from  the  occupation  and  from  the  Treaty  of  Versailles;  the 
displacement  caused  by  the  War;  social  and  intellectual  reforms;  political  and 


72  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

local  problems  of  Belgian  nationality;  revision  of  the  Constitution;  relations 
with  the  territories  annexed  to  Belgium,  etc.  One  of  the  few  volumes  of  historical 
synthesis  as  yet  planned  in  the  series,  it  will  appear  after  the  completion  of  the 
more  special  monographs. 

DEPORTATION    OF    BELGIAN    WORKMEN    AND    FORCED    LABOR 

OF  THE  CIVILIAN   POPULATION   DURING  THE  GERMAN 

OCCUPATION  OF  BELGIUM 

By  Fernand  Passelecq 

Author  and  member  of  the  Belgian  bar  (Court  of  Appeals);  regular  contribu- 
tor to  important  Belgian,  French  and  Swiss  papers  and  periodicals;  during  the 
War,  1915-19,  Director  of  Bureau  Documentaire  Beige  of  Belgian  Government  at 
Havre;  in  19 19,  appointed  by  Belgian  Government  to  draw  up  the  list  of  Germans 
charged  with  infractions  of  international  law,  etc.;  member  of  the  Commission  of 
Inquiry  of  Belgian  Government  on  Violations  of  International  Law  in  Belgium  and 
of  the  Commission  of  Archives  of  the  War.  Author  of  Francs-tireurs  et  atrocites  en 
Belgique;  U  alteration  oficielle  des  documents  beiges  dans  le  second  Livre  blanc  allemand; 
La  reponse  du  Gouvernement  beige  au  Livre  blanc  allemand  du  10  mai  igi 5;  Les  de- 
portations beiges  d  la  lumiere  des  documents  allemands;  La  question  flamande  et  V 
Allemagne,  etc. 

This  volume  covers  historically  the  subject  which  the  author  developed 
so  forcefully  from  a  legal  standpoint  during  the  War,  adding  subsequent  docu- 
mentation and  bringing  the  narrative  up  to  date.  It  studies  the  origin  of  the 
plans  for  deportation,  the  attempts  to  apply  it  in  the  different  sections  of  Belgium 
with  numerous  detailed  examinations  of  local  materials.  It  describes  the  actual 
conditions  of  deportees,  and  the  attitude  of  those  dependent  upon  them.  Then 
it  discusses  the  legal  problems  involved,  the  action  of  other  states  and  the  situa- 
tion at  the  close  of  the  War,  with  statistical  apparatus.  It  offers  a  most  realistic 
chapter  of  the  social  history  of  the  War. 

THE  FOOD  SUPPLY  OF  BELGIUM  DURING  THE  GERMAN  OCCUPA- 
TION 
By  Dr.  Albert  Henry 
Doctor  of  Laws  at  the  University  of  Louvain,  1892;  member  of  the  Belgian  bar 
(Court  of  Appeals);  Secretary  of  the  Central  Society  of  Belgian  Agriculture;  Cabinet 
Secretary  for  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  1900;  Director  General  of  the  Ministry  of 
Agriculture;  Professor  of  Statistics  in  the  Institut  Sup6rieur  de  Commerce;  member 
of  the  Central  Commission  of  Statistics  since  1919;  during  the  German  occupation 
he  became  Secretary  General  of  National  Committee  of  Relief  and  Subsistence. 
Author  of  Etudes  sur  Voccupation  allemande  en  Belgique  and  Vczuvre  du  Comite 
National  de  Secours  et  d' 'Alimentation,  with  a  preface  by  Cardinal  Mercier. 

Dr.  Henry  had  already  prepared  an  official  report  of  the  work  done  by 
the  Belgian  organizations  in  this  field.  In  this  volume  he  enlarges  the  field 
to  cover  the  entire  effort  made  to  supply  Belgium  with  food  during  the  War. 


BELGIAN   SERIES  73 

The  story  is  told  in  detail  both  as  to  the  administration  of  the  various  bodies 
contributing  and  as  to  the  effect  of  the  work  upon  Belgium.  In  this  it  analyzes 
the  attitude  of  various  elements  in  the  population  and  offers  an  interesting 
chapter  in  social  history.  The  American  reader  will  be  especially  struck  by 
the  extent  of  the  purely  Belgian  effort,  as  narrated  here. 

GERMAN  LEGISLATION  WITH  REFERENCE  TO  THE  OCCUPATION 

OF  BELGIUM 

By  Professor  Jacques  Pirenne 

Docteur  en  droit  et  philosophic;  member  of  Belgian  bar  (Court  of  Appeals);  Pro- 
fessor of  Legal  History  of  the  Ecole  des  Sciences  Sociales  and  the  University  of 
Brussels;  collaborator  of  Commission  of  Inquiry  concerning  violations  of  interna- 
tional law  during  the  German  occupation  of  Belgium  (Ministry  of  Justice);  fought 
through  the  War  as  a  volunteer.  Author  of  Les  vainqueurs  de  VYser  (1917);  Coup 
d'oeil  stir  Vhistoire  du  Congo  (1920);  collaborator,  Encyclopaedia  Britannica;  joint  au- 
thor (with  M.  Vauthier)  of  Legislation  et  administration  allemande  en  Belgique,  a 
study  of  the  political  system  imposed  by  Germany  in  Belgium  during  the  German 
occupation  with  reference  to  the  exploitation  of  Belgium; 

and 

Dr.  Marcel  Vauthier 

Docteur  en  droit,  University  of  Brussels;  former  collaborator  of  Commission  of 
Inquiry  concerning  the  violations  of  the  law  of  nations  during  the  German  occu- 
pation of  Belgium;  Ministry  of  Justice;  Inspector  of  Public  Law  at  the  Ecole  Cen- 
trale  de  Service  Social  de  l'Etat  (Ministry  of  Justice);  fought  through  the  War  as 
a  volunteer.     Joint  author  of  Legislation  et  administration  allemande  en  Belgique. 

This  volume  deals  historically  with  the  subject  which  the  authors  had 
already  made  their  own  in  their  earlier  legal  study  of  German  methods  of  govern- 
ment in  Belgium.  It  is  closely  documented,  like  the  official  statement,  and 
the  narrative  is  reduced  as  far  as  possible;  but  the  outlines  of  the  successive 
stages  are  clearly  developed  for  the  general  student  of  history. 

UNEMPLOYMENT   IN   BELGIUM    DURING  THE  GERMAN 

OCCUPATION 

By  Professor  Ernest  Mahaim 

Doctor  of  Law,  of  Political  Sciences  and  of  Political  Economy;  Professor  of 
Political  Economy  and  of  International  Law  at  University  of  Liege  since  1892;  one 
of  the  founders  of  International  Association  for  the  Legal  Protection  of  Labor  in 
Paris,  1900;  during  the  German  occupation  of  Belgium  Director  of  Relief  for  the 
Province  of  Liege;  delegate  of  Belgium  to  Peace  Conference  in  19 19;  member  of 
Commission  on  International  Labor  Legislation  and  representative  of  Belgium  at  the 
Conferences  at  Washington,  1919,  Genoa,  1920,  Geneva,  1921;  member  of  Royal 
Academy  of  Belgium  since  1908;  National  Institute  of  Statistics,  1910;  correspondent 
of  Royal  Economic  Society;  Honorary  LL.D.  from  University  of  Glasgow;  Minister 
of  Industry,  Labor  and  Food,  October-December,  192 1.     Author  of  Le  droit  inter- 


74  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

national  ouvrier  (19 13);  Etudes  sur  V association  professionnelle  (1890);  Les  abonne- 
mcnts  d'ouvriers  sur  les  lignes  de  chemin  defer  beiges  et  leurs  effets  sociaux  (1910),  and 
of  numerous  articles  in  reviews,  etc. 

The  problem  of  unemployment  in  Belgium  during  the  War  and  of  its  social 
as  well  as  its  economic  consequences,  treated  by  the  greatest  authority  on  this 
subject,  is  a  necessary  complement  to  the  other  monographs  dealing  with  Belgian 
labor  in  the  War.  Professor  Mahaim  describes  personal  experiences  as  well  as 
technical  matters  of  administration  and  enriches  the  narrative  with  important 
source  material. 

DESTRUCTION  OF  BELGIAN   INDUSTRY  BY  THE  GERMANS 
By  Comte  Charles  de  Kerchove 

Graduate  of  Engineering  School  of  University  of  Ghent;  during  the  War  in  cap- 
tivity in  Germany;  since  1919  General  Secretary  to  Commission  of  Inquiry  on  the 
violation  of  international  law  during  the  occupation  of  Belgium,  the  first  volume  of 
the  report  of  this  commission  appearing  during  January,  1922. 

A  parallel  volume  to  that  devoted  to  the  history  of  Belgian  labor  during 
the  War,  and  based,  like  it,  upon  documentary  material  which  is  largely  re- 
produced, it  includes  as  well  statistical  data  and  an  economic  commentary. 
The  narrative  is  prepared  for  the  student,  but  the  theme  is  clearly  developed 
for  the  general  reader  as  well. 

ECONOMIC  POLICY  OF  THE  BELGIAN  GOVERNMENT  DURING 

THE  WAR 

By  Professor  F.  J.  van  Langenhove 

Scientific  Secretary  of  Solvay  Institute  of  Sociology',  1910;  Secretary  of  Bureau  of 
Documents  of  the  Belgian  Ministry  of  War,  1915;  Director  of  Office  of  Economic 
Study  and  Documentation  of  the  Ministry  of  Economic  Affairs,  1917;  instructor  in 
Social  Economy  and  General  Sociology  in  University  of  Brussels,  1919-21 ;  Professor 
of  Mobilization  of  National  Resources  at  War  College,  1920.  Author  (among 
others)  of  Le  dossier  diplomatique  de  la  question  beige  (19 17);  La  volonte  nationale  beige 
en  1830  (1917);  De  la  science  &  faction;  U enseignement  dy Entile  Waxweiler  (1916),  and 
of  many  articles  in  learned  reviews,  etc. 

This  volume  deals  with  an  important  phase  of  the  economic  war  history 
of  Belgium  which  is  more  in  line  with  monographs  in  other  series  than  those  which 
describe  the  occupation.  It  describes  the  effort  of  the  Belgian  Government 
not  only  to  meet  the  War  expenses,  but  also  to  continue  to  function  as  far  as 
possible  for  the  Belgian  people.  It  indicates  the  economic  war  measures  taken 
in  connection  with  the  blockade,  finance,  supplies,  etc.,  and  the  relation  of  these 
to  the  organizations  of  allied  governments. 


CZECHOSLOVAK  SERIES  75 

CZECHOSLOVAK  SERIES 

FINANCIAL   POLICY   OF   CZECHOSLOVAKIA   DURING  THE   FIRST 

YEAR  OF   ITS  HISTORY 
By  Dr.  Alois  Rasin 

Late  Minister  of  Finance;  Publicist  and  Lawyer;  Doctor  of  Laws  of  University  of 
Prague,  1891;  as  a  member  of  "Omladina"  Nationalist  organization  he  was  im- 
prisoned for  two  years  by  Austrian  Government;  both  in  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  to 
which  he  was  elected  in  191 1,  and  in  the  newspaper  Narodni  Listy  he  gained  distinc- 
tion as  a  leader  of  the  Czech  Party;  during  the  War  he  was  a  member  of  the  secret 
organization  for  Czech  independence,  was  sentenced  to  death  in  19 15  but  shared  the 
general  amnesty  proclaimed  by  Emperor  Charles  in  1917;  later,  in  October  1918, 
when  the  Czechoslovak  Republic  was  proclaimed,  he  was  a  member  of  the  National 
Council  and  in  the  first  government  he  was  Finance  Minister;  as  such  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  resolute  handling  of  the  Czechoslovak  currency  reform  separat- 
ing the  Czech  crown  from  that  issued  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  Bank,  and  forbidding 
the  issue  of  uncovered  notes;  by  this  he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Czechoslovak 
state  finance  and  it  is,  in  the  first  place,  due  to  him  that  the  Czechoslovak  state 
finances  have  been  second  only  to  those  of  Great  Britain,  among  the  later  belliger- 
ent powers. 

Perhaps  the  most  notable  achievement  in  financial  statesmanship  in  post- 
war Europe  is  that  which  is  here  described  by  the  Minister  responsible  for  the 
policy.  The  way  in  which  the  new  state  of  Czechoslovakia  disentangled  its 
finances  from  the  old  Hapsburg  organization  is  clearly  and  fully  told;  the  diffi- 
culties and  uncertainties  of  the  early  days;  the  element  of  national  strength, 
economic  and  moral,  and  the  effort  to  realize  these  in  practical  ways;  first  budgets, 
financial  measures  with  reference  to  business  companies,  stock  exchanges  and 
conditions  of  livelihood.  It  is  a  compact  story,  documented  and  supplied  with 
statistical  charts.     (See  Extracts  from  Press  Reviews,  post,  pp.  163-4.) 

THE  EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  CZECHOSLOVAKIA 
A  Series  of  Studies 
Edited  by  President  Masaryk 

President  of  the  Czechoslovak  Republic  since  1918;  instructor  in  philosophy  at 
the  University  of  Vienna  1 879-1 882;  professor  in  the  Bohemian  University  of  Prague 
1882-1891;  member  of  the  Austrian  Parliament  1891-1893;  deputy  1907-1914. 
Author  of  many  works  on  philosophical,  historical,  and  political  problems. 

This  volume,  for  which  provisional  arrangements  have  already  been  made, 
is  expected  to  comprise  two  main  divisions,  social  and  economic ;  and  its  individ- 
ual chapters  will  probably  cover  for  Czechoslovakia  many  of  those  topics  which 
are  studied  in  special  monographs  in  the  larger  national  series.  Thus  it  is  likely 
that  the  social  portion  will  consider  such  problems  as  the  effect  of  the  war  upon 
morals,  religion,  and  the  young;  its  relation  to  crime;  its  influence  upon  incomes 
and  the  standards  of  living,  as  well  as  upon  the  health  of  civilians  and  soldiers; 


76  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

and  its  results  for  the  working  classes,  the  peasant,  and  the  farmer.  In  like 
manner  it  may  be  expected  that  the  economic  section  will  deal  with  questions 
like  those  of  civil  and  munitions  industries  in  connection  with  the  war,  agricul- 
tural production  and  food-statistics,  and  the  general  economic  effects  and  costs 
of  the  war. 

This  study  should  be  of  particular  interest  as  concerned  with  a  people  who 
have  gained  independent  nationhood  as  a  result  of  the  war,  and  who  face  prob- 
lems of  unusual  intricacy  in  passing  from  old  conditions  to  those  which  are  wholly 
new  to  them  and  untried.  It  will  not  claim  to  cover  each  and  every  one  of  the 
vast  and  varied  effects  of  the  war  upon  Czechoslovakia,  but  it  will  endeavor  to  dis- 
cuss all  questions  which  are  of  major  significance  and  importance. 

DUTCH  SERIES 
A  SERIES  OF  STUDIES  PREPARED   UNDER  THE  EDITORSHIP  OF 

Dr.  H.  B.  Greven 

Professor  Emeritus  of  the  University  of  Leiden 

I.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Supplies  and  upon  Dutch  Agriculture 

By  Dr.  F.  E.  Posthuma 

Minister  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce,  1914-18;  Doctor  honoris  causa, 
Wageningen  Academy;  President  of  the  cooperative  society,  Centraal  Beheer. 

This  important  study  bears  directly  upon  the  social  as  well  as  the  economic 
history  of  the  Netherlands  during  the  War,  dealing  as  it  does  with  those  effects  of 
the  War  which  were  of  daily  and  vital  concern  to  the  population.  It  is  also  of 
especial  interest  in  this  series  for  the  light  it  throws  upon  blockade  conditions  in  a 
neutral  state. 

2.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Dutch  Manufacturing  Industry 
By  Mr.  C.  J.  P.  Zaalberg 

Director  General  of  the  Inspectorate  of  Labor,  since  1920.  Formerly  naval  offi- 
cer, 1893-1900.  Labor  Inspector,  1900-1918.  Deputy  Director  General,  1918- 
1920.  Deputy  General  Secretary  of  the  "  Royal  National  Relief  Committee,"  1914- 
1918;  Secretary  since  1918.  Member  of  the  "High  Court"  of  labor.  Delegate  of 
the  Netherland  Government  to  the  international  conferences  on  labor  at  Genoa 
(1920)  and  Geneva  (1921). 

Distribution  of  the  industrial  population.  Short  historical  sketch  of  the  princi- 
pal industries  before  the  war.  Influence  of  the  war  on  number  of  workmen,  mate- 
rials and  fuel;  hindrances  to  import  and  export;  increasing  demand,  for  the  national 
market  and  for  export,  of  agricultural  produce.  Effect  of  these  influences  on  the 
principal  branches  during  the  war.  The  revival  in  19 19  and  1920  and  the  crisis 
period  since  the  autumn  of  that  year.  Separate  treatment  of  (1)  the  small  increase 
of  labor  by  women;  (2)  changes  in  conditions  of  labor;  (3)  unemployment;  and  (4) 
the  building  trade. 


DUTCH   SERIES  77 

3.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Dutch  Commerce  and  Navigation 
By  Mr.  E.  P.  De  Monchy 
President  of  the  Rotterdam  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1908-22;  member  of  the 
warehousing  firm,  Pakhuismeesteren. 

The  difficulties  of  a  neutral  in  modern  war;  the  Netherlands  Oversea  Trust, 
the  Nederlandsche  Uitvoer  Maatschappy;  trade  statistics;  the  situation  in  1922-23; 
problems  of  war-time  shipping;  gains  and  losses;  general  results. 

4.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Prices,  Wages,  and  the  Cost  of  Living 
By  Professor  Dr.  H.  W.  Methorst 

Director  of  the  Central  Bureau  of  Statistics  for  the  Netherlands;  member  and 
former  secretary  of  the  Central  Commission  for  Statistics;  Professor  at  the  Superior 
Military  College;  honorary  member  Royal  Statistical  Society  (London);  director  of 
the  International  Institute  of  Statistics. 

Discusses  the  fundamental  statistical  problems  of  prices  and  wages  and  the 
bearing  of  these  upon  the  general  standard  of  living. 

5.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Banking  and  Currency 

By  Dr.  G.  Vissering 

President  of  the  Nederlandsche  Bank  since  1912;  President  of  the  Javasche  Bank, 
1906-12;  Doctor  of  Laws.  Author  of  important  monographs  dealing  with  the  post- 
war financial  problems  of  Europe;  recognized  as  one  of  the  leading  authorities  of 
Europe  in  international  finance; 

and 
Dr.  J.  Westerman  Holstyn 

Doctor  of  Laws;  Director  of  the  Nederlandsche  Bank,  192 1 
The  money  market  at  the  beginning  of  the  War ;  measures  taken  by  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  banks;  Treasury  bills  and  government  loans;  shares  and  bonds;  the 
rate  of  interest;  the  influx  of  foreign  capital.  The  banks:  statistical  survey;  exten- 
sion of  their  sphere  of  activity  and  capital;  concentration  in  banking;  foreign  banks; 
the  Nederlandsche  Bank.  Foreign  exchanges:  gold  and  the  policy  concerning 
exchange ;  course  of  exchange. 

6.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Dutch  Colonies 

By  Professor  Dr.  J.  H.  Carpentier  Alting 

Late  member  of  the  Council  of  Netherland-India.  Doctor  of  Laws,  Amsterdam, 
1886.  Attorney  at  law  Padang,  Sumatra,  1886.  Secretary  of  the  Department  of 
Justice  at  Batavia,  1904.  Professor  in  the  codified  private  and  criminal  laws  of 
Netherland-India  at  the  University  of  Leiden,  1907.  President  of  the  High  Court 
of  Justice  at  Batavia,  1917.      Member  of  the  Council  of  Netherland-India,  1919. 

(1)  General  survey  of  the  condition  of  Netherland  (East)  India  about  1900: 
population,  indigenous  and  foreign ;  government  and  administration ;  economic  con- 


78  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

dition  (agriculture,  commerce,  industry,  navigation,  finance).  (2)  Development 
since  1900.  The  revival  in  the  non-European  population  of  India.  Social  and 
economic  changes,  also  under  the  influence  of  the  said  revival.  (3)  Economic  posi- 
tion of  East  India  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war:  statistics  of  agriculture,  commerce 
industry,  navigation,  public  finance,  etc.  (4)  Influence  of  the  war:  impediments 
to  commerce  with  European  countries ;  increase  of  the  relations  with  the  countries 
around  the  Pacific.  New  manufacturing  industries  in  India.  The  food  supply. 
(5)  Commerce  and  public  finance  during  the  war.  (6)  Development  after  the 
peace,  1918— 1922.  (7)  The  colonies  in  the  West  Indies  (Surinam  and  Curacao), 
1914-1922. 

THE  HOUSING  PROBLEM 
By  Dr.  H.  J.  Romeyn 

Second  Secretary  of  the  First  Chamber  of  the  States-General  1 900-1 905;  Sec- 
retary of  the  State  Housing  Committee  and  Counsel  1 905-1 922;  Alderman  of  The 
Hague  1917-1919. 

This  volume  treats  of  the  situation  of  the  housing  problem  in  the  Netherlands 
in  1914  and  discusses  the  measures  taken  to  diminish  the  unemployment  which 
became  rife  in  consequence  of  the  high  price  of  materials,  as  well  as  the  conditions 
caused  by  the  rise  of  wages  and  interest.  The  special  laws  on  housing  passed 
during  the  war  period  are  likewise  considered  together  with  their  effect  upon 
owners  and  tenants  of  houses.  Subsidies  to  building  societies  and  to  building 
trades  receive  due  attention,  and  the  study  closes  with  an  account  of  the  gradual 
liquidation  of  the  measures  which  had  necessarily  been  applied  during  the  crisis. 

WAR  FINANCES  IN  THE  NETHERLANDS  UP  TO   1918 
By  Dr.  M.  J.  van  der  Flier 

Doctor  of  Laws,  University  of  Leiden,  1902;  Barrister-at-Law  at  The  Hague,  1903; 
Lecturer  on  Political  Science  at  Intermediate  School,  The  Hague,  1905;  Doctor  of 
Political  Science,  1909;  Co-editor  of  Annuaire  International,  "Grotius,"  1916;  Secre- 
tary of  Labor  Council  at  The  Hague,  1919. 

A  general  survey  covering  the  economic  resources  of  the  Netherlands,  the  cost 
of  the  War  to  the  Dutch  Government,  the  methods  of  financing,  the  state  budget  at 
the  close  of  the  War,  and  the  influence  of  the  War  upon  the  general  welfare  and 
with  reference  to  different  classes  of  the  population.  (See  Extracts  from  Press 
Reviews,  posty  p.  168.) 

WAR  FINANCES  IN  THE  NETHERLANDS,   1918-1922 

COSTS  OF  THE  WAR 

By  Professor  Dr.  H.  W.  C.  Bordewyk 

Professor  of  political  economy  and  statistics  at  the  University  of  Groningen. 
Doctor  of  Laws  and  of  Political  Science,  Leiden,  1906.  Assistant  Secretary  to 
Commission  of  Agriculture,  1906.  Attached  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
1910.  Lecturer  on  economics,  etc.,  at  the  High  School  for  Agriculture  at  Wagen- 
ingen,  1913. 


FRENCH  SERIES  79 

This  study  forms  a  supplement  to  that  of  Dr.  van  der  Flier.  It  is  pri- 
marily a  statistical  survey  dealing  with  the  same  kind  of  data  as  those  consid- 
ered in  the  earlier  monograph. 

In  addition,  however,  it  takes  up  the  difficult  final  problem  of  the  costs  of 
the  War  to  the  Netherlands,  a  subject  of  great  interest  in  view  of  the  supposed 
war-time  prosperity  of  that  country,  and  of  especial  importance  as  indicating 
the  effect  of  war  upon  a  neutral  state  deeply  involved  in  the  fortunes  of  the 
belligerents. 

FRENCH   SERIES 

GENERAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FRENCH   ECONOMIC  WAR 

LITERATURE 
By  Camille  Bloch 

Docteur  es  lettres;  Archiviste  Paleographe;  in  19 14,  General  Inspector  of  Libraries 
and  Archives  for  France;  Lecturer  at  the  Sorbonne  in  191 8;  Director  of  Library  and 
Museum  of  the  War;  Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor;  Officer  of  Public  Instruction;  since 
January,  192 1,  Honorary  Inspector  General  of  Public  Instruction;  Secretary  of  the 
section  of  modern  and  contemporary  history  of  Committee  on  Historical  and  Scien- 
tific Works,  etc.;  President  of  Society  of  Modern  History;  Director  of  review  Les 
Archives  de  la  Grande  Guerre.  Author  of  Etudes  sur  I'histoire  economique  de  la 
France  au  XVIII*me  siecle;  V assistance  et  VEtat  en  France  cL  la  veille  de  la  Revolution, 
etc.;  also  Editor  of  Repertoire  methodique  de  la  presse  quotidienne  frangaise  pendant  la 
guerre  (19 19). 

A  comprehensive  bibliographical  guide  prepared  by  Dr.  Bloch  with  the 
collaboration  of  specialists  at  the  Musee  de  la  Guerre. 

Introductory.  Part  I. — War  legislation  and  general  war  measures.  Part 
II. — Production,  general  agriculture,  fisheries,  industry.  Part  III. — Commerce 
and  trade,  including  ports,  shipping,  customs,  etc.  Part  IV. — Public  and 
private  finances.  Part  V. — Social  life,  labor,  welfare  work,  public  health,  social 
assistance  to  civilians  and  discharged  soldiers.  Part  VI. — Colonies  and  coloniza- 
tion. Part  VII. — Consequences  of  the  War  and  reconstruction.  Part  VIII. — 
France  and  the  treaty  of  peace.     Index  of  authors  and  index  of  subjects. 

EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  THE  CIVIL  GOVERNMENT 

OF  FRANCE 
By  Professor  Pierre  Renouvin 

Professor  of  History  of  the  Great  War  at  the  University  of  Paris;  docteur  es  lettres; 
licencie  en  droit,  1913;  seriously  wounded  in  the  War,  and  made  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  in  191 7;  since  1920,  conservator  at  the  Library  at  the  Musee  de  la 
Guerre  and  supervisor  of  the  service  of  documentation;  appointed  in  October,  1922, 
to  conduct  the  course  on  the  Sources  of  the  History  of  the  War  at  the  Sorbonne. 
Author  of  Les  assemblies  provinciates  de  1787;  Introduction  aux  Tableaux  oVHistoire  de 
Guillaume  II  (in  collaboration);  articles  on  the  War  in  the  Revue  de  Synthese  his- 
torique,  and  La  Revue  des  Cours  et  Conferences,  etc. 


80  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

This  study  opens  with  a  general  historical  survey  of  those  elements  in  the 
French  Constitution  which  were  most  affected  by  the  exigencies  of  war  govern- 
ment. It  examines  the  extent  to  which  those  exigencies  affected  normal  progress. 
It  passes  then  to  a  study  of  the  executive  and  legislative  organization  of  govern- 
ment and  considers  the  relation  of  parliament  to  military  control.  The  latter 
part  of  the  study  deals  with  problems  of  individual  liberty,  of  the  censorship,  of 
limitations  in  business  matters,  and  the  extent  of  actual  military  control  in  these 
fields.  It  analyzes  also  the  more  purely  economic  aspects  of  government  in  the 
methods  of  parliamentary  control  over  finance,  etc. 

REGIONALISM,   FRENCH  LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  AND  ECONOMIC 

PROBLEMS 
By  Professor  Henri  Hauser 

Member  of  French  Editorial  Board. 

During  the  War,  while  general  centralization  became  inevitable,  the  provinces 
had  often  to  rely  on  their  own  efforts  for  the  satisfaction  of  their  needs.  Hence 
the  growth  of  spontaneous  organizations,  like  the  Regional  Economic  Committee 
of  the  Military  Zones.  The  writer  describes  the  causes  which  brought  them  into 
being;  their  geographical  bases;  their  organization,  with  subsidiary  bodies,  and 
activity.  This  led  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  in  1917  to  elaborate  a  project  for 
a  wide  regionalistic  system,  which  this  study  describes. 

OFFICIAL  WAR-TIME  ORGANIZATIONS 
By  Armand  Boutillier  du  Retail 

Archiviste  Paleographe,  1905;  Archivist  of  Department  of  the  Aube,  1906-19; 
on  the  staff  of  the  Bibliotheque  et  Musee  de  la  Guerre,  1919-22;  Archivist  and 
Librarian  of  Ministry  of  Commerce,  1922;  Honorary  Correspondent  of  Ministry  of 
Public  Instruction. 

This  monograph  is  a  descriptive  catalogue  of  the  various  bodies  and  services 
concerned  with  war  administration  which  were  at  work  in  France  from  1 9 14  to 
1920.  It  gives  for  each  of  these  departments  or  bodies,  a  brief  historical  sketch 
since  August,  1914,  with  mention  of  the  laws  or  regulations  which  established  or 
modified  it;  its  attributions  and  organization;  its  war  activity;  its  leading  per- 
sonnel; its  publications  and  principal  reports;  and  the  fate  of  its  archives.  The 
whole  presents  a  historical  and  methodical  picture  of  French  war  administration 
from  1914  to  1920. 

THE  ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  REPUBLIC   FOR   PEACE 
By  Henri  Chardon 

Member  of  the  Council  of  State;  formerly  General  Secretary  of  the  Universal 
Exposition  of  1900  (from  1894 to  1901) ;  Director  at  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works  and 
charged  by  it  with  important  missions,  19 16  to  the  end  of  19 19;  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.     Author  of  several  works  in  the  field  of  political  science. 


FRENCH  SERIES  8 1 

This  final  section  is  a  general  monograph  summing  up  the  lessons  of  the  War 
and  also  those  of  the  history  preceding  it,  with  reference  to  the  fundamental 
problem  of  maintaining  a  government  for  a  democracy  which  shall  be  adequate 
to  meet  the  crises  of  the  future  through  a  more  perfect  coordination  of  responsi- 
bilities in  its  constitution.  It  criticizes  in  a  thorough-going  fashion  the  tendency 
in  politics  to  maintain  historic  institutions  which  are  not  justified  by  their  results 
and  proposes  reforms  in  the  administrative  sphere  which  might  tend  to  restore 
confidence  by  simplifying  instead  of  complicating  the  machinery  of  government. 
A  philosophical  study  based  upon  historical  facts. 

STATISTICS  OF  POPULATION 
By  Michel  Huber 

Director  of  Office  of  Statisque  Generate  de  la  France;  Director  of  Bureau  of 
Prices  of  Ministry  of  Labor;  sometimes  President  of  Statistical  Society  of  Paris; 
member  of  International  Institute  of  Statistics;  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 
Author  of  many  works  on  statistics  and  contributor  to  the  following  volumes  of  the 
Statistique  Generale:  Annuaire  statistique  et  bulletin  trimestriel  de  la  Statistique 
Generate  de  la  France;  Depouillement,  analyse  et  publication  des  resultats  des  recense- 
ments  de  la  population  en  igoi,  igo6  et  ign;  Statistique  des  families  en  igo6;  Statis- 
tique des  families  et  des  habitations  en  ign;  Statistique  du  mouvement  de  la  population 
depuis  i8gg;  Statistique  internationale  du  mouvement  de  la  population,  publiee  par  la 
Statistique  Generale  de  la  France  sous  le  patronage  de  VInstitut  International  de  statis- 
tique: ier  volume — depuis  Vorigine  des  statistiques  de  Vetat  civil  jusqu'en  igos  (2&me 
volume,  annees  1901  a  1910). 

Chapter  I  is  a  sociological  survey  of  the  French  population  before  the  War 
on  the  basis  of  the  191 1  census,  together  with  a  survey  of  its  movement  between 
1910  and  1914.  The  second  chapter  deals  with  the  period  of  the  War.  It  de- 
scribes mobilization;  the  displacement  of  population;  the  refugees  from  the 
invaded  regions  and  from  abroad;  foreign  immigration,  etc.  The  movement  of 
the  population  between  19 14  and  19 19  is  analyzed  with  reference  to  the  various 
causes  of  mortality,  and  with  a  general  statement  of  losses  from  among  the  Army 
and  the  civil  population.  Chapter  III  deals  with  the  situation  after  the  War 
and  gives  the  state  of  the  population  in  1921  on  the  basis  of  the  census  of  March, 
192 1.  The  second  part  of  the  volume  deals  with  revenues  and  their  distribution 
before  the  War  and  attempts  to  survey  the  changes  in  their  repartition  caused  by 
the  War. 

STATISTICAL  STUDY  OF  PRICES  AND  WAGES  DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Lucien  March 

Honorary  Director  of  Statistique  Generale  de  la  France;  Vice  President  of  Coun- 
cil and  of  Central  Commission  on  the  Cost  of  Living;  President  of  Statistical  Com- 
mission on  Primary  Education;  member  of  Commission  of  Contracts  of  Ministry  of 
Liberated  Regions;  member  of  Committee  for  the  Technical  Exploitation  of  Railways; 
honorary  member  of  Central  Commission  of  Statistics  of  Belgium,  of  Royal  Society 
of  London,  and  of  American  Statistical  Society;  formerly  President  of  Statistical 


82  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

Society  of  Paris;  Reporter  of  International  Commission  of  Statistics  appointed  by 
Council  of  League  of  Nations,  and  expert  attached  to  Reparations  Commission,  etc. ; 
Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author  of  numerous  publications  and  reports  on  statis- 
tical methods  and  data,  etc. 

This  statistical  essay  is  the  French  counterpart  of  the  volume  written  by 
Professor  Bowley  on  Great  Britain.  It  first  gives  a  description  of  methods  and 
a  survey  of  the  movement  in  France  of  prices,  cost  of  living  and  wages  before  the 
War.  The  second  part  describes  the  movement  during  the  War  of  wholesale 
prices  for  foodstuffs,  manufactures,  transport,  and  compares  the  general  move- 
ment of  wholesale  prices  with  that  of  other  economic  factors.  Chapter  III  deals 
with  the  retail  price  of  foodstuffs  and  other  objects  of  first  necessity,  with  the 
general  movement  of  retail  prices  and  cost  of  life  according  to  regions,  and  com- 
pares the  movement  of  wholesale  with  that  of  retail  prices.  Chapter  IV  describes 
the  movement  of  wages  in  various  branches  of  industry,  with  a  special  section  on 
women's  wages.  In  conclusion  it  compares  the  movement  of  prices  with  that  of 
the  cost  of  living.     A  number  of  tables  are  annexed. 

WAR-TIME  CONTROL  OF  PRICES  AND   FOOD   SUPPLY 
By  Adolphe  Pichon 

Docteur  en  droit,  University  of  Paris;  during  the  War  Chief  of  Cabinet  and  later 
Under  Secretary  of  State  of  Ministry  of  Supplies;  at  present  Maitre  des  Requetes  at 
Council  of  State,  Assistant  General  Secretary  of  French  delegation  on  Reparations 
Commission;  Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor.     Author  of  a  number  of  legal  treatises; 

and 

Pierre  Pinot 

Doctor  of  Laws,  University  of  Paris;  Chef  de  Cabinet  of  Ministry  of  the  Liber- 
ated Regions;  Maitre  des  Requetes  at  Council  of  State;  during  the  War  Assistant 
Chief,  then  Chief  of  Cabinet  of  Under  Secretary  of  State  for  Ministry  of  Supplies; 
Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author  of  Traite  des  retraites  ouvrieres  (in  collabora- 
tion). 

The  book  begins  by  an  account  of  the  reasons  for  the  development  of  state 
control  over  civilian  supplies,  analyzes  the  laws  which  created  it  and  then  de- 
scribes its  working  in  each  branch  of  food  supply.  The  essential  ones  then 
receive  separate  historical  and  statistical  treatment  continued  through  the 
period  of  de-control.  The  movement  of  prices  is  then  analyzed  and  the  measures 
taken  by  the  government  to  prevent  unduly  high  cost  of  living;  expedients  of 
taxation,  etc.;  and  methods  of  administration.  Statistical  tables  are  given 
throughout. 

AGRICULTURE  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Michel  Auge-Laribe 

Doctor  of  Laws,  University  of  Paris;  specialist  in  problems  of  French  agriculture 
and  Editor  in  Chief  of  La  France  Paysanne;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author 
of  various  works,  among  them  being:  Grande  ou  petite  propriete  (Histoire  des  doctrines 


FRENCH   SERIES  83 

en  France  sur  la  repartition  du  sol  et  la  transformation  industrielle  de  V agriculture,, 
(1902)  ;Le  probleme  agraire  du  socialisme  (1907);  Les  ouvriers  de  la  viticulture  langue- 
docienne  et  leurs  syndicats;  Les  resultats  des  grlves  agricoles  dans  le  Midi  de  la  France; 
Les  cooperatives  paysannes  et  socialistes  de  Maraussan  (Herault);  Memoires  et  docu- 
ments du  Musee  Social;  U  evolution  de  la  France  agricole  (19 12). 

The  volume  begins  with  a  general  social  and  economic  survey  of  French 
agriculture  on  the  eve  of  the  War.  In  the  second  part  are  described  the  changes 
brought  about  by  the  War  in  the  amount  of  soil  cultivated,  in  the  nature  of 
crops,  in  the  supply  of  labor,  and  in  the  marketing  of  agricultural  products,  with 
a  statement  on  the  degree  to  which  French  agriculture  covered  the  needs  of  the 
country  during  the  War.  The  third  part  deals  with  reconstruction.  It  has  a 
special  section  on  the  work  done  for  rehabilitating  the  war  area.  The  section 
dealing  with  the  situation  in  regard  to  labor  gives  figures  of  the  loss  suffered  in  the 
War  by  the  rural  population  of  France.  Reference  is  made  to  the  new  labor 
organizations  and  to  the  change  in  customs  policy  with  regard  to  foodstuffs. 

FRENCH   INDUSTRY  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Arthur  Fontaine 

Member  of  French  Editorial  Board 

This  is  a  survey  of  French  industries ;  of  the  changes  suffered  by  them  during 
the  War;  of  their  progress  or  decay.  The  introductory  chapter  surveys  French 
industry  in  19 14  in  general  and  with  special  reference  to  those  situated  in  the 
regions  that  were  afterwards  invaded.  Then  follows  a  description  of  the  dis- 
integration resulting  from  mobilization.  The  body  of  the  work  deals  in  a  more 
general  way  with  the  variations  in  personnel,  wages,  raw  materials,  markets 
from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  War,  and  the  general  displacement  of  in- 
dustry. This  analysis  is  made  first  region  by  region  and  then  according  to 
industrial  groups.  It  is  a  complete  general  survey  of  an  intricate  and  vast 
subject,  most  parts  of  which  are  covered  by  special  monographs  in  other  volumes 
of  the  French  Series. 

FRENCH  TEXTILE    INDUSTRY   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Albert  Aftalion 

Professor,  Faculty  of  Law,  University  of  Lille;  during  the  War  Under  Director  of 
Transport  at  Ministry  of  Shipping;  then  Under  Director  and  afterwards  Chief  of 
Service  of  Foreign  Purchases  at  Ministry  of  Commerce;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor. 
Author  of  La  crise  de  V Industrie  liniere  et  la  concurrence  de  Vindustrie  cotonniere  (1904) ; 
Le  dheloppement  de  lafabrique  et  le  travail  &  domicile  (1906);  Les  crises  periodiques  de 
surproduction  (2  vols.,  1913);  Prix  Woloski  de  l'Academie  des  Sciences  Morales  et 
Politiques  19 15,  etc. 

This  volume  will  deal  in  a  special  way  with  one  of  the  largest  industries 
affected  by  the  War,  and  will  be  carefully  articulated  with  other  volumes  on 
production,  finance,  labor,  etc.  It  will  be  complete  in  itself,  and  is  by  an  acknowl- 
edged authority  on  the  subject. 


84  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD    WAR 

METALLURGY  AND   ENGINEERING 
By  Robert  Pinot 

Formerly  Professor  in  Ecole  Libre  des  Sciences  Politiques,  and  Director  of  the 
Musee  Social;  for  the  last  20  years  General  Secretary,  and  at  present  Vice  President 
of  Comite  des  Forges  of  France;  general  delegate  of  Union  of  Metallurgical  and 
Mining  Industries  and  of  Mechanical  Construction,  etc.;  general  delegate  of  adminis- 
tration for  hydraulic  forces,  etc.,  the  manufacture  of  railway  material,  of  shipbuild- 
ers and  iron  mines  and  of  material  for  war;  administrator  of  the  mutual  insurance 
society  of  the  iron  and  steel  industries  against  accidents;  of  workmen's  retiring 
allowances  and  of  housing  credits;  Treasurer  of  the  metallurgical  and  mining  asso- 
ciation against  tuberculosis;  administrator  of  National  Credit  to  facilitate  repara- 
tion for  war  damages,  of  the  industrial  union  of  credit  for  reconstruction;  member 
of  Council  of  Administration,  Bureau  of  International  Labor  Organization;  member  of 
Supreme  Councils  of  French  Railways  and  of  Public  Works  and  of  the  consultative 
committee  of  hydraulic  forces;  during  the  War  in  charge  of  the  direction  of  the 
fabrication  of  munitions  by  private  industry,  of  the  centralization  of  purchases 
and  allocation  of  steel  and  iron,  etc.  Author  of  many  works  relating  to  the  steel 
and  iron  industries  and  to  problems  of  social  organization  and  betterment. 

This  study,  written  by  a  leading  authority,  will  be  of  special  interest  in 
view  of  the  problems  of  reparations.  It  will  be  written  from  the  general  rather 
than  the  technical  standpoint,  but  will  be  amply  fortified  by  documents  and 
statistics. 

THE  CHEMICAL   INDUSTRIES 
By  Eugene  Mauclere 

President  of  Committee  of  Guarantees  and  Vice  President  of  Reparations  Com- 
mission; Controller  General  of  Administration  of  the  Army  (retired);  formerly  gen- 
eral director  of  the  manufacture  of  explosives  at  the  Ministry  of  Munitions;  Grand 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

The  history  of  this  industry,  which  played  such  a  large  role  in  war-time,  is 
carried  down  through  the  period  of  reparations  and  the  relative  international 
position  of  the  French  chemical  industries  clearly  defined.  While  not  one  of  the 
larger  studies  of  the  series,  it  will  deal  compactly  and  fully  with  the  industry  as  a 
whole. 

PETROLEUM 
By  Henri  de  Peyerimhoff 

Vice  President;  formerly  General  Secretary  of  Administration  of  French  Coal 
Mines;  formerly  Maitre  de  Requetes  at  Council  of  State,  and  General  Secretary  of 
Government  of  Algeria;  Professor  of  Ecole  Libre  des  Sciences  Politiques;  President  of 
numerous  administrative  business  organizations;  Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor. 

Owing  to  the  destruction  of  the  French  coal  mines  along  the  front  and  the 
subsequent  bearing  of  this  upon  the  French  claim  for  the  coal  mines  of  the  Saar 
Valley,  this  study  is  of  political  as  well  as  economic  interest.  It  is  dealt  with, 
however,  solely  from  the  economic  aspect  here,  and  an  authoritative  account  is 
given  of  the  total  effect  of  the  War  upon  French  mines,  and  also  the  coal  trade. 


FRENCH   SERIES  85 

The  section  dealing  with  the  supply  of  petroleum  and  the  problems  involved, 
while  less  properly  a  theme  of  the  War  itself,  enters  definitely  into  the  period  of 
reconstruction. 

THE   DEVELOPMENT  OF   HYDRAULIC   POWER 
By  Raoul  Blanchard 

Docteur  es  lettres;  Professor  at  University  of  Grenoble;  Director  of  Institute  of 
Alpine  Geography;  Editor  of  Review  of  Alpine  Geography;  Exchange  Professor  (Har- 
vard), 1917;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author  of  La  Flandre  (1906);  Grenoble, 
Etude  de  geographie  urbaine  (1910);  and  many  articles  in  French  and  American 
periodicals. 

Historical  survey  of  the  development  of  hydraulic  power  in  France  up  to 
1914.  The  influence  of  the  War  on  that  development:  the  immediate  result  is  a 
set  back,  but  the  needs  of  the  War  and  dearth  of  fuel  a  forward  policy,  with 
state  aid.  The  volume  describes  what  was  done  in  the  French  Alps  between  19 15 
and  191 8,  as  well  as  the  projects  made  in  that  period  but  not  yet  realized.  The 
two  following  chapters  give  similar  surveys  for  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Vosges 
respectively.  The  concluding  chapter  contains  a  statistical  estimate  of  the  work 
done;  a  survey  of  new  methods  and  new  projects,  of  the  stoppage  which  followed 
upon  the  War,  and  of  future  prospects. 

FORESTRY  AND  THE  TIMBER  INDUSTRY  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  General  Georges  Chevalier 

Graduate  of  Ecole  Polytechnique;  General  of  Division,  August,  1914;  Director  of 
Artillery  at  Ministry  of  War  to  June,  1917;  then  Chief  of  Central  Service  for  Wood 
Supply  for  Ministry  of  Munitions  until  June,  1919;  Grand  Officer  of  Legion  of 
Honor;  Officer  of  Public  Instruction,  Officer  of  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Belgium; 
Knight  of  Orders  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George;  Fellow  of  Order  of  the  Bath;  Dis- 
tinguished Service  Medal  of  the  United  States. 

The  volume  first  deals  historically  with  timber  consumption  and  supply 
in  France.  No  special  preparation  had  been  made  for  the  event  of  war  and 
a  Central  Timber  Department  was  created  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War  to  handle 
the  problem.  The  volume  describes  in  detail  the  organization  and  activity  of 
that  department  including  the  opening  of  Colonial  sources  of  supply.  Chapter 
II  describes  the  exploitation  of  timber  by  the  Allied  Armies  in  France.  It  con- 
tains a  comparative  study  on  a  Canadian  war-time  exploitation  and  a  peace-time 
exploitation  by  local  industry.  The  situation  after  the  War  with  regard  to  stocks, 
supply,  transport,  prices,  etc.,  described  in  Chapter  III  with  special  statements 
on  the  destruction  caused  by  the  War  and  general  statistics. 

AERONAUTIC   INDUSTRIES 
By  Colonel  Paul  Dhe 

Graduate  of  Ecole  Polytechnique;  Captain  of  Artillery  and  then  attached  to  the 
Air  Force;  appointed  Director  of  Aeronautics,  1917;  President  of  inter- Allied  Com- 


86  ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

mittee  for  Unifying  the  Air  Forces  during  the  War;  at  present  President  of  Bureau  of 
Economic  Organization;  Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor;  knight  of  Orders  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George;  Officer  of  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Belgium;  Distinguished  Service 
Medal. 

The  study  describes  the  formation  of  a  flying  personnel,  the  technical 
difficulties  of  the  industry  and  how  they  were  overcome,  and  the  general  organi- 
zation of  the  industry  as  called  out  by  the  War.  Special  sections  deal  with  the 
handling  of  repairs  and  the  manufacture  of  accessories.  The  tendencies  prevail- 
ing in  the  industry  at  the  end  of  the  War  are  analyzed  in  conclusion. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  WAR  INDUSTRIES 
By  Albert  Thomas 

Formerly  Minister  of  Munitions;  formerly  Professor  of  History,  and  Editor  of 
Humanite  for  questions  of  labor  legislation;  in  1909  founded  the  Revue-Syndicaliste, 
later  amalgamated  with  Revue  Socialiste,  of  which  he  became  editor  in  chief;  mem- 
ber of  Chamber  of  Deputies  from  19 10,  where  he  served  on  important  commissions; 
served  as  Second  Lieutenant  through  the  battle  of  the  Marne;  then  called  by  Minis- 
ter of  War  to  reorganize  munitions  industry;  from  May,  1915,  Under  Secretary  of 
State  for  Artillery  and  Munitions;  December,  1916-September,  191 7,  Minister  of 
Munitions  and  member  of  War  Council;  in  February,  1920,  appointed  Director  of 
Office  for  International  Labor  Legislation.  Collaborator  on  Histoire  socialiste  de  Jean 
Jaures;  author  of  L'Etat  et  les  compagnies  de  chemins  de  fer,  Le  syndicalisme  allemand, 
L1  Histoire  anecdotique  du  travail,  and  the  important  reports  of  Office  for  Interna- 
tional Labor  Legislation,  etc* 

The  account  of  the  organization  of  French  munition  industries  will  be 
largely  substantiated  by  original  documents,  many  of  them  previously  unpub- 
lished. The  narrative  itself  will  be  largely  based  upon  notes  taken  at  the  time 
by  the  Minister  of  Munitions  during  his  inspection  of  plants  in  different  parts 
of  France,  as  well  as  in  the  course  of  routine  administration.  These  will  deal 
specially  with  problems  of  labor,  the  attitude  of  the  working  class  in  the  munition 
factories  during  the  War  and  the  displacement  in  their  lives  caused  by  the  War. 
It  is  planned  on  a  comprehensive  scale  to  cover  both  the  question  of  production 
on  the  one  hand  and  of  social  history  on  the  other. 


WAGES,  TARIFFS,  COLLECTIVE  AGREEMENTS,  AND  STRIKES 

By  William  Oualid 

Docteur  en  droit  es  sciences  juridiques  and  es  sciences  politiques  et  economiques; 
member  of  French  bar;  since  1921  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  University  of 
Strasburg;  Director  of  Statistical  Bureau  of  Alsace-Lorraine;  Prizeman  of  Faculty 
of  Law,  Algiers,  and  Faculty  of  Law,  Aix:  1911-19  attached  to  Ministry  of  Labor; 
March,  1919-November,  1920,  head  of  Foreign  Labor  Section  in  Ministry  of  Labor; 
Technical  Adviser  for  Franco-Polish  Labor  Convention,  September,  1919;  mission 
for  recruiting  of  Austrian  Labor  for  Devastated  Regions,  March,  1920;  French  dele- 


FRENCH   SERIES  87 

gate  on  International  Emigration  Commission,  Labor  Office  of  League  of  Nations, 
etc.  Has  published  numerous  economic  works  and  articles  on  labor  questions  in 
scientific  reviews; 

and 

C.    PlCQUENARD 

Directeur  du  travail  of  Ministry  of  Labor;  member  of  staff  of  Ministry  of  Com- 
merce and  Industry,  from  1899;  from  1902,  Editor  in  Chief  of  Bulletin  of  Depart- 
ment of  Labor;  called  to  Ministry  of  Labor,  1906,  at  its  establishment;  appointed  in 
1910  Chief  of  Service  of  Inspection  for  France;  from  1914  to  1920,  Chief  of  Cabinet 
for  Ministry  of  Labor;  in  1920  succeeded  Arthur  Fontaine  as  directeur  du  travail; 
Commander  of  Legion  of  Honor;  member  of  Council  of  State  for  Special  Service. 
Author  of  several  important  laws  and  treatises  on  labor  legislation. 

The  outbreak  of  the  War  invested  with  a  new  character  of  intensity  some 
of  the  usual  labor  problems,  while  others  disappeared  in  the  new  conditions. 
A  primary  cause  of  these  changes  was  the  rapid  growth  of  the  state  as  employer. 
The  creation  of  a  Ministry  of  Armaments,  its  organization,  and  especially  its 
handling  of  labor  problems  are  dealt  with  in  detail  in  the  first  part  of  this  volume, 
both  with  regard  to  the  principles  by  which  it  was  guided  and  to  their  application. 
There  are  also  sections  on  collective  contracts,  on  labor  conflicts  in  munitions 
works,  on  conditions  of  work,  etc.  The  second  part  of  the  volume  deals  with 
the  policy  and  activity  of  the  Ministry  of  Labor.  While  some  of  its  regulations, 
with  regard  to  hours  of  work,  etc.,  are  relaxed,  its  efforts  towards  securing  fair  wages 
develop.  It  also  intervenes  in  disputes  and  in  191 7  introduces  the  innovation 
of  letting  professional  organizations  initiate  legislation,  by  means  of  collective 
agreements  between  employers'  and  workers'  unions.  Another  novelty  is  the  bill 
(March,  1920)  for  compulsory  conciliation  and  arbitration.  The  third  part  of 
the  volume,  supplied  with  ample  statistics,  deals  with  actual  events:  strikes, 
tariffs,  collective  contracts.  It  analyzes  in  conclusion  the  heritage  of  the  War 
in  the  sphere  of  labor  problems. 


UNEMPLOYMENT  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  A.  Crehange 

Under  Director  of  Ministry  of  Labor;  formerly  Chief  of  Employment  Exchanges 
and  Unemployment  Benefit;  Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor. 

The  various  studies  describing  different  French  industries  will  for  the  most 
part  deal  with  problems  of  labor  and  unemployment,  viewed  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  industry.  This  study  is  articulated  carefully  with  the  general  volume  on 
labor  during  the  War,  but  deals  with  an  aspect  which  demanded  support  and 
special  treatment  owing  to  the  problem  of  labor  readjustment  at  the  close  of 
the  War.  It  is  a  special  study  designed  more  for  the  specialist  than  the  general 
reader. 


88  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

SYNDICALISM 
By  Roger  Picard 

Agrege  du  Faculte  de  Droit;  Reporter  for  National  Committee  of  Social  and  Po- 
litical Studies;  Technical  Adviser  to  International  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Assistant 
Secretary  General  for  French  Association  against  Unemployment;  President  of 
French  Bureau  ot  Domestic  Labor;  during  the  War,  officer  attached  to  Health  Service 
to  1916;  then  attached  to  Ministry  of  Armaments  and  Ministry  of  Industrial  Re- 
construction. Author  of  many  works  on  economic  topics:  La  philosophic  sociale  de 
Renouvier  (1908);  La  conciliation  et  V arbitrage  des  conflits  ouvriers  du  temps  de  guerre 
(19 1 8) ;  La  vie  chere  et  la  hausse  des  salaires  (1 9 19) ;  La  crise  economique  et  la  baisse  des 
salaires  (192 1). 

The  introduction  describes  syndicalist  legislation,  organization  and  tendencies 
on  the  eve  of  the  War.  Chapter  I  tells  the  part  played  by  the  syndicates  in 
the  mobilization  of  labor  for  munitions  work.  In  the  following  chapters  are 
described  the  conditions  of  work  during  the  War;  the  participation  of  labor  in 
management;  the  growth  of  collective  contracts;  the  strikes  of  the  War.  The 
syndicates  cooperate  with  the  authorities  in  various  economic  organizations. 
The  movement  grows,  a  special  feature  being  its  development  among  women 
workers.  It  elaborates  a  general  doctrine  of  national  economy,  with  a  plan  for 
an  Economic  Labor  Council.  Chapter  VI  deals  with  the  period  after  the  Armi- 
stice, the  social  legislation  passed,  and  various  outstanding  events  in  the  down- 
ward path  of  the  syndicalist  movement.  It  shows  in  conclusion  that  the  period 
of  cooperation  between  syndicates  and  public  authorities  coincides  with  the 
period  of  labor  unity;  the  split  in  the  movement  goes  side  by  side  with  friction 
between  the  government  and  the  syndicates  with  moderate  tendencies. 


FOREIGN  AND  COLONIAL  LABOR  IN  FRANCE  DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Bertrand  Nogaro 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  University  of  Caen;  Reader  in  Faculty  of  Law, 
Paris;  in  charge  of  Department  of  Manual  Labor  at  Ministry  of  Labor;  an  authority 
also  on  finance.  Author  of  many  important  contributions  to  economic  literature, 
among  others:  Le  rdle  de  la  monnaie  dans  le  commerce  international  et  la  theorie  quanti- 
tative (1904);  L 'arbitrage  obligatoire  (1906);  L  introduction  de  la  main-d1  ceuvre  etrangere 
en  France  (Revue  d'Economie  Politique,  November,  1920);  Les  recentes  conventions 
d 'emigration  et  oVimmigration  (Revue  Politique  et  Parlementaire,  October,  1920). 

The  volume  is  divided  in  three  parts.  The  first  deals  with  colonial  labor: 
the  problem,  the  sources  of  supply;  conditions  of  recruiting  with  specimen  con- 
tracts; organization  in  France;  employment,  distribution  and  productivity. 
The  second  part  treats  of  Chinese  labor  on  similar  lines.  In  the  third  part 
these  questions  are  discussed  with  reference  to  white  labor  (Italian,  Greek, 
Portuguese,  Spanish,  Polish).  The  concluding  section  shows  how  the  legal 
administrative  problems  raised  by  the  importation  of  white  labor  were  solved; 
it  also  discusses  the  influence  which  war  experience  has  had  on  post-war  policy. 


FRENCH   SERIES  89 

WOMEN   IN   INDUSTRY  UNDER  WAR  CONDITIONS 

By  Marcel  Frois 

Graduate  of  School  of  Mines;  Inspector  of  Industrial  Labor  at  Paris  since  1899; 
member  of  Commission  on  Industrial  Hygiene  of  Ministry  of  Labor;  member  and 
Reporter  of  the  Committee  on  Women's  Labor  and  numerous  other  official  positions; 
Officer  of  the  Academy;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor. 

Summary  of  regulations  prevailing  in  France  before  the  War  with  regard 
to  women's  work.  Legislation  after  the  War.  The  various  bodies  entrusted 
with  the  supervision  of  conditions  of  women's  work.  Report  of  the  confer- 
ence on  the  poisonous  qualities  of  explosives.  The  second  part  of  the  study 
deals  with  the  employment  of  women  in  war  manufactures;  the  effects  of  overwork 
and  of  work  on  poisonous  materials.  Diseases  and  mortality  of  workers.  Meas- 
ures of  protection  and  the  results  obtained  at  the  time  of  the  Armistice.  In 
conclusion  a  survey  on  the  lessons  of  the  War  concerning  the  health  of  workers 
and  of  women's  work. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  LABOR   IN  THE   INVADED  TERRITORIES 

By  Pierre  Boulin 

Began  career  as  workman;  Licencie  es  sciences;  member  of  Council  of  Public 
Health  for  Department  du  Nord,  etc.;  from  1892  Inspector  for  Ministry  of  Labor; 
since  1905  Divisional  Inspector  at  Lille;  remained  at  Lille  during  the  occupation; 
charged  by  Lille  Chamber  of  Commerce  to  oversee  the  requisitions  made  by  German 
Army  of  Occupation;  Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor;  Officer  of  Public  Instruction. 
Author  of  several  works  dealing  with  industrial  hygiene  and  conditions  of  labor. 

The  study  shows  the  economic  importance  of  the  invaded  regions  and  the 
economic  effects  of  their  occupation  by  the  German  armies.  Section  III  de- 
velops the  fate  of  various  industrial  undertakings,  their  adaptation  to  the  new 
circumstances  or  their  decay;  others  were  stopped  by  destruction  or  by  the  re- 
moval of  machinery.  Sections  IV  to  IX  deal  with  the  recruiting  of  labor.  The 
final  chapter  gives  as  a  parallel  to  the  first  a  description  of  the  economic  situation 
of  the  invaded  regions  at  the  time  of  the  Armistice. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  SUPPLY   IN  THE   INVADED   REGIONS 

By  Paul  Collinet 

Docteur  en  droit,  Paris;  since  19 19  Professor  of  Roman  Law  in  Faculty  of  Law, 
University  of  Paris;  member  of  Council  of  Lille  University,  191 5-1 8;  during  the 
War  Secretary  of  the  Committee  for  Food  Supply  of  Northern  France,  under  the 
patronage  of  Commission  for  Relief  in  Belgium;  also  Secretary  of  National  Belgian 
Relief  Committee;  Officer  of  Public  Instruction;  Prizeman  of  Faculty  of  Law,  Paris, 
of  Societe  des  Sciences,  Lille;  of  the  Institut,  Paris.  Author  of  many  standard  works 
on  judicial  subjects; 

and 
Paul  Stahl 

Civil  Engineer;  member  of  Superior  Council  of  Public  Works  and  of  Lille  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce;  during  the  War  member  of  District  and  of  Regional  Committees 


90  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

of  Lille;  also  member  of  Committee  for  Food  Supply  of  Northern  France;  Chevalier  of 
Legion  of  Honor. 

A  study  dealing  with  the  direct  effects  of  the  War  in  the  invaded  area  and 
the  measures  taken  to  meet  the  needs.  It  begins  with  an  introductory  survey  of 
conditions  in  the  invaded  region  in  the  first  months  of  the  War.  The  first  part 
deals  with  the  supply  of  foodstuffs  by  the  various  official,  private,  and  foreign 
agencies.  The  second  part  deals  with  the  conditions  and  regulation  of  the  supply 
of  coal.  The  third,  dealing  with  the  supply  of  clothes,  contains  a  monograph 
(by  Mme  Collinet-Guerin)  on  the  distribution  of  clothes  in  a  distributing  center 
of  Lille.  The  last  part  deals  with  footwear.  In  the  annex,  statistical  documents 
and  bibliography. 

WAR  DAMAGES   IN  FRANCE 
By  Edmond  Michel 

Chief  Inspector  of  Credit  Foncier  de  France;  Chief  of  Section  in  Department  of 
Mortgages;  Ministry  of  Supply,  191 7;  in  charge  of  statistics  at  Control  of  Corn 
Supply;  awarded  the  Andiffret  Prize  of  the  Academie  des  Sciences  Morales  et  Po- 
litiques  for  statistical  and  economic  studies  (191 1). 

This  is  a  descriptive  and  statistical  account  of  the  direct  economic  effects 
of  the  invasion  of  France,  the  extent  of  the  destruction  of  property  of  all  kinds 
and  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  ravages  of  the  War.  It  will  be  articulated 
with  the  other  monographs  in  the  series  dealing  with  the  more  distinctly  financial 
aspects  of  the  problem. 

THE  WAR  REFUGEES  AND   INTERNED   CIVILIANS 
By  Pierre  Caron 

Archivist  at  Archives  Nationales;  Secretary  of  Commission  on  Economic  His- 
tory of  the  French  Revolution  at  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction;  Secretary  of 
Commission  for  Publication  of  Documents  relative  to  Origin  of  the  War  of  1870- 
71  at  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs;  during  the  War  one  of  the  founders  at  Paris  (De- 
cember, 19 14)  of  an  office  for  aiding  refugee  families;  in  19 16  charged  by  Ministry 
of  Interior  with  organization  and  direction  of  correspondence  with  the  invaded 
departments  and  the  service  of  information  with  refugees  generally;  in  19 16  and 
19 1 7  on  missions  to  Switzerland  concerning  civilian  prisoners  in  Germany;  in  July, 
19 1 8,  representing  Ministry  of  Interior  at  Franco-German  Conference  at  Berne,  on 
exchange  of  interned  civilians;  from  1919-20  in  charge  of  service  for  the  civilian 
victims  of  the  War;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor  and  Officer  of  Public  Instruction, 
etc.  Principal  publications:  Les  Comites  des  droits  feodaux  et  de  legislation  et  V abolition 
du  regime  seigneurial  (with  Ph.  Sagnac,  1907);  Paris  pendant  la  Terreur,  Rapports  des 
agents  secrets  du  Ministre  de  VInterieur  (tomes  1  and  1 1 ,  1910-14) ;  La  defense  nationals 
de  1792-1795  (1912);  Manuel  pratique  pour  Vetude  de  la  Revolution  franqaise  (1912); 
Rapports  des  agents  du  Ministre  de  VInterieur  dans  les  Departements,  1793 -an  II 
(tome  1, 1913) ;  Bibliographie  des  travaux  publies  de  1866-1897  sur  Vhistoire  de  la  France 
depuis  1789  (1912). 

The  monograph  begins  with  an  analysis  of  the  various  classes  of  refugees  and 
war  victims:  refugees  properly  so-called,  those  forcibly  repatriated  by  the  enemy, 


FRENCH   SERIES  9 1 

including  civilians  interned,  and  those  forced  by  military  necessity  to  evacuate 
territory  on  either  side  the  front.  Then  follows  a  statistical,  historical  account 
of  the  movement  of  refugees,  month  by  month.  The  third  part  deals  with  the 
action  of  the  State,  tentative  measures  finally  codified  in  191 7  with  widespread 
administrative  organization.  After  a  detailed  analysis  of  this  the  book  treats  of 
the  many  important  private  enterprises  for  the  relief  of  war  victims.  Repatria- 
tion across  neutral  frontiers  is  then  described,  and  the  volume  closes  with  an 
account  of  the  return  of  refugees  to  their  homes  or  land,  with  a  word  on  present 
conditions,  the  social,  moral  and  economic  effects  of  the  vast  movement  of  popu- 
lation. There  is  a  final  section  on  the  history  of  the  internment  of  civilians  in 
France  during  the  War. 

PRISONERS  OF  WAR   IN   FRANCE 

By  Georges  Cahen-Salvador 

Member  of  Conseil  d'Etat  from  1838;  at  present  Maitre  des  Requetes  at  the  Coun- 
cil; Departmental  Chief  in  Ministry  of  Labor;  Lecturer,  Faculty  of  Law,  University 
of  Paris;  charged  with  organization  and  direction  of  General  Service  of  Prisoners  of 
War,  19 14-19 19;  then  President  of  Commission  on  War  Prisoners  at  Peace  Con- 
ference, 1919;  Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Principal  works:  La  loi  et  le  regtement — Le 
Gouvernement  legislateur  (1903);  Les  fonctionnaires — leur  action  corporative  (191 1); 
Le  logement  dans  les  villes — La  crise  parisienne  (Crowned  by  the  Institute);  also  con- 
tributor of  frequent  articles  to  reviews. 

The  volume  first  describes  the  evolution  in  the  treatment  of  prisoners 
of  war  in  France,  from  the  international  conventions  in  force  in  1914,  through 
the  changes  that  occurred  during  the  War  for  local  reasons  or  by  way  of  rec- 
iprocity, to  the  situation  on  the  day  of  Armistice.  The  second  section  deals 
with  the  various  stages  in  the  employment  of  prisoners  in  industry,  agriculture, 
etc.,  and  with  the  results  of  their  labor.  The  third  section  describes  the  life 
of  the  French  prisoners  interned  in  Switzerland. 

FRENCH   RAILROADS   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Marcel  Peschaud 

General  Secretary  of  Capital  Administration  of  French  Railway  Lines;  Docteur 
en  droit;  formerly  Chief  of  Cabinet  of  Ministry  of  Public  Works,  later,  President 
of  Cabinet;  Secretary  of  Administration  of  Orleans  Railway  Company,  1900;  later 
General  Secretary  of  the  company;  Officer  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author  of  Reseaux 
d'Etat  et  tarijs  (1903);  Les  chemms  de  fer  de  VEtat  beige  (1906);  Uetat  actuel  des 
chemins  de  fer  francais  (1909);  Le  Bilan  du  rachat  des  chemins  de  fer  suisses  (1913); 
Les  effets  de  la  guerre  sur  le  Budget  de  la  Suisse  et  sur  la  situation  financier -e  des  chemins 
defer  suisses  (19 15);  Le  relevement  des  tarifs  des  chemins  defer  aux  Etats-Unis  (191 5); 
La  crise  des  transports  (1920). 

The  volume  begins  with  a  short  but  pertinent  survey  on  the  history  of  the 
French  railroads.  The  second  part  is  a  description  of  their  administrative  and 
financial  organization,  dealing  separately  with  private  and  with  state-owned  lines. 
The  third  part  deals  with  the  war  period.     Laws  and  regulations  governing  the 


92  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

use  of.  the  railroads  in  the  War  are  described,  with  the  development  of  their 
organization  during  the  War  and  the  degree  to  which  pre-war  conditions  were 
reintroduced  after  the  Armistice.  The  technical  working  of  the  railroads  during 
the  War  is  surveyed  with  reference  to  personnel,  material,  fuel  and  general  econ- 
omy. A  special  section  analyzes  the  effects  of  the  War  on  the  railroads,  both 
during  the  actual  period  of  the  War  and  after  the  Armistice.  In  the  annex  are 
given  the  part  played  by  each  railroad  system  in  the  War. 

INTERNAL  WATERWAYS,   FREIGHT  TRAFFIC 
By  Georges  Pocard  de  Kerviler 

Engineer  in  Chief  of  Bridges  and  Highways;  during  the  War,  Colonel  of  Artil- 
lery, constructing  the  line  of  defense  on  Lorraine  and  Alsace  fronts,  1914-16;  1916-17, 
Chief  of  Service  of  Roads  for  1st  and  3d  Armies;  19 17,  Chief  of  Service  of  Roads 
for  8th  Army;  from  19 19  Chief  of  Central  Service  for  Navigable  Waterways  for 
France;  Croix  de  Guerre,  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor. 

In  order  to  give  a  graphic  survey  of  the  development  of  French  inland 
navigation  during  the  War,  the  study  first  describes  the  general  situation 
(waterways,  material,  traffic,  organization)  in  1914,  then  of  the  events  affecting 
it  from  August  2,  1914,  to  November  2,  19 15,  and  finally  of  developments  from 
that  date  to  the  Armistice.  Part  IV  first  deals  with  the  various  regulations 
governing  navigation  on  the  Seine — then  with  those  concerning  the  other  water- 
ways. The  results  of  the  military  exploitation  of  inland  waterways  are  dealt 
with  in  Chapter  V;  the  final  chapter  describes  the  situation  after  the  War,  and 
gives  the  new  arrangements  for  the  case  of  mobilization. 

FRENCH  MERCHANT  SHIPPING  DURING  THE  WrAR 
By  Henri  Cangardel 

Director  of  largest  combination  of  ship-owners  in  France  since  the  War;  formerly 
Director  of  Franco-American  shipping  service;  during  the  War,  Chief  of  Service  of 
Captured  Ships  at  Ministry  of  Shipping;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author 
of  various  works  on  maritime  subjects. 

This  monograph  will  not  compare  in  length  with  the  exhaustive  treatment  of 
British  shipping  planned  in  the  British  Series,  but  it  deals  both  historically  and 
statistically  with  a  subject  which  is  nevertheless  of  vital  interest  to  France. 

FRENCH   PORTS  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Georges  Hersent 

Bachelier  es  Sciences;  Contractor  of  Public  and  Maritime  Works;  director  of 
many  industrial  undertakings;  member  of  Conseil  Superieur  de  l'Enseignement 
Technique;  of  Ligue  Maritime  Francaise  (President  of  Section  de  l'Outillage  Na- 
tional); of  the  Academie  de  Marine,  etc.;  frequent  Lecturer  at  the  Sorbonne,  at 
the  Geographical  Society,  etc.;  recipient  of  Prix  Fabien  (Academie  Francaise),  1918. 
Author  of  he  nouveau  regime  d'autonomie  de  nos  ports;  La  mise  au  point  de  notre 
outillage  maritime  (1920);  etc. 


FRENCH   SERIES  93 

The  introductory  chapter  gives  the  historical  development  of  French  ports 
during  the  last  century;  their  classification  according  to  importance  and  character 
of  their  traffic;  a  general  survey  of  their  situation  in  19 14;  and  a  more  detailed 
description  of  the  ports  which  played  a  special  part  in  the  War.  The  second 
part  describes  the  peculiar  character  and  needs  of  war-time  traffic.  How  the 
ports  adapted,  or  failed  to  adapt,  themselves  to  those  needs  is  the  subject  of 
Chapter  III,  which  also  refers  to  inter-Allied  cooperation  and  contains  short 
monographs  on  the  activity  of  the  principal  ports  during  the  War.  The  effects 
of  the  War  on  the  French  ports  and  mercantile  marine  are  discussed  in  the  last 
chapter:  the  crisis  in  shipping,  the  difficult  after- war  problems,  the  works  con- 
templated and  future  prospects. 


GENERAL  EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  ON  FRENCH  FOREIGN  TRADE 

By  Professor  Charles  Rist 

Member  of  French  Editorial  Board 

The  interruption  of  foreign  trade  during  the  period  of  the  War  and  the 
great  changes  it  suffered  during  that  period,  first,  in  its  composition,  and,  secondly, 
in  its  geographical  direction,  raise  a  number  of  interesting  economic  questions. 
Were  those  changes  incidental  or  have  they  permanently  affected  the  character 
of  French  foreign  trade?  France  passed  (wrongly,  the  writer  thinks)  for  being 
largely  self-sufficient;  has  the  War  strengthened  that  economic  autonomy,  or 
has  it  made  France  more  dependent  on  other  countries?  Finally,  what  has  been 
the  general  effect  of  war  policy,  war  legislation  and  war  administration  (discussed 
in  detail  in  other  volumes  of  the  series)  on  French  foreign  trade?  Professor 
Rist's  volume  is  an  attempt  to  elucidate  these  problems.  The  first  part  analyzes 
French  pre-war  trade  in  its  composition  and  geographical  distribution ;  it  also  dis- 
cusses the  question  of  French  "self-sufficiency"  before  the  War.  In  the  second 
part  the  same  general  aspects  of  the  subject  are  studied  during  the  period  of  the 
War.  The  final  part  deals  with  the  period  after  the  Armistice.  After  giving  a 
summary  of  the  new  commercial  policy  bequeathed  by  the  War,  it  indicates  to 
what  extent  foreign  trade  tends  to  return  to  its  former  conditions.  The  changes 
in  geographical  distribution  are  examined  with  their  causes:  are  they  due  to  the 
country's  economic  policy  or  to  a  new  economic  situation?  In  conclusion  the 
author  sums  up  the  lessons  of  his  study  by  inquiring  whether  war  can  permanently 
affect  foreign  trade.  He  also  discusses  the  corollary  question  whether  it  is  possi- 
ble to  organize  foreign  trade  with  an  eye  on  national  defense,  or  whether,  on  the 
contrary,  national  defense  must  be  adapted  to  the  natural  course  of  commercial 
exchanges  in  the  same  way  in  which  it  is  adapted  to  the  geographical  conditions 
of  the  country.  He  ends  by  showing  the  extent  to  which  trade  facts  point  to  a 
development  of  international  economic  cooperation. 


94  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD   WAR 

THE   BLOCKADE 
By  J.  E.  P.  Gout 
(With  a  Preface  by  the  late  M.  Denys-Cochin) 
Member  of  French  Foreign  Office  since  1891;  after  service  in  the  Near  East,  ap- 
pointed Under  Director  of  Commercial  Affairs,  1907;  Under  Director  for  the  Levant 
in  1909;  Under  Director  for  Asia,  1914;  in  this  capacity  in  charge  of  questions  of 
maritime  law,  contraband  and  restriction  of  enemy  goods  from  the  beginning  of 
the  War;  Director  of  the  Services  of  the  Under  Secretary  for  the  Blockade,  19 16-17; 
at  present  Chief  of  French  Division  of  Foreign  Office  for  League  of  Nations;  Officer 
of  Legion  of  Honor;  Minister  plenipotentiary,  first  class  Minister. 

The  late  M.  Denys-Cochin's  general  sketch  for  the  volume  which  he  was  to 
write  is  here  used  as  a  preface.  The  volume  gives  a  historical  survey  of  the  block- 
ade measures  taken  by  France,  in  conjunction  with  her  Allies,  during  the  War. 
To  the  more  negative  action  of  stopping  war  contraband  were  gradually  added 
various  attempts  to  bring  about  a  general  economic  and  financial  blockade  of  the 
enemy  countries.  Reasons,  means  and  effects  are  analyzed  in  detail,  with  a 
special  chapter  on  the  effects  of  the  development  of  submarine  warfare  on  blockade 
measures. 

Another  chapter  deals  with  the  various  ways  in  which  the  neutrals  were 
drawn  into  the  blockade  system.  In  conclusion  the  volume  suggests  a  number 
of  rules  that  should  be  recommended  to  the  League  of  Nations  for  the  application 
of  Article  16  of  the  Covenant. 

The  volume  contains  different  sections  by  various  authors  who  have  col- 
laborated with  M.  Gofit  in  its  preparation. 

THE   WAR  AND   FRENCH    COMMERCIAL   POLICY 
By  £tienne  Clementel 

Minister  for  Civil  Supplies,  November,  1915-December,  1916;  Minister  of  Agri- 
culture and  Minister  of  Labor,  1916-17;  Minister  of  Shipping,  1917-19;  Minister  of 
Posts  and  Telegraphs,  19 15-19;  Minister  of  Commerce,  19 15-19;  President  of  Eco- 
nomic Committees  for  the  Treaties  of  Versailles,  Neuilly  and  Saint  Germain;  chief 
French  delegate  on  Supreme  Economic  Council;  Senator;  President  of  International 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  etc.  From  the  important  and  responsible  posts  which  he  oc- 
cupied both  in  the  French  Government  and  in  inter-allied  administrative  bodies,  M. 
Clementel  is  in  a  unique  position  to  give  authoritative  documentary  and  personal 
narrative;  perhaps  no  other  statesman  saw  more  of  the  economic  aspects  of  the  World 
War. 

This  is  a  series  of  studies,  planned  to  cover  the  entire  history  of  French 
commercial  policy  through  the  War  and  reconstruction.  The  first  section  will 
deal  especially  with  inter-Allied  economic  cooperation  so  far  as  it  affected  France. 
Beginning  with  the  period  of  separate  action,  August,  1914,  to  November,  1915, 
it  traces  those  elements  in  the  situation  which  led  to  inter- Allied  accord.  The 
Conference  of  June,  1916,  the  creation  of  the  Wheat  Executive,  and  the  contempo- 
rary pressure  of  the  submarine  warfare  are  then  traced  down  to  the  final  French 


FRENCH   SERIES  95 

projects  and  the  attitude  of  America.  The  decisions  of  the  Council  of  Ten, 
activity  of  the  Supreme  Council,  etc.,  and  the  bearing  of  these  upon  reparations. 
The  second  section  deals  with  the  role  of  the  executive  in  war  in  the  erection 
of  various  controls ;  the  way  these  were  created  in  France  and  the  way  they  worked. 
An  important  section  deals  with  the  history  of  consortiums. 

WAR   FINANCES 
By  Henri  Truchy 

Professor  of  Political  Economy,  Faculty  of  Law,  University  of  Paris;  Professor 
of  Ecole  des  Hautes  fitudes  Commerciales;  member  of  Advisory  Committee  on  the 
Teaching  of  Law;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author  of  a  Cours  d'economie  poli- 
tique (2  vols.,  1919-21);  and  of  numerous  review  articles. 

As  an  introduction  the  volume  describes  the  French  public  finance  before 
the  War:  budgets,  taxation,  public  debt.  The  first  chapter  takes  up  the  story 
of  the  War  with  a  description  of  the  rapid  growth  of  expenditure,  and  its  general 
and  special  reasons.  The  second  and  third  parts  deal  with  the  various  means 
adopted  for  covering  that  expenditure:  at  home,  assistance  of  Bank  of  France, 
creation  of  Treasury  bonds,  funding  loans,  etc.,  with  their  results  and  effects; 
abroad,  foreign  loans  and  the  various  methods  used  in  handling  them.  The 
changes  introduced  for  the  purpose  in  French  taxation  policy  are  described  in 
detail,  with  tables  (by  periods)  of  the  results  obtained  from  new  taxes  or  from 
the  modification  of  old  taxes.  The  last  part  is  a  summary  and  general  survey  of 
the  means  used  by  France  to  finance  the  War,  with  a  comparison  with  other 
belligerents.  It  analyzes  the  financial  situation  left  by  the  War,  the  problem  of 
balancing  the  budget,  and  the  question  of  reparations. 

THE  MONEY   MARKET  AND   FRENCH   BANKS 

By  Albert  Aupetit 

General  Secretary  of  Bank  of  France;  although  serving  for  some  months  at  the 
front  from  the  beginning  of  the  War,  the  author  has  assisted  at  the  solution  of  all 
major  banking  problems  which  were  posed  during  that  period. 

This  monograph  is  one  of  a  series  of  technical  studies  devoted  to  the  details 
of  French  war  financing.  A  comparison  of  this  study  with  similar  studies  in 
other  series  will  be  of  the  greatest  interest  in  forming  a  judgment  concerning 
the  administration  of  war-time  finance,  and  bears  directly  upon  the  fundamental 
problem  of  the  series:  the  question  of  war  costs  as  a  whole. 

WAR   COSTS:   DIRECT   EXPENSES 
By  Gaston  Jeze 

Professor  of  Administrative  Law  (specially  Finance),  Paris,  since  1918;  19 16-19 
at  Ministry  of  Munitions;  Reporter  for  Commission  of  Contracts;  in  1919  at  Min- 
istry for  Invaded  Regions;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor;  Officer  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion; Commander  of  Order  of  the  Saviour  of  Greece;  Editor  of  the  Bibliotheque 


96  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

Internationale  de  Science  et  de  Legislation  financier e.  Author  of  Cours  elementaire  de 
science  des  finances  et  de  legislation  financiere,  and  Traite  de  science  des  finances;  also 
numerous  articles. 

The  introduction  points  out  the  difficulties  of  determining  the  amount  of 
government  war  expenditures  and  analyzes  the  figures  given.  The  volume  then 
deals  with  the  various  factors  which  made  the  War  so  costly;  the  economic 
character  of  the  War  and  the  resulting  rise  in  prices ;  weakening  of  control ;  waste ; 
war  profiteers,  etc.  In  the  second  part  the  author  describes  the  changes  which 
occurred  during  the  War  in  the  constitutional  machinery  for  the  provision  of 
public  money.     General  effects  are  analyzed  in  the  conclusion. 


COST  OF  THE  WAR  TO   FRANCE 

By  Professor  Charles  Gide 

Chairman  of  French  Editorial  Board. 

The  volume  estimates  the  reduction  in  wealth  which  the  War  has  caused 
to  France.  Public  expenditure  only  enters  into  the  cost  of  war  in  so  far  as 
it  represents  a  real  destruction  of  wealth;  all  the  waste  on  the  battlefield  in 
iron,  copper,  coal,  cotton,  horses,  etc.;  all  the  damage  inflicted  on  railways, 
shipping,  houses,  and  on  the  soil  itself.  The  cost  of  the  War  must  also  include 
the  diminution  in  the  capital  value  invested  abroad,  and  inversely  the  increase 
in  obligations  towards  foreign  countries.  And,  however  difficult  to  estimate 
in  terms  of  money,  such  a  survey  must  include  in  the  war  cost  the  human  losses. 
On  the  other  side  of  the  balance  sheet  are  figured  Alsace-Lorraine,  the  German 
colonies,  reparations,  and  certain  technical  improvements  achieved  in  industry 
under  the  stress  of  war.  To  complete  the  picture,  an  attempt  is  made  to  draw 
up  a  moral  balance  sheet,  examining  on  the  one  side  the  moral  deterioration 
caused  by  the  War  (increase  in  criminality,  in  sexual  excesses,  in  luxury),  and 
on  the  other  side  the  contention  that  the  War  has  released  new  energies,  that  "the 
War  creates  more  man-power  than  it  destroys." 

COOPERATIVE  SOCIETIES  AND  THE  STRUGGLE  AGAINST 

HIGH   PRICES 
By  Professor  Charles  Gide 

Chairman  of  French  Editorial  Board. 

Where  public  authorities  often  failed  in  their  struggle  against  the  high 
cost  of  living,  private  organizations  have  in  many  respects  achieved  remarkable 
success.  Professor  Gide  describes  in  the  first  part  the  activity  of  consumers' 
cooperatives  in  keeping  down  the  cost  of  living  and  in  helping  the  government 
with  the  work  of  supply.  The  second  part  describes  the  experiment  with  con- 
sumers' leagues.  Without  undertaking  any  economic  activity  on  their  own 
account,  they  attempted  by  pressure  and  even  boycott  to  keep  down  the  price 


FRENCH   SERIES  97 

of  necessaries.  But  they  failed  to  find  adequate  support  among  the  public. 
The  third  part  deals  with  the  societies  formed  to  inculcate  economy.  The 
conclusion  of  the  writer  is  that  in  France  they  failed  to  achieve  the  results  ob- 
tained by  similar  organizations  in  England. 

HOUSING   PROBLEMS  AND  TOWN   LIFE 
By  Henri  Sellier 

Author  of  the  volume  on  Paris  during  the  War. 

The  effect  of  the  War  upon  housing  conditions  offers  one  of  the  most  striking 
instances  of  economic  disturbance.  This  monograph  is  a  study  of  these  phenom- 
ena in  France,  covering  the  post-war  period  as  well,  the  movements  of  population 
and  French  needs. 

PUBLIC   HEALTH   AND  HYGIENE 
By  Dr.  Leon  Bernard 

Professor  of  Hygiene,  Faculty  of  Medicine,  Paris;  member  of  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine; Technical  Sanitary  Adviser  for  Ministry  of  Health;  member  of  Conseil  Supe- 
rieur  d'Hygiene  Publique  and  of  Conseil  Departemental  d'Hygiene  de  la  Seine; 
President  of  Commission  des  Dispensaires  de  l'Office  Public;  General  Secretary 
of  National  Anti-Tuberculosis  Committee;  member  of  Committee  on  Public  Health 
of  Society  of  Nations;  during  the  War  physician-in-chief  of  Hospital  for  Conta- 
gious Diseases;  Technical  Assistant  to  Director  of  Health  for  Camp  of  Paris,  19 16; 
Inspector  for  Ministry  of  Interior  of  anti-tubercular  establishments;  Croix  de 
Guerre;  Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

The  volume  begins  with  a  historical  summary  of  the  diseases  of  previous 
wars.  It  then  gives  a  general  description  of  health  characteristics  of  the  Euro- 
pean War;  war  diseases;  diseases  favored  by  the  War;  diseases  imported  by  the 
War;  measures  of  defense.  Chapters  III  and  IV  deal  with  the  various  infectious 
diseases.  In  Chapter  V  are  discussed  epidemic  diseases  and  the  measures  taken 
for  the  closing  of  the  frontiers  against  them.  Special  chapters  are  devoted  to 
the  nervous  diseases  of  the  War;  to  alcoholism;  to  infantile  mortality.  The 
concluding  chapter  analyzes  the  consequences  of  the  War  on  public  health,  the 
modification  in  pathology  and  in  "sanitary  defense." 

THE  WOUNDED 
By  Professor  Rene  Cassin 

Professor  in  University  of  Lille;  President  of  Federal  Union  of  Associations  of 
War  Wounded,  Former  Combatants,  Widows,  Orphans  and  Dependents  (73  fed- 
erations and  over  400,000  adherents);  member  of  Office  National  des  Mutil6s; 
Secretary  General  of  Federation  Interalliee  des  Invalides  de  Guerre;  French  expert  of 
International  Bureau  of  Labor  for  questions  dealing  with  war  invalidism;  member 
of  Executive  Commission  of  French  Association  for  League  of  Nations;  French 


98  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

delegate  at  various  International  Conferences  for  the  Protection  of  Wounded 
Soldiers,  and  author  of  numerous  studies  dealing  with  these  subjects;  severely 
wounded  in  the  War;  Croix  de  Guerre,  Medaille  Militaire  and  Legion  of  Honor; 

and 
M.  Marcel  de  Ville-Chabrolle 

Member  of  the  Office  National  des  M utiles  et  Reformes  de  la  Guerre  and  of 
various  commissions  and  conferences  connected  therewith;  Secretary  of  Conseil 
Superieur  de  Statistique;  authority  on  Social  Statistics;  author  of  many  mono- 
graphs relating  to  this  subject;  seriously  wounded  in  the  War;  Croix  de  Guerre, 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  Officier  d'Academie. 

This  monograph  begins  with  a  statistical  survey  of  the  victims  of  the  War  and 
of  the  financial  problems  involved,  both  national  and  individual.  It  then  de- 
scribes the  organizations,  governmental  and  otherwise,  which  deal  with  the 
problem,  the  legal  situation  is  analyzed  in  detail  and  then  the  medical  and  social. 
A  section  deals  with  the  problem  of  reeducation,  both  of  the  wounded  and  of 
their  dependents.  Problems  of  labor  are  discussed  in  connection  with  various 
schemes  for  advancing  capital  by  way  of  credits  and,  finally,  a  section  deals  with 
the  whole  problem  of  social  insurance  as  affected  by  various  classes  of  war  invalids. 
A  general  conclusion  follows. 

HISTORY  OF   FRENCH   CITIES   IN  THE  WAR 
Monographs  describing  the  organization  and  work  of  a  number  of  important 
provincial  centers  in  dealing  with  the  problems  raised  by  the  War,  and  the  local 
social  history. 

The  History  of  Lyons  during  the  War 
By  Edouard  Herriot 

Docteur  es  lettres;  Mayor  of  Lyons  since  1905;  Senator,  1912-19;  Deputy  since 
1919;  President  of  Radical  Party  since  1919;  has  filled  important  posts,  both  ad- 
ministrative and  diplomatic;  has  played  a  unique  r61e  in  French  political  and  eco- 
nomic history;  Prizeman  of  the  Institute,  Paris  (1896).  Has  published  a  number 
of  volumes,  philosophical  and  literary  as  well  as  economic,  among  which  may  be 
noted  Agir  and  Creer  (2  vols.). 

The  Economic  History  of  Rouen  during  the  War 
By  J.  Levainville 

Bachelier  es  sciences  et  esl  ettres;  member  of  Commission  of  Port  of  Brest  during 
the  War;  Croix  de  Guerre;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author  of  History  of 
Rouen  and  of  various  articles  on  economic  topics,  etc. 

The  Economic  History  of  Bordeaux 
By  Paul  Courteault 

Professor  of  History  in  University  of  Bordeaux;  Docteur  es  lettres,  etc.;  member 
of  Academy  of  Science,  Belles-Lettres  et  Arts  of  Bordeaux;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of 
Honor.  Author  of  various  works  dealing  mainly  with  the  history  of  Bordeaux  and 
southern  France. 


FRENCH    SERIES  99 

The  City  of  Bourges  during  the  War 
By  Claude-Joseph  Gignoux 

Attached  to  Economic  Commission  of  the  Peace  Conference,  19 19;  charged  with 
missions  by  French  Government  to  Supreme  Economic  Council,  London,  Rome, 
Paris,  1919-20;  Inter-Allied  Rhineland  Commission,  1920-21;  International  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  192 1;  member  of  French  delegation  at  the  Conference  of  Portorose; 
Chief  of  Service  of  Inter- Allied  Organization  at  French  Ministry  of  Commerce  and 
Industry  1920-21 ;  Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor.  Author  of  U arsenal  de  Roanne  et 
I'etat  industriel  de  guerre  and  articles  in  reviews. 

The  Economic  and  Social  History  of  Tours 
By  Michel  L'heritier 

Docteur  es  lettres;  formerly  professor  in  the  Lycee  of  Tours  and  at  the  Institut 
d'Etudes  francaises  de  Touraine;  during  the  War  administrative  officer  of  the  Red 
Cross;  since  1919  on  various  missions;  representing  French  intellectual  interests  at 
Vienna,  and  collaborating  with  M.  Driault  on  a  diplomatic  history  of  East  European 
States,  especially  Greece;  laureate  of  the  Institut.  Author  of  important  studies  on 
the  administration  of  France  in  the  eighteenth  century;  the  recent  history  of  Greece; 
Vienna  since  the  war;  Tours  and  the  economic  problems  of  Touraine; 

and 
Camille  Chautemps 

Mayor  of  Tours;  deputy  from  the  Indre-et-Loire;  vice  president  of  the  Radical 
Party;  during  the  War  acting  mayor  of  Tours  (a  city  of  especial  interest  owing  to  the 
American  occupation);  elected  mayor  and  deputy  in  1919.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
proposition  for  a  reform  in  the  laws  on  hygiene  and  in  municipal  administration. 

Marseilles  during  the  War 
By  Paul  Masson 

Professor  of  economic  history  at  University  of  Aix-Marseille;  docteur  es  lettres; 
a  founder  and  director  since  1916  of  colonial  school  at  Marseilles;  President  of 
Societe  de  Geographie  et  d'Etudes  Coloniales;  corresponding  member  of  Academy 
of  Moral  and  Political  Sciences;  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  Author  of 
important  works  on  Marseilles  and  the  French  colonial  movement. 

Paris  during  the  War 

The  Organization  of  its  Economic  Life 

By  Henri  Sellier 

Conseiller  general  of  Department  of  the  Seine;  Mayor  of  Suresnes;  specialist  in 
questions  of  housing,  city  planning,  etc. 

The  economic  life  of  Paris  during  the  War  is  a  theme  of  special  interest. 
This  study  begins  with  a  survey  of  Parisian  industries,  the  adaptation  of  factories 
for  war  purposes,  the  transformation  in  the  conditions  of  labor,  and  the  peace- 
time readjustment.  It  then  describes  the  organization  of  supply,  the  measures, 
both  private  and  official,  for  dealing  with  rising  prices,  the  local  markets,  etc. 
After  a  short  account  of  urban  transportation  problems  the  volume  closes  with 
a  descriptive  account  of  conditions  among  the  laboring  class. 


100  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

THE  COLONIES 
By  Arthur  Girault 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  Faculty  of  Law,  University  of  Poitiers,  1899; 
vice  president  of  Colonial  International  Institute;  member  of  Superior  Council  for 
Colonies,  1921;  recognized  authority  on  French  colonial  problems;  Chevalier  of 
Legion  of  Honor;  Officer  of  Public  Instruction. 

The  volume  is  divided  in  chapters  dealing  respectively  with  Indo-China, 
Madagascar,  East  and  West  French  Africa,  and  the  smaller  colonies.  With 
regard  to  each  of  them  the  author  describes  the  political  situation,  the  eco- 
nomic situation,  the  economic  and  financial  evolution  during  the  War,  and  the 
contributions  made  by  them  to  the  defense  of  France  in  men,  food-stuffs,  raw 
materials,  capital.  The  concluding  chapter  sums  up  these  developments  and 
services  and  analyzes  the  influence  which  they  exercise  on  the  new  colonial  policy 
of  France. 

ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  NORTHERN  AFRICA  IN  THE 

WAR 
By  Augustin  Bernard 

Docteur  es  lettres;  Professor  in  Faculty  of  Arts,  Algiers,  1894-1900;  since  1902 
Professor  of  Geography  and  Colonization  of  Northern  Africa,  Faculty  of  Arts,  Paris; 
Professor  at  Colonial  School;  entrusted  with  various  missions  in  Morocco  and 
Algeria;  during  the  War  attached  to  M.  Jonnart,  General  Governor  of  Algeria;  and 
to  General  Lyautey,  French  High  Commissary  at  Rabat,  etc.  Publications: 
VAlgerie  (1908);  Les  Confins  Algeriens-Marocains  (191 1);  received  prize  from  the 
Institut  and  from  the  Geographical  Society,  Paris;  Le  Maroc  (1913);  etc,  as  well  as 
many  papers  on  geographical  and  sociological  subjects. 

The  introductory  chapter  is  a  political,  social  and  economic  survey  of  North- 
ern Africa  on  the  eve  of  the  War.  Follows  a  detailed  description  of  events 
during  the  War  in  Algeria,  Tunis  and  Morocco,  with  their  effects  on  the  life 
of  the  country  and  the  spirit  of  the  population.  A  special  chapter  describes 
the  help  received  in  the  War  by  France  from  her  North  African  colonies.  In 
conclusion  the  volume  describes  the  situation  in  that  region  after  the  War; 
worse  economic  conditions;  the  state  of  mind  of  settlers  and  natives,  the  results 
of  the  census  of  192 1;  the  decline  in  the  number  of  European  settlers,  and  the 
prospects  of  the  future.  In  an  appendix  are  given  the  census  of  191 1  and  1921 ; 
trade  statistics  for  1913-21;  and  the  law  of  191 9  for  the  enfranchisement  of 
natives. 

ALSACE-LORRAINE 
By  Georges  Delahache 

Licencie  es  lettres;  Director  of  Archives  and  of  Public  Library  of  Strasburg;  at- 
tached, January-November,  19 18,  to  Bureau  for  Alsace-Lorraine  of  French  Cabinet; 
November,  1918-May,  1919,  General  Secretary  of  Commissary  of  Republic  in 
Strasburg.      Chevalier  of  Legion  of  Honor;  Officer  of  Public  Instruction;  Prizeman 


GERMAN   SERIES  10 1 

of  Academie  Francaise,  of  Academie  des  Sciences  Morales  et  Politiques,  etc.  A  well- 
known  writer  on  Alsatian  subjects;  among  his  works  may  be  noted  Petite  histoire  de 
V Alsace-Lorraine  (191 8);  Strasbourg,  IQ18-IQ20  (1920);  Les  debuts  de  V administration 
jranqaise  en  Alsace  et  en  Lorraine  (1921);  etc. 

The  first  part  of  the  volume  is  a  historical  and  sociological  survey  of  the 
country.  The  second  part  deals  with  economics  showing  the  disorganization 
brought  into  economic  life  by  the  war  of  1870.  Passing  to  the  European  War 
the  volume  describes  the  various  economic  phases  and  how  in  the  end  the  result 
was  a  general  economic  depression.  The  last  chapter  describes  the  political 
situation  and  the  state  of  mind  of  the  various  sections  of  the  population. 

GERMAN  SERIES 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  SURVEY  OF  GERMAN  LITERATURE  FOR  THE 
ECONOMIC  HISTORY  OF  THE  WAR 

By  Professor  Dr.  A.  Mendelssohn  Bartholdy 
Member  of  the  German  Editorial  Board; 

and 

Dr.  E.  Rosenbaum 
Head  Librarian,  Commerzbibliothek,  Hamburg;  author  of  A  Commentary  to  the 
Treaty  of  Versailles]  Coeditor  of  Archiv  der  Friedensvertrdge  and  Wirtschaftsdienst. 

with  a  supplementary  section  on 
The  Imperial  German  Archives 

By  Dr.  E.  F.  C.  Musebeck 

Assistant  archivist  at  Zerbst,  Marburg,  Breslau,  and  Schleswig  1 897-1900;  at  Metz 
1900-1906;  archivist  at  Marburg  1906-1908;  at  Berlin  since  1908;  Director  of  the 
German  Reichsarchiv  since  its  foundation  in  1920.  Author  of  E.  M.  Arndt,  ein 
Lebensbild,  vol.  i  (1913);  Gold  gab  ichfiir  Eisen,  Deutschlands  Schmach  und  Erhebung 
1806-1815  (1913);  Das  preussische  Kultusministerium  vor  hundert  Jahren  (1918). 

A  guide  to  German  literature  on  social  and  economic  conditions  during  the 
War,  and  on  the  effects  of  the  War  during  the  period  of  reconstruction.  This  vol- 
ume will  serve  as  a  bibliographical  manual  dealing  with  most  of  the  subjects 
treated  in  the  German  Series.  A  short  summary  of  the  contents  of  each  volume  is 
given  in  some,  but  not  all  of  the  entries. 

THE  EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  THE  GOVERNMENT  AND  CON- 
STITUTION OF  GERMANY 

1 .  The  War  Government  of  Germany 

By  Professor  Dr.  A.  Mendelssohn  Bartholdy 

This  work  is  intended  to  describe  the  changes  wrought  by  the  War  in  the 
government  and  administration  of  the  Reich  and  the  Lander,  without  a  knowledge 


102  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

of  which  the  whole  economic  system  of  war-time  Germany  can  not  be  set  forth 
historically.  It  will  deal  particularly  with  the  three  great  conflicts  involved  in 
those  changes,  viz. :  the  conflict  of  the  central  Imperial  authority  with  the  powers 
of  sovereignty  left  to  the  States,  especially  in  the  case  of  Prussia  and  Bavaria;  the 
conflict  about  the  delimitation  of  civil  and  military  power;  and  finally  the  conflict 
between  the  old  bureaucratic  order  and  the  growing  influences  of  the  great  trusts 
and  federations  of  industry,  trade  and  agriculture  on  the  political  administration 
during  the  War  and  following  years. 

2.  The  Political  Administration  of  Occupied  Territories 

A.  NORTHEASTERN  TERRITORY 

By  Freiherr  W.  M.  E.  von  Gayl 

High  Commissioner  to  the  Council  of  the  Empire  for  East  Prussia;  director  of 
East  Prussian  Land  Society  (Agrarian  Reform  movement)  and  lecturer  on  Land  Re- 
form, University  of  Konigsberg  1910-1914;  chief  of  Political  Department  of  the 
High  Command  of  the  East;  chief  of  war-time  administration  in  Lithuania. 

B.  THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  WARSAW 

By  Dr.  W.  von  Kries 

Landrat,  Filehne,  since  1903;  Wirklicher  Geheimer  Rat;  during  the  War,  chief  of 
Administrative  Department,  High  Command  of  the  East;  chief  of  administration  of 
the  general  Government  of  Warsaw  1915-1917;  Vice  President  (Deputy  Speaker)  of 
Prussian  Diet;  Member  of  the  Reichstag. 

C.  BELGIUM 

By  Dr.  L.  F.  von  Kohler 

Minister  of  State,  Wurttemberg;  Professor  of  Public  Law,  Tubingen  University; 
chief  of  Department  for  Commerce  and  Industry  of  the  general  Government  of  Bel- 
gium from  19 1 5-19 1 8.  Author  of  several  works  on  state  insurance  and  the  law  of 
public  administration. 

These  monographs  will  appear  as  complementary  studies  to  Professor  Men- 
delssohn Bartholdy's  work  on  War  Government.  They  describe  the  guiding  prin- 
ciples as  well  as  the  practical  working  of  the  political  administration  of  the  occu- 
pied territories.  In  these  studies  it  has  been  possible  to  draw  upon  the  experience 
of  the  chief  officials  charged  with  the  administration  in  the  East  and  of  a  member 
of  the  Belgian  administration  who,  without  being  himself  responsible  for  the  Ger- 
man government  in  Belgium,  had  access  to  all  the  important  facts,  and  is  a  high 
authority  in  administrative  law.  The  study  will  contain  a  description  of  the 
administration  of  Lithuania,  Esthonia  and  Latvia,  in  the  period  following  the 
War,  up  to  the  evacuation. 

A  similar  series  of  studies  is  also  planned  to  deal  with  the  economic  exploita- 
tion of  the  occupied  territories,  partly  by  the  same  authors,  partly  by  others 
equally  well  placed  to  contribute  to  this  fundamental  section  of  the  Economic 
History  of  the  War. 


GERMAN   SERIES  IO3 

THE  EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  MORALS  AND   RELIGION 

A  Series  of  Studies 

1 .  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Morals 

By  Professor  Dr.  Otto  Baumgarten 

Chairman  of  the  Social  Evangelical  Congress;  Professor  of  Theology,  University  of 
Kiel  since  1894;  member  of  Imperial  Conference  on  Education,  1920;  founder  and 
editor  of  Evangelisch-soziale  Zeitfragen;  editor  of  Monatsschrift  fur  praktische  theologie 
and  of  Die  Religion  in  Geschichte  und  Gegenwart,  1903-1913;  author  of  numerous 
works  on  theology,  political  science  and  sociology,  among  them  Politik  und  Moral 
(1916);  Erziehungsaufgaben  des  neuen  Deutschland  (1917);  Christentum  und  Weltkrieg 
(19 1 8);  Die  Bergpredigt  und  die  Kultur  der  Gegenwart  (1920);  Der  Aufbau  der  Volk- 
skirche  (192 1). 

In  so  highly  organized  a  state  as  Germany,  and  especially  in  view  of  post-war 
circumstances,  there  is  naturally  a  danger  of  the  economic  history  becoming  too 
largely  one  of  economic  officialdom  and  a  discussion  of  technical  problems.  Hence 
these  studies  on  the  effect  of  war  upon  the  fundamental  beliefs  and  attitudes  as 
shown  in  the  life  of  the  individual  citizen.  Only  by  understanding  the  changes 
brought  about  by  the  War  in  the  conception  of  the  state  and  of  the  duties  of  the 
citizen  as  well  as  of  the  man  towards  his  neighbor,  can  the  changes  wrought  in  the 
economic  and  social  conditions  of  the  nation  be  properly  appreciated. 

Professor  Baumgarten's  monograph  describes  the  effect  of  the  War  on  the 
morals  of  the  people,  differentiating  between  the  effects  shown  during  the  first 
years  of  the  War  and  the  effects  of  losing  the  War,  and  though  it  is  not  possible 
to  draw  a  clear  line  between  the  results  of  the  War  by  themselves  and  of  the  condi- 
tions following  the  treaty  of  peace,  an  effort  will  be  made  to  distinguish  war  effects 
proper  and  after- war  phenomena.  The  first  section  of  the  book  deals  with  the 
general  effects  of  the  War  on  the  spiritual  life  of  the  nation  as  shown  in  the  bru- 
talizing of  feeling  and  instinct,  the  reenforcement  of  all  tendencies  to  put  self- 
preservation  and  masterfulness  before  helpfulness  and  charity,  the  shattering  of 
solidarity  and  the  general  weakening  of  sound  sexual  instincts  and  rules  of  life. 
In  the  second  section  the  author  deals  with  the  effects  upon  the  relation  between 
individuals  or  groups  of  individuals  and  the  nation,  and  upon  the  relation  be- 
tween older  and  younger  generations,  individuals  reverting  from  the  ideals  of 
humanity  to  the  barbaric  exclusiveness  of  clan,  group,  party  or  trade  federation; 
the  new  self-centered  youth  movement  opposing  itself  to  the  State  protection  of 
youthful  people  and  denying  any  obligation  of  respect  and  piety  towards  their 
elders  and  teachers;  the  weakening  of  the  sense  of  responsibility  towards  the  com- 
ing generation;  decline  in  savings  for  children;  loose  marriages,  etc.  Both  the 
first  and  the  second  section  will  be  supported  in  their  conclusions  by  statistics: 
sexual  offenses,  divorce,  childless  marriages  and  reduction  of  birth-rate,  illicit 
practices,  bad  housing.  In  the  third  part  Professor  Baumgarten  describes  the 
effect  of  these  war  and  post-war  conditions  upon  the  relations  to  other  nations: 
the  spread  of  the  belief  that  there  can  be  no  peaceful  development  of  international 


104  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

life,  that  the  relations  of  peoples  are  not  regulated  by  reasonable  laws  but  that 
sacro  egoismo  must  govern  the  foreign  policy  of  a  self-esteeming  people,  and  the 
intensifying  of  the  revanche  idea  beneath  a  thin  varnish  of  enforced  pacifism,  of 
powerlessness  without  ethic  foundations. 

2.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Religion 

By  Professor  Dr.  Erich  Fcerster 

Professor  at  University  of  Frankfurt,  and  distinguished  Protestant  theologian. 
Author  of  standard  works  both  theological  and  ethical; 

and 

Professor  Dr.  Arnold  Rademacher 

Professor  of  Theology  at  the  University  of  Bonn.  A  representative  Catholic 
theologian  and  publicist.  Author  of  works  on  morals  and  religion  and  of  the  relation 
of  the  Catholic  Church  to  war  problems. 

In  these  two  studies,  the  one  by  a  Protestant  and  the  other  by  a  Catholic 
writer,  an  attempt  is  made  to  estimate  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  the  religious 
life  of  Germany. 

Professor  Fcerster's  study  is  planned  in  two  main  divisions,  the  first  part  deal- 
ing with  the  church  as  a  contributing  element  to  the  national  idealism  which  ac- 
cepted participation  in  the  War  as  a  patriotic  duty.  It  deals  therefore  mainly 
with  the  church's  contribution  to  national  demands.  The  second  part  is  devoted 
to  the  obverse  of  this  picture — the  effect  of  the  War  upon  the  church  with  reference 
to  its  form  and  content  and  the  changed  attitude  of  the  people  towards  cult, 
clergy  and  religious  outlook  generally. 

Professor  Rademacher's  monograph  deals  similarly  in  the  first  part  with  the 
manifestations  of  religious  life  both  at  home  and  in  the  army  during  the  first  phases 
of  the  War,  the  peculiar  nature  of  war-time  religious  literature,  the  religious  out- 
look in  soldiers'  letters,  the  development  of  superstition,  etc.,  and  the  peculiar 
difficulties  of  religious  ministration  in  war-time.  The  social  activities  of  the 
church  are  then  outlined,  especially  the  efforts  to  organize  movements  of  the 
young.  A  concluding  section  deals  with  the  effect  of  the  War  upon  theologians 
and  theology  and  the  situation  of  Catholicism  in  post-war  Germany. 

3.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Young 
By  Dr.  Wilhelm  Flitner 

Docent  at  the  University  of  Jena;  Principal  of  Volkshochschule  of  Jena.  Author 
of  several  recent  works  dealing  with  the  development  of  secular  education  in  Ger- 
many, and  an  authoritative  observer  of  the  Jugendbewegund. 

The  War  came  at  a  time  when  the  German  educational  system  was  adjusting 
itself  to  new  tendencies,  manifested  most  definitely  in  the  movement  of  German 
youth  for  freedom  from  traditional  restraints.  The  effect  of  the  War  itself  must 
therefore  be  measured  against  this  background.     The  monograph  proceeds  to  deal 


GERMAN   SERIES  105 

with  this  problem  upon  the  basis  of  a  careful  statistical  survey.  It  then  describes 
the  new  interests  in  politics,  the  results  in  education  of  the  social  revolution  due 
to  the  War,  cultural  dangers  and  possibilities,  the  movement  of  German  youth 
(Jugendbewegund)  as  a  unique  phenomenon,  and  the  effort  of  educational  authori- 
ties to  meet  the  new  conditions.  The  issues  of  peace  and  war  are  here  discussed 
as  they  shape  themselves  in  the  mind  of  the  coming  generation  of  Germany. 

THE  WAR  AND   CRIME 

By  Professor  Dr.  Moritz  Liepmann 

Professor  of  Criminal  and  International  Law  in  the  University  of  Kiel  1902-19 19; 
University  of  Hamburg  from  19 19.  Judge  of  Hamburg  Criminal  Court;  member  of 
the  Commission  of  the  Hamburg  Senate  for  Prison  Administration.  Author  of 
works  on  the  reform  of  the  German  jury  system  (1906-1910);  on  the  Death  Penalty 
(19 12);  and  of  an  authoritative  work  on  crime  and  punishment  (19 12). 

This  volume  will  describe  the  influence  of  the  War  on  the  development  of 
criminal  instincts  and  crime  itself.  It  will  deal  with  war  crime  in  a  narrower  sense 
(criminality  in  the  army)  as  well  as  with  those  crimes  among  the  civilian  popula- 
tion for  which  the  War  can  be  said  to  be  responsible  in  an  indirect  way.  It  shows 
the  decrease  of  crime  during  the  first  year  of  the  War,  a  phenomenon  explained  by 
the  conscription  of  many  would-be  criminals,  and  the  increase  in  crime  during  the 
later  period  of  the  War  when  its  demoralizing  influence  made  itself  felt  among  the 
youth  of  the  country  as  well  as  among  soldiers  on  leave  from  the  front.  A  section 
is  devoted  to  tendencies  toward  lawlessness  which  developed  as  an  offset  to  the 
extension  of  government  control.  The  results  are  largely  based  upon  a  compre- 
hensive examination  of  the  available  statistics,  of  which  the  most  important  will 
be  quoted. 


THE   EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   POPULATION,    INCOME  AND 
STANDARD  OF  LIVING   IN   GERMANY 

1.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Population:  A  study  in  vital  statistics 

By  Professor  Rudolf  Meerwarth 

Professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin;  member  of  the  Economic  Council,  and  of  the 
Prussian  Statistical  Office.  During  the  war  statistical  specialist  on  the  General 
Staff  in  the  Prussian  War  Office,  and  in  the  Imperial  Administration  for  Food  Sup- 
plies.   Author  of  a  manual  on  economic  statistics  (1920);  etc. 

In  this  study  in  vital  statistics  the  chief  problem  is  naturally  the  question  of 
the  direct  and  indirect  cost  of  the  War  in  terms  of  human  life.  In  addition  to  the 
discussion  of  this  problem  which  is  taken  up  from  various  angles  so  as  to  secure 
reliable  conclusions,  the  study  treats  of  the  movement  of  population  both  during 
the  War  and  in  the  years  immediately  following. 


106  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

2.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Incomes 

By  Professor  Dr.  Adolf  Gunther 
Professor  of  Statistics  at  the  University  of  Innsbruck 

A  statistical  statement  of  the  changes  in  both  the  amount  and  distribution  of 
income  and  the  effect  upon  the  standard  of  living,  in  so  far  as  the  available  statis- 
tics permit  conclusions  to  be  drawn.  The  basis  of  study  is  the  income  tax  in  the 
different  German  States  before  the  War  and  in  the  German  Reich  in  1920,  statis- 
tics of  consumption  of  grain,  meat,  clothing,  etc.  and  household  accounts.  A 
closing  section  deals  with  the  economic  effects  of  the  shifting  of  income  and  the 
disastrous  results  to  the  middle  classes. 

THE  GENERAL  EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   PRODUCTION 

By  Professor  Max  Sering 

Member  of  the  German  Editorial  Board.  From  19 15  the  author  was  Chairman  of 
a  Scientific  Commission  in  the  Prussian  War  Ministry  which  had  at  its  disposal  all 
means  to  investigate  the  nature  of  war  economics,  and  so  was  directed  to  set  forth  the 
results  historically  and  critically,  without  regard  to  political  exigencies.  After  the 
War  the  members  of  this  Commission  continued  their  work  privately,  and  these 
studies  form  the  basis  of  the  present  general  survey. 

The  volume  begins  with  a  general  historical  introduction  showing  the  nature 
of  the  relatively  recent  economic  development  of  Germany  from  an  agrarian  to  an 
industrial  state,  with  its  foreign  as  well  as  domestic  markets,  etc.  The  first  effect 
of  the  War  upon  this  industrial  system,  the  cutting  off  of  external  supplies,  the  loss 
of  productive  capital  outside  Germany,  and  the  consequences  of  the  blockade 
will  then  be  treated  in  general  outlines,  carefully  articulated  with  the  separate 
studies  dealing  with  the  special  industries  and  production  in  foodstuffs.  The 
efforts  to  supply  necessities  from  both  occupied  territories  and  scientific  devices, 
and  the  inevitable  development  of  government  control  over  all  the  main  depart- 
ments of  economic  life  will  be  narrated  systematically  and  chronologically. 
Finally  there  will  be  a  synthetic  statement  of  the  general  effects  of  these  condi- 
tions and  measures,  closing  with  a  statement  of  the  new  industrial  outlook  of 
Germany  as  an  indication  of  the  extent  of  the  total  displacement  from  the  eco- 
nomic pressures  of  the  World  War. 

THE  WAR  AND  GOVERNMENT  CONTROL 

I.  State  Control  and  De-Control 
By  Professor  Dr.  H.  Goppert 
Professor  of  Public  Law,  University  of  Bonn;  Wirklicher  Geheimer  Rat;  formerly 
Permanent  Under  Secretary  of  State  in  the  Reichswirtschaftsamt  and  Secretary  of 
State  in  the  Prussian  Ministry  of  Commerce  and  Industry. 

In  Germany  as  elsewhere,  state  control  over  industry  and  commerce  (Zwangs- 
wirtschaft)  had  not  been  foreseen  or  prepared  in  peace-time  nor  was  it  systemati- 


GERMAN   SERIES  IO7 

cally  built  up  when  the  War  began  to  reveal  the  need  for  it.  It  had  to  be  impro- 
vised as  from  day  to  day  the  pressure  of  events  made  the  taking  over  of  the  control 
of  important  businesses  by  the  state  authorities  more  and  more  inevitable.  This 
was  done  in  a  haphazard  way,  and  sometimes  at  very  short  notice.  The  methods 
employed  for  establishing  state  control  changed  very  quickly  and  often.  Profes- 
sor Goppert's  volume  shows  how,  point  by  point,  war-time  necessities  forced  this 
control  upon  the  economic  machinery  of  the  nation.  It  then  analyzes  the  essen- 
tial points  of  the  change  in  productive  activities,  leaving  the  details  to  be  filled 
in  by  the  monographs  on  single  industries  in  Dr.  Biicher's  volume. 

The  second  part  deals  with  the  preparations  for  de-control  and  the  first  stages 
of  its  realization  as  far  as  it  has  been  effected.  There  is  still  a  good  deal  of 
Zwangswirtschaft  left. 

2.  The  Supply  of  Raw  Materials  under  Government  Control 
By  Dr.  A.  Koeth 

Minister  of  Political  Economy  for  the  Reich  in  the  Stresemann  Cabinet,  and  one  of 
the  leading  organizers  of  the  state  control  of  industry.  During  the  War  associated 
with  Dr.  Walter  Rathenau  in  the  organization  of  the  Raw  Materials  Department  of 
the  War  Office.  Perhaps  the  only  leading  statesman  who  could  give  a  comprehen- 
sive and  authoritative  statement  of  the  development  and  working  of  this  central 
branch  of  German  Government  control. 

The  well-known  scheme  originated  by  Dr.  Rathenau  for  meeting  the  effect 
of  the  blockade  upon  the  supply  of  raw  materials  by  an  intensive  and  all-embracing 
organization  to  control  the  supply  of  such  materials  from  home  sources  and  from 
the  occupied  territories,  is  the  subject  of  this  volume.  The  organization  of  the 
administration  will  be  treated  in  slight  detail  and  the  chief  emphasis  will  be  upon 
the  effect  of  this  vast  concentration  of  supply  upon  the  economic  structure  of 
Central  Europe.  The  volume  therefore  is  not  a  contribution  to  military  history 
but  to  the  effect  of  the  War  upon  the  normal  economic  life  of  the  countries  con- 
cerned. 

3.  Economic  Cooperation  with  the  Allies  of  Germany,  and  the  Government  Organiza- 
tion of  Supplies 
By  Dr.  W.  Frisch 
Director  of  the  Dresdener  Bank;  in  1906  appointed  to  the  staff  of  the  Ministry  of 
Commerce,  later  substitute  State  Commissioner  with  the  Berlin  Borse;  since  19 15 
Geheimer  Regierungsrat  at  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior.     During  the  War  managing 
head  of  the  Zentral  Einkaufsgesellschaft  (Z.E.G.),  the  central  government  office  con- 
trolling internal  commerce;  during  the  peace  negotiations  on  the  staff  of  the  Foreign 
Office.     Author  of  Die  Organisations-bestrebungender  Arbeiter  in  der  deutschen  Tabak- 
industrie  (1905). 

The  effect  of  the  war-time  isolation  of  Germany  upon  its  economic  supplies 
and  the  means  taken  to  increase  the  internal  output.  The  author  depicts  the 
economic  situation  at  the  opening  of  the  War,  recalling  the  advice  of  Albert  Ballin 


108  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

to  establish  a  central  organization  for  the  supply  of  foodstuffs ;  and  the  establish- 
ment in  January,  1915  of  the  Zentral-Einkaufsgesellschaft  (Z.E.G.).  The  in- 
creased scarcity  of  foodstuffs  with  the  entry  of  Italy  into  the  War  and  the  growing 
efficiency  of  the  hostile  blockade  brought  forth  an  extension  of  the  field  of  the 
Z.E.G.  which  is  depicted  here  with  all  its  varied  activity.  At  first  there  was  a 
tendency  to  permit  private  commerce  in  foodstuffs,  but  from  the  end  of  the  year 
19 1 5  the  state  monopoly  extended  more  and  more  in  the  effort  to  control  and  keep 
open  those  neutral  markets  which  were  still  available  and  to  maintain  tolerable 
prices  for  commodities.  This  led  to  the  negotiations  for  a  Kartell  with  Austria 
and  Hungary  to  secure  the  foodstuffs  from  Rumania  and  Bulgaria  until  the  en- 
trance of  Rumania  into  the  War.  Further  negotiations  with  Austria  and  Hun- 
gary are  given  in  detail  down  to  the  establishment  of  peace  with  Russia.  The 
volume  offers  a  picture  of  the  organization  of  the  work  of  the  Z.E.G.  as  it  had 
grown  at  the  end  of  the  War  both  in  Berlin  and  throughout  the  whole  country; 
perhaps  the  greatest  single  economic  war-time  organization  of  the  Central  Powers. 

ECONOMIC  EXPLOITATION  OF  OCCUPIED  TERRITORIES 

1.  Belgium  and  Northern  France 
By  Professor  Georg  Jahn 

Economic  expert  in  various  organizations  and  editor  of  technical  journals  1909- 
191 4;  in  active  military  service  1914-1916;  director  of  the  Belgian  bureau  for  utiliza- 
tion of  raw  materials,  economic  adviser  of  the  division  for  trade  attached  to  the 
Governor  General  of  Belgium,  and  manager  of  the  Belgian  Economic  Society  1916- 
1918;  assistant  professor  of  political  economy  and  sociology  in  the  Technical  High- 
School  at  Brunswick  1919-1923;  professor  of  the  same  subjects  in  the  similar  school 
at  Dresden  1 923-1 924;  professor  of  political  economy  in  the  University  of  Halle  since 
1924.  Author  of  Die  Gewerbepolitik  der  deutschen  Landesjiirsten  vom  16.  bis  zum  18. 
Jahrhundert  (1909);  Belgiens  Volkswirtschaft  (in  collaboration  with  H.  Waentig  and 
C.  Gehrig;  1918);  Die  Haupt  industrien  Belgiens,  3  vols.  (1918-1919);  Verstaatlichung 
und  Vergesellschaftung  (1920);  Grundziige  der  Volkswirtschaftslehre  (2nd  ed.  1922); 
Sozialpolitik  ( 1 924) . 

2.  Rumania  and  the  Ukraine 
By  Professor  F.  K.  Mann 
Economic  expert  in  Rumania  and  attached  to  the  German  Grand  Headquarters 
1916-1918;  delegate  to  the  peace  negotiations  at  Bucharest  1918;  taught  in  the 
Universities  of  Kiel  and  Breslau  1919-1921;  professor  at  the  University  of  Konigs- 
berg  since  1922;  director  of  the  Institute  for  East-German  Economics.     Author  of 
Der  Marschall  Vauban  und  die  Volkswirtschaftslehre  des  A bsolutismus,  eine  Kritik  des 
Merkantilsystems  (1914);  Kriegswirtschaft  in  Rumanien  (191 8). 

3.  Poland  and  the  Baltic 

By  Dr.  W.  von  Kries 

and 

Freiherr  W.  M.  E.  von  Gayl 


GERMAN   SERIES  109 

THE   EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   GERMAN   COMMERCE 

By  Professor  Dr.  W.  Wiedenfeld 

Ministerialdirektor  in  the  Foreign  Office;  Ambassador  Extraordinary  to  the 
Sowjet  Republic,  1 920-1 922;  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  University  of  Leipzig. 

With  the  development  of  the  blockade  against  the  Central  European  Powers 
it  became  more  and  more  evident  how  in  world  economics  the  activities  of  an  un- 
fettered trade  and  the  independence  of  prices  from  state  control  belonged,  with 
the  unrestricted  exchange  of  goods  over  the  whole  world,  to  the  same  order  of 
things  everywhere.  It  was  not  the  predilection  of  Government  offices  but  the 
inevitable  and  hard  realities  of  war  economics  which  force  a  state  control  over  the 
distribution  of  goods  and  the  fixing  of  prices,  and  the  abandonment  of  free  trade. 

The  effects  of  these  state  measures  are  described  in  regard  to  all  the  more  im- 
portant kinds  of  goods.  The  two  great  groups  of  war  materials  and  articles  of 
common  use  are  treated  separately;  in  the  first  group,  raw  materials  and  muni- 
tions, in  the  second  group,  foodstuffs  and  textiles  are  dealt  with.  It  appears,  on 
the  whole,  that  the  official  regulations,  necessary  though  they  were,  proved  insuffi- 
cient to  the  task  set  for  them,  and  did  not  compensate  for  their  bad  effects  by  an 
elimination  of  inequalities  in  the  distribution  of  goods  with  the  resultant  making 
and  losing  of  fortunes.  The  lesson  is  then  forced  home  by  a  detailed  study  of  the 
history  of  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  German  commerce,  how  those  effects  are  a 
necessary  consequence  of  every  system  of  war  economics  and  not  merely  the  result 
of  mere  blundering  of  officers  and  officials,  so  that  it  is  already  possible  to  say  that 
the  experience  of  the  last  war  will  not  suffice  to  exclude  similar  results  arising  from 
a  similar  state  of  things  in  future  wars.  There  is  no  other  lesson  to  be  learned 
from  these  facts  than  that  to  avoid  the  consequences  we  must  avoid  war  itself. 

THE  EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  SHIPPING  AND   RAILWAYS 

1.  The  War  and  German  Shipping 

By  Dr.  E.  Rosenbaum 
Author  of  the  Bibliography  of  German  Literature 

This  monograph  is  planned  to  form  part  of  a  volume  dealing  with  the  effect 
of  the  War  upon  the  transport  system  of  Germany  in  general.  Although  the 
actual  history  of  German  shipping  is  slight,  owing  to  the  blockade,  the  effect  of  the 
War  upon  one  of  the  major  industries  of  Germany  is  here  dealt  with  statistically 
and  descriptively,  and  the  study  closes  with  a  section  on  post-war  conditions  and 
their  relation  to  economic  recovery. 

2.  The  War  and  German  Railways 

(to  be  arranged) 


110  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

THE   INFLUENCE  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   GERMAN   INDUSTRY 
By  Geheimrat  Hermann  Bucher 

Member  of  the  German  Editorial  Board 
with  the  assistance  of  specialists 

The  treatment  of  this  important  subject  falls  into  two  main  divisions,  the 
first  dealing  primarily  with  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  the  functioning  of  German 
industry,  and  the  second  with  its  effect  upon  industrial  organization. 

The  first  part  opens  with  a  general  view  of  the  development  of  German  in- 
dustry, the  peculiar  characteristics  which  led  to  its  great  extension,  and  the  way 
in  which  the  War  emphasized  the  necessity  of  a  peace-time  basis  for  so  vast  and 
complicated  a  structure.  The  War  itself  is  considered,  not  as  a  military  event, 
but  as  a  disturbance  of  economic  processes  absorbing  both  supplies  and  produc- 
tions of  industry.  The  influence  upon  production  of  the  limitations  of  raw  ma- 
terial is  then  considered,  industry  by  industry.  After  this  detailed  analysis 
there  follows  a  general  survey  of  the  results  of  the  War  upon  German  industry  as 
a  whole. 

The  second  part  deals  with  the  organization  of  industry,  describes  the  forma- 
tion and  outlines  the  history  of  cartels,  syndicates,  and  the  compulsory  organiza- 
tion of  the  war-time.  This  history  is  followed  through  the  post-war  period  in  an 
authoritative  account  of  the  influence  of  the  War  upon  industrial  organization. 
The  subject  is  then  treated  in  detail  dealing  with  individual  concerns  and  the  for- 
mation of  great  industrial  companies,  the  relation  of  industry  to  the  state  and  the 
problems  of  labor  are  all  considered  from  the  standpoint  of  the  organization  of  big 
business.  Finally,  the  whole  work  closes  with  a  section  estimating  the  total 
effects  of  the  War  upon  this  most  important  branch  of  German  national  economy. 

THE  WAR  AND   GERMAN   LABOR  UNIONS 
By  Mr.  Paul  Umbreit 

Editor  of  Korrespondenzblatt  der  Gewerkschaften  Deutschlands,  author  of  many 
books,  pamphlets  and  essays  on  questions  of  trade  unionism,  state  insurance, etc., e.g., 
Bedeutung  und  Aufgaben  der  Gewerkschaftskartelle  (1903);  Die  Arbeiterschutzgesetzge- 
bund  (1905);  Die  gegnerischen  Gewerkschaften  in  Deutschland  (1906);  Die  Arbeits- 
losenversicherung  in  Reich,  Staat  und  Gemeinde  (191 1);  Vom  Umlernen  wahrend  des 
Krieges  (191 5);  25  Jahre  deutscher  Gewerkschaftsbewegung  18QO-IQ15  (191 5);  Sozial- 
politische  Arbeiterforderungen  und  Gewerkschaften  (19 18);  Das  Betriebsrategesetz  (third 
ed.,  1920).  Member  of  Reichswirtschaftsrat  since  1920,  of  the  Bundesvorstand  des 
Allgemeinen  Deutschen  Gewerkschaftsbundes  since  1919  and  of  many  ministerial 
committees  on  questions  of  labor  law  and  social  policy. 

Mr.  Adam  Stegerwald 

President  of  the  German  Federation  of  Labor  Unions  and  the  Joint  Federation  of 
Christian  Labor  Unions  of  Germany;  Editor  of  the  daily  paper  Der  Deutsche;  Presi- 
dent of  the  Supervisory  Board  of  the  German  Volksbank  (a  working  man's  industrial 
savings  institution);   member  of  the  German  Reichstag;  from  March,  1919,  to 


GERMAN   SERIES  III 

November,  1921,  Prussian  Minister  for  Social  Welfare;  from  April  to  November, 
192 1,  Prime  Minister  of  Prussia.  Author  among  other  works  of  Gewerkschaftliche 
Studien  in  England,  Arbeiterschaft  und  politische  Zukunftsentwicklung. 

Mr.  Anton  Erkelenz 

Member  of  Reichstag,  leader  of  the  Hirsch-Duncker  Trade  Unions  (Trade  unions 
belonging  to  the  Liberal  section) ; 

and 

Ex-Chancellor  Gustav  Bauer 
Member  of  the  German  Editorial  Board 

A  volume  on  the  effect  of  the  War  upon  German  trade  unions  by  the  leaders 
of  the  three  great  branches  of  the  trade  union  movement — the  Catholic,  Socialist, 
and  Liberal  groups,  to  which  will  be  added  a  section  on  the  government  control  of 
labor  in  war-time  by  ex-Chancellor  Gustav  Bauer. 

After  a  short  survey  of  the  legal  position  of  workingmen  and  their  unions  in 
Germany  before  the  War,  this  volume  describes  the  social  and  economic  effect  of 
the  War  on  labor  and  on  the  structural  and  political  setting  of  the  trade  unions. 
Particular  attention  is  paid  to  the  influence  of  the  War  upon  working  hours, 
health  conditions,  state  insurance  for  workers  and  to  the  effects  of  the  Hilfsdienst- 
gesetz.  The  concluding  chapters  deal  with  the  reconstruction  of  normal  labor 
conditions  after  the  War,  beginning  with  the  first  preparations  made  in  191 7,  with 
special  emphasis  on  the  effects  of  de-control.  The  present-day  position  of  the 
trade  unions  in  their  relation  to  the  Betriebsrate  (councils  of  working  men),  the 
Economic  Council  of  the  Empire  and  the  communist  attempt  at  organization  is 
discussed  in  the  last  chapter. 

The  volume  is  edited  and  for  the  greater  part  written  by  Herr  Umbreit,  but 
special  trade  union  and  political  questions  will  be  dealt  with  by  the  other  con- 
tributors. 

THE  SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  LABORING  CLASSES  DURING  AND 

AFTER  THE  WAR 

1 .  The  War  and  the  German  Working  Man 

By  Ex-Minister  Edward  H.  R.  David 

Founder,  Social  Democratic  Mitteldeutsche  Sonntagszeitung  at  Giessen,  1893; 
editor,  Maimer  Volkszeitung,  1 896-1 897;  member,  Parliament  of  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Hesse,  1 896-1 908;  Under  Secretary  of  State  in  German  Foreign  Office, 
October,  1918;  First  President  of  National  Assembly  in  Weimar.  February,  1919, 
and  member  of  Government  as  Minister  for  Home  Affairs. 

A  general  social  history  by  an  acknowledged  authority.  Leaving  aside  the 
treatment  of  labor  politics  for  the  volume  devoted  to  the  history  of  the  labor 
unions,  this  monograph  describes  the  influence  of  the  War  upon  the  outlook  and 
attitude  of  mind  of  the  German  laboring  classes.     It  describes  the  effect  of  war 


112  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

industry  upon  family  life  and  social  relationships.  A  descriptive  and  sociological 
survey  of  the  life  of  the  mass  of  the  German  industrial  population,  duly  articulated 
with  the  more  technical  studies. 

2.  The  War  and  Wages 

By  Professor  Dr.  Waldemar  Zimmermann 
Professor  of  Statistics  at  the  University  of  Hamburg 

This  is  a  statistical  study  of  the  effect  of  the  War  upon  the  income  of  the  work- 
ing classes,  showing  the  tendency  of  the  War  to  increase  wages  beyond  the  stand- 
ard set  under  peace-time  conditions.  The  study  furnishes  a  statistical  base  for 
judging  of  the  delusive  nature  of  war-time  prosperity  by  a  detailed  analysis  of 
incomes  both  nominal  and  real.  The  study  forms  a  counterpart  to  that  by  Pro- 
fessor Adolf  Gunther. 

FOOD   SUPPLY  AND  AGRICULTURE 

I.  The  War  and  the  Agricultural  Population 

By  Professor  Max  Sering 
Member  of  the  German  Editorial  Board 

This  monograph  deals  mainly  with  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  the  rural  popu- 
lation of  Germany.  It  describes  the  methods  of  landholding  prior  to  the  War, 
organizations  for  credit  for  agricultural  industries,  cooperative  institutions,  and 
statistics  and  structure  of  mortgage  holding,  etc.  A  section  follows  devoted  to 
the  agricultural  laborer,  migration,  colonization,  and  wage  problems.  After  this 
general  description,  the  monograph  shows  the  effect  of  the  War  in  detail  upon  the 
whole  agricultural  organization,  the  compulsory  cultivation  and  improvement  of 
the  soil  and  increases  of  area  under  cultivation ;  the  legal  basis  of  government  con- 
trol, etc.  This  phase  of  the  study  is  considered  in  the  light  of  the  parallel  mono- 
graph on  agricultural  food  supplies.  A  closing  section  will  deal  with  the  effects 
of  the  War  on  rural  life  as  shown  in  the  period  after  the  War ;  the  relatively  less 
serious  effects  upon  the  agricultural  classes  as  contrasted  with  the  industrial  popu- 
lation; the  problem  of  production  with  a  shifting  currency;  the  strengthening  of 
democratic  ideas  leading  to  a  new  basis  of  landholding,  and  the  legal  rights  of  the 
agricultural  laborer. 

2.  Food  Supply  during  the  War 

By  Professor  Dr.  A.  Skalweit 
Professor  of  Political  Economy,  Universities  of  Giessen  1913-1923,  Bonn  1921- 
1923,  Kiel  since  1923;  Departmental  Head  in  the  Food  Ministry  and  the  Ministry  of 
National   Economy    19 16-19 19.     Author   of   Getreidehandelspolitik    Friedrischs   d. 
Grossen  (Acta  Borussica)  (191 1);  Agrarpolitik  (1923). 

The  first  part  of  this  monograph  describes  the  main  periods  of  German  food 
supply:  pre-war  conditions;  period  of  scarcity  caused  by  speculation,  with  the  be- 


GERMAN   SERIES  113 

ginning  of  state  control  over  prices  and  distribution  of  food ;  and  period  of  absolute 
want  of  food,  with  the  completion  of  state  control.  In  the  second  part  the  govern- 
mental organization  of  food  supply  is  described:  the  law  of  August  4,  1914  (Er- 
machtigungsgesetz)  the  (Reichspreisstelle)  and  the  (Kriegsernahrungsamt) .  A 
third  part  deals  with  the  general  measures  for  securing  a  sufficient  supply  of  food, 
and  regulating  its  distribution  (question  of  the  "  Selbstversorger  "  and  "Schwerar- 
beiter")  and  with  the  steps  taken  against  profiteering  and  illegal  trade  (Schleich- 
handel),  while  in  the  fourth  part  the  state  control  over  the  different  kinds  of  food 
supply  (corn,  flour,  bread;  peas  and  beans;  potatoes;  vegetables  and  fruit;  sugar 
and  saccharine;  groceries;  beer  and  spirits;  cattle,  meat,  fish;  eggs;  milk  and  milk 
products  and  fodderstuffs)  is  described  in  detail.  The  volume  closes  with  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  effects  and  successes  of  state  control  in  this  direction. 

3.  Food  Statistics  of  the  War  Period 

By  Professor  Dr.  Ernst  Wagemann 

Lecturer,  Colonial  Institute,  Hamburg,  1908-1911,  Berlin  University,  1914;  Head 
of  Department  in  the  Ministry  of  Food,  1916;  Vortragender  Rat  in  the  Ministry  of 
National  Economy,  1919;  author  of:  Britisch-westindische  wirtschafts  politik  (1909); 
Die  wirtschaftsverfassung  der  Republik  Chile  (19 13);  Die  Nahrungswirtschaft  des 
Auslands  (1917). 

This  short  study  gives  the  statistics  of  food  administration  during  the  War. 
In  the  first  part  the  author,  after  explaining  the  calorimetric  method  used  in  his 
statistics  deals  with  the  amount  of  home  production,  imports  and  consumption  in 
Germany  both  before  and  during  the  War,  and  shows  the  food  balance  as  it 
changed  in  consequence  of  the  War.  The  second  part  gives  the  statistics  of  prices 
during  the  three  periods  of  August,  1914 — first  months  1915;  1915  to  May,  1916; 
May,  1916,  to  end  of  1918,  and  tries  to  formulate  the  economic  laws  governing 
these  changes  in  the  movement  of  the  index  and  the  interdependence  of  prices. 
As  a  conclusion  the  author  tries  to  establish  a  gold  mark  balance  of  the  food  cost 
at  the  beginning  and  towards  the  end  of  the  War. 

4.     The  Influence  of  the  War  upon  Agricultural  Production 
By  Professor  Dr.  Friedrich  Aereboe 

Professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin;  formerly  scientific  agriculturalist  directing 
large  estates  in  Prussia;  Professor  of  Agricultural  Economy  from  1907  to  1913;  carried 
through  a  reform  of  land  valuation  for  agricultural  credits  in  Brandenburg;  founded 
and  directed  the  Institute  for  Economic  Administration  of  Landed  Estates.  In 
1920  appointed  member  of  the  Economic  Council  of  the  Empire;  honorary  degree 
Doctor  of  Science  from  the  University  of  Tubingen,  192 1.  Among  his  writings  the 
best  known  is  the  Allgemeine  Landwirtschaftliche  Betrielslehre. 

This  is  a  somewhat  technical  study  of  agricultural  economics  and  production 
in  Germany  and  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  it.  It  treats  of  the  output  in  grain, 
sugar,  potatoes,  and  other  vegetables,  and  dairy  farming  and  the  marketing  of 


114  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

products.  After  a  survey  of  the  war  period  there  will  be  a  short  account  of  post- 
war conditions.  Then  follows  an  analysis  of  the  effects  of  the  war  upon  this 
industry  with  reference  to  the  methods  pursued  to  increase  production,  and  to 
make  it  independent  of  foreign  imports  and  the  results  obtained.  A  third  section 
carries  the  question  over  into  the  post-war  period,  having  special  regard  to  the 
effect  upon  the  agricultural  economy  of  the  large  estates  in  Prussia. 

THE  EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   GERMAN   FINANCE 

I .  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Currency  and  Banking 

By  Professor  Dr.  Hermann  Schumacher 

Professor  of  Political  Economy,  University  of  Berlin,  191 7;  organizer  and  director 
of  the  High  School  of  Commerce  in  Cologne,  1901-1904;  Professor  of  Economics  at 
the  University  of  Bonn,  1904-1917;  Exchange  Professor  in  America  (Columbia  Uni- 
versity), 1906-07.  During  the  War  consulting  economist  in  the  Prussian  Ministry  of 
Finance.  Among  his  publications  are:  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Bankliteratur  im 
ioten  Jahrhundert  (1908);  Ursachen  der  Geldkrisis  (1908);  Die  deutsche  Geldverfassung 
und  ihre  Reform  (19 10);  Die  Westdeutsche  Eisenindustrie  und  die  Moselkanalisrung 
(19 10);  WeltwertschaftlicheStudien  (191 1). 

The  book  opens  with  a  survey  of  the  German  monetary  and  banking  system 
before  the  War.  The  peculiar  features  in  its  organization  and  working  are  pointed 
out  in  contrast  to  other  countries.  The  first  part  of  the  volume  then  outlines  the 
history  of  the  monetary  system  of  Germany  during  the  War.  The  former  credit 
organization  having  been  destroyed,  cash  payments  were  required  everywhere; 
Treasury  bills  were  substituted  for  private  bills  of  exchange  as  the  main  basis  of 
the  issue  of  bank  notes;  new  credit  organizations,  especially  the  Darlehnskassen 
and  the  gold  and  silver  coins  extracted  from  circulation  enlarged  Reichsbank  funds 
although  the  redemption  of  bank  notes  in  gold  had  been  stopped  and  paper  cur- 
rency introduced. 

In  the  private  banking  business,  to  the  description  of  which  the  second  chap- 
ter proceeds,  no  fundamental  changes  took  place  during  the  War.  The  process  of 
concentration  of  the  previous  twenty-five  years  increased  slightly  and  the  banking 
business  preserved  in  almost  all  branches  its  former  form.  The  main  alterations 
were  the  cessation  of  almost  all  international  banking  relations  and  the  replace- 
ment of  the  issue  of  shares  and  bonds  by  the  issue  of  war  loans  and  by  the  dis- 
counting of  Treasury  bills.  Thus  the  banks  became  to  a  large  extent  agents  of 
the  financial  organization  of  the  Reich. 

After  a  careful  analysis  of  inflation  as  an  after  effect  of  the  War  and  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  post-war  development  of  the  Reichsbank,  the  volume  closes  with  a 
section  upon  the  development  of  private  banking  in  Germany  under  post-war  con- 
ditions, showing  how  the  decline  of  the  large  banks  and  the  growth  of  smaller  new 
ones  was  largely  dependent  upon  the  liquidation  of  German  banks  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. The  effect  of  this  in  the  competition  between  the  new  and  the  old  banks 
upon  the  whole  development  of  German  banking  and  its  position  in  the  economic 
life  of  the  nation. 


ITALIAN   SERIES  115 

2.  German  Public  Finance  during  the  War 

By  Professor  Dr.  Walter  Lotz 

Professor  of  Political  Economy,  University  of  Munich;  author,  among  other 
works,  of  Finanzwissenschaft  (1917),  and  of  Valuta  und  offentliche  Finanzen  in  Deutsch- 
land,  Bd.  164  I  der  Schriften  des  Vereins  fur  Sozial-politik  (1923). 

This  is  an  important  volume  by  a  competent  authority.  The  introductory 
chapter  is  a  survey  of  income,  expenditure,  debt  and  budget  law  of  the  Empire,  the 
states  and  municipalities  of  Germany  for  the  year  1914.  In  the  following  chap- 
ters the  author  deals  with  war  expenditure  and  the  means  by  which  it  was  met. 
The  bearing  of  war  finance  on  the  Imperial,  state  and  municipal  budgets,  on  cur- 
rency and  on  the  budget  law  of  the  Empire  is  described.  The  volume  concludes 
with  a  survey  of  the  conditions  of  German  public  finance  at  the  end  of  the  War. 

ITALIAN   SERIES 

A  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL 

PROBLEMS   OF  THE  WAR 
By  Professor  Vincenzo  Porri 

Lecturer  in  Political  Economy,  University  of  Turin,  191 8;  in  High  School  of  Com- 
merce, Turin,  1919-20;  in  High  School  of  Commerce,  Genoa,  1921-22;  Lecturer 
and  Vice  Director  of  Institute  of  Political  Economy,  Bocconi  Commercial  Univer- 
sity since  1921;  Doctor  of  Laws,  1913;  served  as  an  officer  during  the  War;  Tech- 
nical Expert  for  Paris  Peace  Conference.  Principal  works:  Le  Finanze  delle  Pro- 
vincie  Austriache  (19 13);  Saggi  di  Politica  commerciale,  economica  e  finanziaria  (I, 
1920;  II,  1922);  Lezioni  di  Politica  commerciale  e  legislazione  doganale  (1920); 
L'equilibrio  economico  net  Veneto  alia  vigilia  della  guerra  (1920);  Cinque  anni  di  crisi 
net  Veneto,  IQ14-IQI&  (1922). 

With  an  introduction  by 
Comandatore  Eugenio  Casanova 

Superintendent  of  the  Archives  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy 

This  manual,  while  similar  to  the  bibliographical  guides  in  the  other  national 
series,  contains  as  well  a  survey  of  the  pertinent  materials  in  the  archives  which 
are,  or  may  be,  made  accessible  for  research.  The  bibliographical  survey  is 
carefully  edited  and  contains  descriptive  comments  of  the  most  important 
entries. 

ECONOMIC  LEGISLATION  OF  THE  WAR 
By  Professor  Alberto  de'  Stefani 
Minister  of  Finance,  1922;  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  High  School  of  Com- 
merce, Venice,  since  1921;  member  of  Italian  Chamber  of  Deputies,  1920;  corre- 
spondent of  Royal  Venetian  Institute  of  Science  and  Arts,  and  of  Agricultural  Acad- 
emy of  Verona.  Author  of  L'ofelimita  del  denaro  (1913);  Le  alternanze  dei  massimi 
e  dei  minimi  nei  fenomeni  collettivi  (19 15);  U accertamento  e  la  valutazione  dei  patri- 
monii successor ii  (1919) ;  Decadenza  demografica  e  decadenza  economica  (1920) ;  La  dina- 
mica  patrimoniale  nelV  odierna  economia  capitalistica  (1921);  also  numerous  articles. 


Il6  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD  WAR 

The  volume  describes  in  detail  all  the  measures  decreed  by  the  Italian 
Government  for  the  control  and  adaptation  to  war  purposes  of  labor,  production, 
consumption  (rationing),  transport  and  commerce.  A  special  section  outlines, 
within  the  scope  of  the  volume,  how  Italy  financed  the  War  (note  issues  and 
loans).  Another  section  gives  a  full  account  of  the  economic  activity  of  the 
military  authorities.  The  volume  contains  a  chronological  index  of  all  the 
measures  described  in  it,  as  well  as  an  index  of  the  economic  and  financial  organs 
created  for  the  purpose  of  the  War. 

AGRICULTURAL   PRODUCTION   IN   ITALY,    1914-1920 

By  Professor  Umberto  Ricci 

Member  of  Italian  Editorial  Board 

The  volume  begins  with  a  sketch  of  Italian  agriculture  before  the  War  and 
then  shows  the  effects  of  the  War  on  the  various  factors  of  agricultural  produc- 
tion. While  labor  is  withdrawn  for  the  needs  of  the  Army  and  war  industries, 
the  state  attempts  to  make  the  loss  good  by  encouraging  the  use  of  machinery. 
Control  of  the  distribution  of  seed  and  fertilizers,  compulsory  rearrangement  of 
crops,  control  of  prices  are  described  in  detail  and  their  effects  analyzed.  The 
second  part  of  the  volume  is  a  statistical  survey :  (a)  of  production  by  regions  and 
crops,  with  notes  on  the  various  factors  of  production  and  on  the  yield  per  unit 
of  area;  (b)  of  imports  and  exports,  war  figures  being  compared  with  pre-war 
figures,  and  the  general  data  with  figures  of  home  production  and  consumption; 
(c)  of  prices,  official  and  unofficial,  given  separately  for  each  crop,  and  analyzed 
comparatively  with  the  data  of  production  and  consumption.  The  after-effects 
of  the  War  on  agriculture  are  discussed,  with  special  reference  to  the  changed 
outlook  of  the  returned  land  workers,  to  agricultural  strikes,  to  the  forcible 
occupation  of  land,  and  how  these  circumstances  are  affecting  production. 

AGRICULTURAL   CLASSES   IN   ITALY   DURING  AND  AFTER 

THE   WAR 

By  Professor  Arrigo  Serpieri 

Secretary  of  Agricultural  Association  of  Lombardy,  190 1-3;  Professor  of  Rural 
Economics,  High  School  of  Forestry,  Florence;  since  19 13  Director  of  the  same; 
member  of  Agricultural  Society  of  Lombardy  (honorary),  Royal  Academy  of  Geor- 
gofili,  Florence,  Royal  Academy  of  Agriculture,  Turin,  Agricultural  Society,  Bologna; 
also  of  Board  of  Agricultural  Education,  of  Board  on  Waters  and  Forests  and  of  Ad- 
ministrative Board  of  Public  Forests.  Author  of  Studio  sui  pascoli  alpini  della 
Svizzera  (1901);  Studio  sui  pascoli  alpini  lombardi  (1902-7);  II  contralto  agrario  e  le 
condizioni  dei  contadini  nelV  alto  Milanese  (1910);  La  stima  dei  beni  fondiarii  (1915); 
Le  imposte  sui  redditi  forestali  e  il  nuovo  ordinamento  tributatario  (1920);  I  boschi  e 
gli  ordinamenti  forestali  nelle  nuove  provmcie  (1920);  Studio  sui  contratti  agrarii 
(1921);  /  provvedimenti  per  la  piccola  proprieta  (192 1). 

Begins  with  a  brief  historical  survey  of  the  rural  population  of  Italy  and  of 
the  forms  of  land  tenure  customary  before  the  War.     The  volume  then  describes 


ITALIAN   SERIES  1 17 

in  greater  detail  the  general  changes  brought  about  by  the  War  in  landholding. 
As  main  causes  are  described  cooperative  developments,  the  forcible  occupation 
of  land  by  the  peasants,  the  settlement  of  ex-soldiers  on  the  land  and  the  ten- 
dency to  form  state  landholdings.  Change  in  the  relations  between  landowner 
and  tenant:  development  of  collective  tenancies  for  small  holdings.  Changes  in 
the  relations  of  tenant  and  farm-hand :  growth  of  system  of  collective  agreements, 
in  relation  with  syndicalist  organization  of  farmers  and  laborers.  Tendency 
towards  workers'  control.  Finally,  a  special  section  deals  with  the  technical 
changes  and  improvements  brought  about  by  the  boom  in  Italian  agriculture. 

FOOD  SUPPLY  AND   RATIONING 
By  Professor  Riccardo  Bachi 

General  Secretary  of  Royal  Museum  of  Industries,  Turin,  1900-3;  Editor  of  Bulle- 
tin of  Board  of  Labor,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce,  Rome, 
1904-8;  Librarian  of  same  Department,  1909-15;  Professor  of  Statistics,  Univer- 
sity of  Macerata,  since  1916.  Author  of  Inchiesta  sulle  abitazioni  degli  impiegati  e 
ferrovieri  in  Roma  ed  altre  citta  d1  Italia  (1908);  V Italia  Economica  (Year  Book,  since 
1909) ;  Sui  tnetodi  per  la  rilevazione  delV  andamento  del  mercato  del  laboro  (1907) ;  Saggio 
sulle  infiuenze  demografiche  delta  grande  citta  sul  territorio  circostante  (19 13);  La  ques- 
tione  economica  delle  abitazioni  popolari  (1914) ;  Le  fiuttuazioni  stagionali  nella  vita  eco- 
nomica italiana  (19 19). 

General  sketch  of  supply  and  consumption  of  foodstuffs  before,  during  and 
after  the  War.  In  more  detail  the  volume  describes  every  aspect  of  Italy's  food 
supply  policy  during  the  War:  organization  of  the  respective  services;  imports; 
inter-Allied  action;  government  as  purchasing  agent;  territorial  distribution  of 
supplies  in  relation  to  production.  Description  of  the  measures  to  regulate 
consumption:  control  of  prices;  control  of  transport;  rationing;  food  supply 
regulation ;  food  supply  finances.  A  special  section  deals  with  food  supply  policy 
as  applied  to  various  commodities.  The  final  section  consists  of  monographs 
detailing  the  food  supply  policy  of  certain  great  centers:  Rome,  Milan,  Turin, 
Florence,  Genoa,  Venice,  Naples. 

FOOD   SUPPLY  OF  THE   ITALIAN  ARMY 
By  Professor  Gaetano  Zingali 

Lecturer  in  Statistics  in  University  of  Catania,  1922;  Doctor  of  Law,  University 
of  Bologna,  191 5;  during  the  War,  Statistician  to  War  Department  on  problems  of 
food  supply  for  the  Army  in  connection  with  Historiographical  Institute  of  Mobili- 
zation and  Statistician  for  the  Commission  Scientifique  Interalliee  du  Ravitaille- 
ment.     Author  of  many  monographs  on  Statistics. 

This  is  a  short  statistical  survey  of  the  problem  of  food  supply  to  the  Italian 
Army.  It  deals  as  well  with  the  physiological  value  of  different  foods  and  various 
schemes  for  rationing.  The  peculiar  problems  of  Italy  are  considered  with  com- 
parison of  those  of  other  countries  and  the  economic  complications  both  with  the 
government  and  with  the  civilian  population. 


Il8  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

WAR-TIME   FINANCES 
By  Professor  Luigi  Einaudi 

Chairman,  Italian  Editorial  Board 

Introductory  survey  of  Italy's  financial  system  and  situation  on  the  eve  of 
the  War.  The  volume  then  describes  financial  preparations  for  war  during  the 
neutrality  period;  gives  an  account  of  the  break-up  of  the  traditional  system  of 
control  of  expenditure  by  Parliament.  Some  consequences  of  the  War  already 
appear  in  the  chapter  discussing  the  liquidation  of  war  expenditure  and  the  growth 
of  political  and  social  expenditure.  The  second  part  of  the  volume  deals  with 
public  revenue  during  and  after  the  War:  changes  in  the  incidence  of  taxation; 
new  taxes  and  their  results;  the  levy  on  capital  in  its  successive  phases.  Aban- 
donment of  the  real  taxation  system  and  approach  to  a  personal  system  made 
inevitable  by  the  War.  The  law  on  compulsory  registration  of  securities.  Cer- 
tain features  peculiar  to  Italy  are  discussed  separately:  custom  duties  and  the 
War;  the  new  tariff.  Fiscal  monopolies  and  their  yield.  The  new  commercial 
monopolies,  their  failure  and  abandonment. 

In  conclusion  Professor  Einaudi  analyzes  the  burden  of  taxation  before 
and  after  the  War;  its  distribution  by  regions  and  its  distribution  between  the 
various  social  classes,  as  affected  by  the  War. 

COSTS  OF  THE  WAR  TO  ITALY 
By  Professor  Luigi  Einaudi 
This  volume  is  planned  along  lines  similar  to  those  in  other  national  series. 
It  will  deal  in  the  first  place  with  the  direct  financial  costs  of  the  War;  govern- 
ment expenses,  both  during  the  War  and  after  (including  soldiers'  pensions, 
widows'  allowances,  etc.).  The  financial  costs  apart  from  that  borne  by  the 
government,  city  budgets,  community  costs,  destruction  of  property  by  the 
enemy,  wastage  of  war  plants,  etc.  The  second  part  of  the  volume  will  deal  with 
the  human  costs  of  the  War  as  shown  in  vital  statistics,  loss  of  life,  disabilities, 
etc.  The  volume  considers  the  more  intricate  economic  problem  of  the  disturb- 
ances in  normal  activities  caused  by  the  transition  from  peace  to  war  and  war  to 
peace,  and  attempts  to  estimate  the  gains  and  losses  in  man-power,  owing  to 
war  conditions.  The  economic  balance  sheet  is  then  made  up  as  far  as  the 
available  data  permits. 

ITALIAN  CURRENCY    INFLATION  AND   ITS  EFFECT  ON   PRICES, 

INCOMES  AND   FOREIGN   EXCHANGE 

By  Professor  Pasquale  Jannaccone 

Member  of  Italian  Editorial  Board 

The  first  part  of  the  volume  deals  with  the  state  of  Italian  currency  before, 
during  and  after  the  War;  regulations  on  currency;  and  the  institutions  concerned 
with  it. 


ITALIAN    SERIES  119 

Part  II  is  a  detailed  analysis  of  the  movement  of  Italian  exchanges  during 
and  after  the  War.  It  first  describes  the  internal  factors  which  have  influenced 
the  exchange,  including  the  restriction  of  exchange  transactions  and  the  monopoly- 
invested  in  the  "National  Institute  for  Dealing  in  Foreign  Exchanges."  In 
discussing  the  foreign  factors  influencing  the  Italian  exchange  the  volume  also 
refers  to  the  effects  of  Allied  war  debts  and  of  German  reparations.  It  outlines 
proposals  for  an  International  Clearing  House  and  for  an  international  standard 
currency. 

Part  III  is  on  prices.  It  deals  with  the  various  factors  which  influenced 
them  during  the  War,  and  gives  statistical  measurements  of  price  variations 
and  of  the  purchasing  power  of  money,  together  with  a  survey  of  the  movement 
of  prices  after  the  War. 

The  final  part  deals  severally  with  the  income  of  various  of  the  different 
classes  and  sections  of  the  population. 


VITAL  STATISTICS  AND  PUBLIC  HEALTH  IN  ITALY  DURING  AND 

AFTER  THE  WAR 

By  Professor  Giorgio  Mortara 

Professor  of  Statistics,  University  of  Messina,  19 10-14;  High  School  of  Commerce, 
Rome,  since  191 5;  Honorary  Fellow  of  Royal  Statistical  Society,  1920.  Author  of 
Le  popolazioni  delle  grandi  cittd  italiane  (1908);  La  mortalitd,  secondo  I'etd  e  la  durata 
delta  vita  economicamente  produttiva  (1908) ;  Indagini  sulla  delinquenza  in  Italia  (1909) ; 
I  concepimenti  antenuziali  (191 1);  Vinculo  dello  spopolamento  in  Italia  (1912); 
Tavola  di  mortalita  secondo  le  cause  di  morte  per  la  popolazione  italiana  (1914);  Ele- 
menti  di  statistica  (19 17);  Lezioni  di  statistica  economica  (series  of  1920);  Prospettive 
economiche  (1921),  etc.;  also  numerous  articles. 

The  volume  first  considers  the  direct  effects  of  the  War  on  the  numbers 
and  physical  condition  of  the  population.  The  various  causes  of  mortality 
among  soldiers  and  civilians  are  treated  separately  and  the  distribution  of  mortal- 
ity analyzed  according  to  sex,  age,  profession,  etc.,  of  the  victims.  Partial 
disablements  are  discussed  on  similar  lines.  In  its  second  part  the  volume 
deals  with  the  indirect  consequences  of  the  War  on  public  health,  on  marriages, 
on  births,  with  a  special  study  of  the  consequences  of  war  conditions  on  the 
vitality  of  children  born  in  that  period.  Internal  and  external  migration  form 
the  subject  of  a  special  chapter.  Part  III,  worked  out  mainly  on  a  comparison 
of  the  census  of  1921  with  that  of  191 1,  summarizes  the  modifications  in  the 
composition  and  distribution  of  the  population;  it  contains  an  appendix  on  the 
population  of  the  new  Italian  provinces.  The  last  part  of  the  volume  discusses 
the  effects  of  the  War  on  the  vital  and  social  circumstances  of  the  Italian  people 
according  to  the  period  when  the  effects  became  manifest,  and  to  their  nature, 
whether  permanent  or  transitory,  whether  limited  or  widespread  in  extent. 


120  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

THE   ITALIAN   PEOPLE   DURING  AND  AFTER  THE  WAR 

A  Social  Survey 

By  Professor  Gioacchino  Volpe 

Professor  of  Modern  History,  Royal  Academy,  Milan,  since  1906;  member  of 
Royal  Society  (Deputazione)  of  National  History  for  Tuscany;  id.  for  the  Abruzzi; 
Historical  Society  of  Lombardy,  Royal  Institute  of  Lombardy  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  and  Arts.  Author  of  Studi  per  le  istituzioni  comunali  a  Pisa  (1902) ;  Lom- 
bardi  e  Romani  nelle  campagne  e  nelle  cittd:  Per  to  studio  delle  classi  sociali,  della 
nazionel  del  Rinascimento  italiano  (1904-5);  Questioni  fondamentali  sui  Vorigine  e 
svolgimento  dei  Comuni  italiani  (1904);  Montieri,  Costituzione  politico,,  struttura  sociale 
ed  attivitd  economica  di  una  terra  toscana  nel  200  (1908),  etc.;  two  historical  volumes 
in  press. 

The  writer  gives  as  introduction  a  sketch  of  social  conditions  and  political 
and  national  currents  in  Italy  in  the  last  half  century.  The  period  of  neutrality 
produces  several  changes  in  the  outlook  of  various  sections  of  the  population, 
changes  which  are  helped  about  by  open  or  covert  propaganda.  This  evolution 
continues  with  Italy's  entry  into  the  War,  and  the  volume  analyzes  it  with 
reference  to  causes  and  effects  for  the  various  periods  of  the  conflict.  The 
disaster  at  Caporetto,  especially,  acts  as  a  great  influence  for  strength  and  unity. 
But  the  end  of  the  War  brings  disappointments,  perplexities  and  difficulties 
which  cause  a  serious  social  and  moral  crisis.  Fiume,  the  forcible  occupation 
of  land  and  of  factories,  are  manifestations  of  a  latent  spirit  of  revolution.  The 
writer  elucidates  that  development  by  analyzing  in  his  concluding  chapter  the 
peculiar  difficulties  of  the  Italian  War,  like  the  absence  of  evident  and  urgent 
motives  for  intervention.  He  discusses  the  part  played  by  the  various  classes 
and  sections  of  the  population  and  the  effect  of  the  War  upon  them  and  on  their 
relations  to  the  state  and  attempts  to  estimate  how  the  War  has  left  Italy's  moral 
position  at  home  and  before  the  world. 

SOCIAL  AND  ECONOMIC  LIFE  IN  PIEDMONT  AS  AFFECTED 

BY  THE  WAR 

By  Professor  Giuseppe  Prato 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  and  Public  Finance,  High  School  of  Commerce, 
Turin,  since  1910;  Lecturer  on  Industrial  Law,  University  of  Turin,  since  1914,  and 
on  Commercial  Policy  and  History  of  Economic  Theory,  Commercial  University 
(Luigi  Bocconi)  in  Milan,  since  1920;  member  of  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  Turin, 
Royal  Academy  of  Agriculture,  Turin,  Royal  Academy  of  the  Georgofili,  Florence 
(correspondent);  Societe  d'Economie  Politique,  Paris,  London  Cobden  Club;  joint 
editor  of  La  Rijorma  Sociale  since  1908.  Author  of  II  costo  della  guerra  di  succes- 
sione  Spagnuola  in  Piemonte  (1908);  La  vita  economica  in  Piemonte  a  mezzo  il  secolo 
XVIII  (1909);  II  protezionismo  operaio  (1910);  Problemi  monetari  e  bancari  nei  secoli 
XVII  e  XVIII  (1916);  Riflessi  storici  dell'  economica  di  guerra  (1919),  etc. 

In  each  series  of  the  history  it  is  planned  to  have  a  certain  number  of  volumes 
of  the  general  social  history  of  limited  areas.  These  studies  will  be  historical 
rather  than  purely  economic  as  they  deal  with  the  entire  life  of  a  society  as 


RUMANIAN   SERIES  121 

affected  by  the  War.  They  are  also  synthetic  rather  than  analytic.  In  Italy 
it  is  planned  to  have  several  such  monographs,  but  this  one  which  deals  with 
the  important  region  of  Piedmont  will  be  of  especial  interest  because  of  the 
effects  of  the  War  upon  industry  in  the  great  munition  enterprises  and  also 
because  of  the  character  of  the  labor  movement  there.  It  will  describe  the 
different  elements  in  Piedmontese  society,  and  the  displacement  caused  by  the 
War  in  readjustments  of  incomes  and  expenditures,  housing  conditions,  social 
and  political  outlook  and  morals.  It  will  trace  these  factors  as  well  in  the  post- 
war period  of  adjustment. 

PORTUGUESE   SERIES 

PORTUGAL   IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 
By  Professor  George  Young 

Professor  of  Portuguese  and  Examiner  in  Ottoman  Law  in  University  of  London; 
formerly  Secretary  of  Embassy  in  British  Diplomatic  Service  at  Constantinople, 
Washington  and  Lisbon;  served  in  Horse  Artillery,  and  Lieutenant  in  Royal  Marines. 
Author  of  Le  Corps  de  Droit  Ottoman;  Nationalism  and  War  in  the  Near  East;  Portugal 
Old  and  Young;  The  New  Germany;  Tales  of  Trespass;  The  New  Diplomacy,  etc. 

Analysis  of  the  economic  causes  which  brought  Portugal  into  the  War, 
and  the  economic  consequences  which  it  entailed  in  that  country.  Of  especial 
interest  because  of  the  relation  of  Portuguese  commerce  and  commercial  policy 
to  English  and  German  developments  in  Africa.  The  volume  begins  with  a 
careful  survey  of  the  international  situation  in  the  African  Empire.  The  econ- 
omies of  the  Republic  carry  the  theme  inevitably  over  into  the  field  of  politics 
and  the  attitudes  of  the  various  groups  and  leaders.  It  then  discusses  the  policy 
of  Portugal  with  reference  to  international  as  well  as  domestic  questions,  and  the 
relation  of  these  to  the  entry  into  the  War  on  the  Allied  side.  The  Portuguese 
participation  in  the  War  is  described  in  some  detail  and  then  a  statistical  account 
is  given  of  the  financial  and  general  economic  situation  at  the  end  of  the  War, 
based  upon  first-hand  material. 

RUMANIAN   SERIES 

RURAL  REVOLUTION   IN   RUMANIA  AND   SOUTHEASTERN 

EUROPE 
By  David  Mitrany 

Editor  of  Rumanian  Series 

This  volume  deals  with  one  of  the  most  striking  social  transformations  in 
Europe  due  to  the  War — the  emergence  and  predominance  of  land  owning 
peasantry.  This  is  the  key  to  much  of  the  contemporary  history  of  Southeastern 
Europe.  The  narrative  begins  with  an  account  of  the  old  system  of  communal 
land  tenure  in  Rumania,  of  the  usurpations,  legal  and  illegal,  which  reduced  most 
of  the  peasantry  to  serfdom,  their  fierce  but  fruitless  revolts  (of  which  the  last, 


122  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

in  1907,  cost  10,000  peasant  lives),  and  the  situation  during  the  first  years  of  the 
War.  The  effect  of  the  War  upon  the  peasantry  was  not  decisive  until  after  the 
Russian  revolution;  then,  under  pressure  of  desperate  events,  the  government,  in 
refuge  at  Jassy,  decreed  in  191 7  the  expropriation  of  large  estates  and  their  distri- 
bution among  the  peasantry.  This  transformed  Rumania  from  a  country  of 
immense  latifundia  into  a  country  of  small  holdings.  Land  hunger  and  ignorance 
balked  plans  for  making  the  reform  on  a  cooperative  basis.  The  economic  effect 
is  reduction  in  output;  the  political,  impossibility  of  collecting  heavy  taxation 
in  spite  of  international  obligations;  and  the  social,  an  abatement  of  nationalism, 
an  anti-town  movement  and  a  tendency  toward  self-contained  communities;  in 
short,  a  reversal  of  the  entire  prewar  social  and  political  process. 

After  a  detailed  history  of  these  phenomena  in  Rumania,  the  author  corre- 
lates them  with  the  main  features  of  similar  peasant  movements  in  neighboring 
countries. 


ECONOMIC  CONSEQUENCES  OF  THE  WAR  IN  RUMANIA 

A  Series  of  Studies 

1 .     The  Effect  of  the  Enemy  Occupation  of  Rumania 
By  Dr.  G.  Antipa 

Rumanian  High  Commissioner  in  the  Occupied  Territory;  Vice  President  of  the 
Rumanian  Academy. 

This  study  is  based  on  first-hand  evidence  and  presents  details  otherwise 
unavailable  for  the  history  of  one  of  the  central  economic  struggles  of  the  War. 
In  addition  to  a  description  of  enemy  exploitation  it  describes  the  Rumanian 
organizations  for  continuing  economic  life,  and  sums  up  results. 

2.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Public  Health  in  Rumania 

By  Professor  J.  Cantacuzino 

Director  General  of  the  Rumanian  Sanitary  Service,  19 16-18;  Director  of  the 
Institute  of  Experimental  Chemistry;  formerly  of  the  Institut  Pasteur,  Paris,  etc. 

Rumania  offers  an  unusual  opportunity  to  study  war-time  diseases,  owing 
both  to  the  spread  of  epidemics  from  the  East  and  to  the  flight  of  the  civilian 
population.  This  study  is  therefore  a  general  survey,  planned  to  cover  in  short 
space,  some  of  the  same  topics  treated  in  the  Austrian  section. 

3.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Rumanian  Economic  Life 

A  study  of  the  total  effects  of  the  War  in  Rumania.     (To  be  arranged.) 


(Other  studies  to  follow.) 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  123 

RUSSIAN   SERIES 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  THE  CENTRAL  GOVERNMENT 

By  Professor  Paul  Pavlovitch  Gronsky 

Assistant  Professor  of  Constitutional  Law  at  University  of  Petrograd  since  1912, 
and  Professor  at  Petrograd  Polytechnicum  and  Commercial  Institute;  member  of 
State  Duma  since  1912;  Master  in  Constitutional  Law  (University  of  Moscow);  in 
19 1 7  appointed  by  Provisional  Government  member  of  Special  Commission  for  prep- 
aration of  Act  for  elections  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  and  member  of  Committee 
for  the  Organization  of  Elections;  since  1920  Professor  of  Russian  Law  at  Institut  de 
Droit  Russe  of  Faculty  of  Law  of  University  of  Paris;  Chairman  of  Russian  Aca- 
demic Group  in  Paris.  Publications  (in  Russian):  Decentralization  and  Self -Govern- 
ment (1912;  2d.  ed.,  1917);  Local  Government  (Gemeindeverwaltung)  in  the  principal 
States  oj  Germany  (19 16);  The  Zemstvos'  Reform  (19 16);  The  New  "  Volosti''  (Essay 
on  Reform  of  Townships  under  the  Provisional  Government,  1917). 

After  a  general  sketch  of  the  structure  of  the  Russian  Central  Government 
before  the  War,  this  study  traces  the  first  effects  of  the  War  in  the  weakening  of 
legislative  institutions  and  predominance  of  the  administrative  power.  A 
number  of  advisory  bodies  (Special  Advisory  Committees)  became  attached  to 
the  government  for  economic  problems  and  those  of  defense.  The  history  then 
passes  to  the  era  of  the  Revolution,  the  formation  of  the  Provisional  Committee 
of  the  State  Duma;  the  formation  of  the  Provisional  Government  and  of  the 
Soviet  (Council)  of  Workmen;  the  coup  d'etat  of  October  25,  1917.  The  study 
closes  with  a  statement  on  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  Russian  Central  Govern- 
ment in  the  different  periods  of  the  War  and  Revolution. 

STATE   FINANCES   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Alexander  Michailovitch  Michelson 

Since  19 17  Assistant  Professor  of  University  of  Moscow  and  Lausanne  and  lec- 
turer on  Finances;  Fellow  of  French  Society  of  Political  Economy,  of  Free  Economic 
Society  of  Petrograd  and  of  Agricultural  Society  for  South  Russia;  member  and 
financial  adviser  of  different  Russian  organizations  in  Paris;  Lecturer  in  Finances  at 
Institut  de  Droit  Russe  of  Faculty  of  Law  of  Paris  University.  Publications  (in 
French):  he  problhme  des  finances  publiques  aprh  la  guerre  (Payot,  1919);  Banque  et 
monnaie;  memoir es  presentes  par  le  Comite  des  ReprSsentants  des  Banques  Russes  & 
Paris  &  la  Conference  de  Gines;  La  lutte  pour  le  petrole  en  Russie  (in  collaboration  with 
M.  Paul  Apostol,  Payot,  1922);  La  dette  publique  de  la  Russie  (Payot,  1922). 

The  study  opens  with  a  sketch  of  the  financial  readiness  of  Russia  for  the 
War  and  a  survey  of  the  system  of  Russian  finances  before  the  War.  The  author 
then  shows  the  changes  produced  by  the  War  in  Russian  financial  organization 
and  gives  a  survey  of  the  reduction  of  revenue  (mainly  due  to  the  abolition  of  the 
spirit  monopoly) ;  of  the  increase  of  expenditure  connected  with  the  conduct  of 
special  military  operations;  and  of  the  means  by  which  war-time  expenditure  was 
met.     The  monograph  then  summarizes  criticism  of  the  taxation  policy  of  the 


124  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

government  by  the  press,  the  legislative  bodies  and  the  declarations  of  separate 
political  and  professional  groups.  It  concludes  with  a  survey  of  the  conditions  of 
Russian  state  finances  at  the  cessation  of  hostilities. 

RUSSIAN  STATE  CREDIT  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Dr.  Paul  Nicholaevitch  Apostol 
Doctor  of  Political  Economy,  Munich;  Reader  at  High  School  of  Social  Sciences 
organized  by  M.  M.  Kovalevsky  in  Paris;  attached  to  representative  of  Russian 
Ministry  of  Finance  in  Paris  since  1898;  Commissioner  for  Russian  Section  of  the 
Paris  Exposition,  1900;  Secretary  to  Financial  and  Economic  Committee  of  Russian 
Political  Conference  in  Paris;  Secretary  to  Bureau  Economique  Russe;  member  of 
Russian  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Paris;  Fellow  of  French  Society  for  Political 
Economy,  of  French  Statistical  Society,  etc.;  a  constant  contributor  to  the  official 
Russian  publications,  The  Financial  News  (Vestnik  Finanzov)  and  The  Gazette  of 
Commerce  and  Trade  (Torgovo-Promishlenaia  Gazeta)  and  to  a  number  of  French 
periodical  publications ;  (in  French) :  Economie  sociale  d  la  section  russe  de  I' Exposition 
universelle  de  iqoo  (1900);  La  lutte  pour  le  petrole  en  Russie,  and  La  dette  publique  de 
la  Russie  (in  collaboration  with  others,  Payot,  1922),  etc. 

After  a  short  sketch  of  the  conditions  of  Russian  state  credit  at  the  out- 
break of  the  War  and  the  discussion  of  the  capacity  of  the  internal  money  market 
with  regard  to  the  possibility  of  the  floating  of  loans,  this  volume  gives  a  detailed 
survey  of  war-time  loans.  Internal  and  foreign  loans  are  carefully  examined 
and  the  amount  and  conditions  of  loans  floated  in  England,  France,  and  other 
countries  are  shown.  The  importance  of  the  revenue  from  loans  is  compared 
with  the  revenue  from  other  sources  and  the  study  closes  with  a  survey  of  the 
problem  of  loans  at  the  cessation  of  hostilities. 

CURRENCY   IN   RUSSIA  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Professor  Michael  Vladimirovitch  Bernadsky 

Assistant  Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  University  of  Kief,  1901-2;  Assistant 
Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  University  of  Petrograd  since  1904;  Master  of 
Political  Economy,  University  of  Petrograd,  1912;  Professor  at  Petrograd  Polytech- 
nicum,  1917;  after  the  Revolution  of  March,  1917,  entrusted  by  Provisional  Govern- 
ment with  organization  of  Labor  Ministry;  in  charge  of  Ministry  of  Finances,  July- 
September,  1917,  and  member  of  Board  of  that  Ministry  from  September,  1917,  to 
advent  of  the  Bolshevik;  Secretary  of  State  for  Finances  in  Anti-Bolshevik  Govern- 
ment of  South  Russia  from  May,  1918,  to  withdrawal  of  Anti-Bolshevik  forces. 
Publications  (in  Russian) :  The  Theory  of  State  Socialism  and  the  Economic  Views  of 
Prince  Bismarck  (191 1);  The  Evolution  of  Economic  Relations  (1915);  (in  French): 
"Le  Probleme  de  la  circulation  monetaire  de  la  Russie,"  in  La  dette  publique  de  la 
Russie  (Payot,  1922). 

The  study  begins  with  a  short  historical  sketch  of  the  establishment  of 
gold  currency  in  Russia,  by  S.  J.  Witte,  and  a  survey  of  the  Russian  trade  balance 
and  of  the  conditions  of  currency  and  the  money  market  on  the  eve  of  the  out- 
break of  the  War.     The  author  then  shows  in  detail  the  effects  of  the  War  upon 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  125 

Russian  currency  and  describes  the  measures  taken  by  the  government  to  check 
the  inevitable  results  of  the  inflation  of  currency.  The  problem  of  Russian  gold 
reserve  is  next  dealt  with,  and  the  volume  gives  a  survey  of  the  agreements  with 
England  in  1914-15-16  and  of  the  agreement  with  Sweden;  the  transfer  of  a 
part  of  the  gold  reserve  to  Germany  under  the  treaty  of  Brest-Li  to  vsk.  The 
monograph  concludes  with  a  discussion  of  the  effects  of  the  War  and  Revolution 
upon  Russian  currency. 

GERMAN   CAPITAL   IN   RUSSIA  AND   THE  WAR 
By  Basil  Borisovitch  Eliashevitch 

Assistant  Professor  of  Civil  Law  at  Polytechnicum  of  Petrograd  since  1903 ;  Pro- 
fessor at  Petrograd  University  College  for  Women  since  19 10;  Legal  Adviser  to  Min- 
istry of  Finance;  member  of  Board  of  Ministry  of  Trade  and  Commerce  and  of  Min- 
ing Board;  Director  of  Moscow  Bank  for  Industry  and  of  other  banks;  editor  of  two 
periodicals  in  Russia.  Publications  (in  Russian):  The  War  and  the  Conditions  Re- 
sulting out  of  the  Application  of  Civil  Law  (19 14),  etc.;  (in  collaboration  with  Mr. 
Vorms) :  Civil  Law,  Theoretical  and  Practical  Comments  (3  volumes  have  been  pub- 
lished in  1912-16  out  of  proposed  10  volumes). 

After  a  sketch  of  the  role  played  by  German  capital  before  the  War  in 
Russian  industry,  trade,  banking  and  agriculture,  this  monograph  traces  the 
measures  taken  against  it  by  the  government.  It  describes  the  measures  taken 
against  individual  subjects  of  enemy  countries;  prohibition  of  payments;  suspen- 
sion of  obligations;  liquidation  of  commercial  concerns;  redemption  of  shares; 
reorganization  of  joint-stock  companies;  liquidation  of  German  landholding. 
The  author  then  discusses  the  measures  taken  by  the  government  and  how  they 
affected  certain  branches  of  Russian  industry. 

EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   RUSSIAN   MUNICIPALITIES  AND 
THE  ALL-RUSSIAN  UNION  OF  TOWNS 
By  Nicholas  Ivanovitch  Astroff 

Member  of  Board  of  Trustees  and  of  Executive  Board  of  Moscow  Peoples'  (Sha- 
niavsky)  University;  Honorary  Justice  of  Peace  of  Moscow;  member  of  Moscow  Mu- 
nicipal Council  and  of  Moscow  Zemstvo  Conference;  Mayor  of  Moscow,  19 17,  and 
Chairman  of  Central  Committee  of  All-Russian  Union  of  Towns;  member  of  Con- 
stituent Assembly;  one  of  the  organizers  and  leaders  of  All-Russian  Union  of  Towns; 
member  of  its  Executive  Board  and  head  of  Municipal  Section;  Leader  of  Liberal 
group  of  Moscow  Municipal  Council.  Author  of  a  report  on  the  activities  of  the 
Moscow  Municipal  Self-Government  in  19 13-16  and  of  a  report  on  the  work  of  Mos- 
cow Municipal  Credit  Association  for  the  last  50  years;  member  of  Editorial  Board 
of  Liberal  paper  Moskovsky  Vedomosty. 

The  monograph  begins  with  a  survey  of  the  structure  of  Russian  municipal 
self-government  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War  and  of  municipal  health,  educational, 
charitable  and  other  institutions.  The  author  then  traces  the  activities  of  Russian 
towns  after  the  outbreak  of  the  War;  the  organization  of  the  All-Russian  Union 


126  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

of  Towns  and  its  work  for  the  army  and  for  the  relief  of  refugees,  etc.,  as  well  as 
the  share  of  the  municipalities  in  the  supply  of  necessities  to  wounded  and  refugees, 
etc.  Special  attention  is  paid  to  Moscow  Municipal  Council,  and  to  the  struggle 
between  municipalities  and  the  central  power.  The  narrative  ends  with  a 
description  of  the  ruin  of  the  municipal  organization  of  Russia  and  the  starvation 
of  Russian  towns. 

THE   ZEMSTVOS,   THE   ALL-RUSSIAN   UNION   OF  THE   ZEMSTVOS 

AND   THE   "ZEMGOR" 

By  Prince  Vladimir  A.  Obolensky 

Director  of  the  Statistical  Department  of  the  Orel  Zemstvo,  1900-1903;  member 
of  the  Duma,  1906;  during  the  War  closely  connected  with  the  All-Russian  Union  of 
Towns;  chairman  of  the  Executive  Board  of  the  Tver  Zemstvo,  1918-20; 

and 

Sergius  Petrovitch  Turin 

Lecturer  in  Economics,  Moscow  Institute  of  Commerce;  Vice  Director  of  Statis- 
tical Department  of  Moscow  Municipal  Council;  representative  of  Russian  Zemst- 
vos'  and  Towns'  Unions  in  England  during  the  War.  Publications  (in  Russian): 
The  All-Russian  Unions  of  Towns  and  Zemstvos  in  England  during  the  War  and  Revolu- 
tion; The  Central  Board  oj  Moscow  Professional  Unions  (19 12),  etc.;  (in  English): 
Revolution  and  New  Russia;  "Market  Prices  and  Controlled  Prices  of  Food  in 
Moscow,"  in  Journal  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society  (May,  1920). 

After  an  account  of  the  Zemstvos  themselves,  these  studies  trace  the  creation 
of  the  All-Russian  Union  of  Zemstvos  and  the  organizations  of  its  different 
institutions;  the  extension  of  the  Zemstvos  "Union"  activity,  its  part  in  the 
struggle  against  high  cost  of  living,  disorganization  of  transport,  the  settlement 
of  refugees,  the  problem  of  food  supply.  It  discusses  the  changes  produced  in 
the  work  of  the  Union  by  the  Revolution  and  the  reasons  of  the  decline  in  the 
public  spirit.  The  second  part  of  the  study  gives  a  similar  survey  of  the  activi- 
ties and  organization  of  the  "Zemgor"  (the  Union  of  Zemstvos*  and  Towns' 
Unions). 

THE  WAR  AND  THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  THE  ZEMSTVOS  WORKERS 
By  Isaak  Vladimirovitch  Shklovsky 

Publicist  and  Fellow  of  Russian  Imperial  Geographical  Society;  contributed  to 
many  Russian  liberal  periodicals;  numerous  books  and  essays  on  literary  and  social 
subjects  in  Russian.  In  Far  North  East  Siberia  was  also  published  in  French  (1896), 
and  in  English  (1915). 

This  study  contains  a  survey  of  the  acitivity  of  the  intellectual  workers 
employed  by  the  Zemstvos,  characteristic  representatives  of  the  famous  Russian 
11  Intelligenzia,"  whose  share  in  the  events  of  1917  was  important.  The  monograph 
opens  with  a  survey  of  the  reasons  of  the  strong  antagonism  which  always  existed 
between  the  government  and  the  intellectual  class  of  Russia,  and  then  traces  the 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  1 27 

work  and  conditions  of  the  social  workers  of  the  Zemstvos  in  the  domain  of 
education,  social  relief,  agriculture,  etc.  This  discussion  leads  up  to  special 
chapters  analyzing  the  ideas  of  the  Intelligenzia  on  the  War  and  the  attitude  on 
questions  of  patriotism. 

EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  AGRICULTURAL 

COOPERATION  AND  COOPERATIVE  CREDIT 

By  Professor  Alexis  Nicholaevitch  Anziferoff 

Doctor  of  Political  Economy,  Kharkoff;  in  1903  appointed  Assistant  Professor  at 
University  of  Kharkoff;  studied  cooperatives  in  Germany  and  France;  since  1907 
Professor  of  Statistics  at  University  of  Kharkoff.  Publications  (in  Russian):  Lease 
of  Peasants1  Holdings  and  its  Effects  (1902);  Small  Credit,  its  Organization  and  Influ- 
ence in  Russia  (1903);  Cooperative  Statistics  (Report  to  XIV  Section  of  International 
Statistical  Institute,  Vienna);  Essays  on  Cooperation  (1915  and  1918);  Actual  Condi- 
tions of  Cooperative  Credit  in  Western  Europe  (1916);  Cooperative  Credit  and  Co- 
operative Banks  (1922),  etc. 

After  a  short  sketch  of  the  development  of  Russian  cooperative  credit  in- 
stitutions, the  study  shows  their  growth  during  1914-17.  It  gives  a  survey  of 
the  geographical  distribution  of  cooperative  credit  institutions,  explains  the 
organization  of  institutions  of  the  first,  second  and  third  degree,  their  unions  and 
evolution.  The  author  then  describes  different  types  of  agricultural  cooperative 
societies  and  associations  and  their  unions;  agricultural  cooperation  of  Siberia. 
He  traces  the  policy  of  the  government  with  regard  to  cooperative  societies 
during  the  War,  the  participation  of  cooperative  institutions  in  the  work  of  the 
government  under  the  Imperial  regime  and  the  Provisional  Government,  the 
role  of  cooperative  societies  in  the  corn  monopoly,  and  their  non-economic  activity: 
lectures,  libraries,  publications,  conferences;  the  formation  of  the  All-Russian 
Council  of  cooperative  congresses  and  their  local  representatives.  The  monograph 
concludes  with  a  survey  of  the  conditions  of  agricultural  cooperation  at  the 
moment  of  the  Bolshevik  coup  d'etat. 

COOPERATIVES  OF  CONSUMERS   IN   RUSSIA  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Vachan  Thomitch  Totomianz 

Doctor  of  Political  Economy,  Kief;  Doctor  of  Social  Science,  Brussels;  Assist- 
ant Professor  of  Economics  and  Finance  at  Institute  of  Commerce  and  University 
of  Moscow;  1919-20,  Professor  at  Tiflis  Polytechnicum;  now  Professor  of 
Cooperation  at  Czech  University  of  Prague  and  Professor  of  Economics  at  Russian 
Faculty  of  Law,  Prague.  Publications  (in  Russian):  History,  Theory  and  Practice 
of  Consumers'  Cooperatives  (4th  ed.,  19 18);  Theory  of  Cooperation  (2d  ed.,  1921);  His- 
tory of  Social  and  Economic  Studies  (translated  into  French,  Italian  and  Czech, 
192 1 ),  etc.,  as  well  as  various  works  in  foreign  languages. 

A  general  sketch  of  the  organization  and  development  of  consumers'  co- 
operative societies  in  Russia  before  the  War  and  a  survey  of  their  conditions 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  War.     Fluctuation  and  rise  of  prices  produced  by  the 


128  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE  WORLD  WAR 

War  result  in  a  great  increase  in  the  number  of  Russian  consumers'  societies. 
The  study  shows  the  development  and  the  part  they  played  in  war  economy. 
Passing  to  the  unions  of  consumers'  societies,  the  author  traces  how  their  or- 
ganization and  growth  were  affected  by  the  War,  describes  the  organization 
and  activities  of  local  unions,  the  creation  of  the  Siberian  "Zakup-Sbit,"  the 
organization  of  the  Central  Union  of  Russian  Consumers'  Societies  ("Centro- 
sous")  and  its  part  in  meeting  the  requirements  of  the  Army  and  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  army  supply.  The  study  closes  with  a  survey  of  the  positive  and 
negative  effects  of  the  War  upon  the  development  of  consumers'  cooperation 
in  Russia. 

THE   RUSSIAN  ARMY   IN  THE  WORLD  WAR 

A  Study  in  Social  History 

By  Nicholas  Nicholaevitch  Golovine 

Lieutenant  General;  Professor  of  Military  History,  Tactics  and  General  Staff 
Service  at  Russian  Imperial  General  Staff  College;  attached  to  French  Ecole  Supe- 
rieure  de  Guerre,  1910-11;  Chief  of  Staff  of  Armies  of  Russo-Rumanian  front  in 
191 7;  Lecturer  on  Russian  History  in  Lycee  Janson  de  Sailly,  Paris,  1921-22;  Pro- 
fessor of  History,  Russian  Section,  University  of  Prague,  1922.  Publications  (in 
Russian):  Psychological  Analysis  of  the  Combatant  (1907),  etc.;  (in  English):  arti- 
cles on  "History  of  the  War  on  the  Russian  Front  in  1914-17,"  in  the  new  edition 
of  Encyclopedia  Britannica;  Problem  of  the  Pacific  in  the  XX  Century  (Glydendal, 
London,  1922). 

The  volume  opens  with  a  detailed  survey  of  the  problem  of  "man  power" 
in  Russia.  The  author  describes  the  system  of  conscription,  the  changes  in- 
troduced during  the  War,  exemptions  and  privileges,  losses  in  killed  and  wounded 
in  different  periods  of  the  War,  the  number  of  Russians  made  prisoners  and 
the  number  of  prisoners  taken  by  the  Russians,  their  employment  in  different 
occupations,  etc.  He  then  passes  to  the  problem  of  the  organization  and  dis- 
tribution of  supply  in  the  Army  and  shows  the  crisis  in  military  and  technical 
supply,  the  increase  of  the  losses  of  men,  as  the  next  result  of  this  crisis,  and  its 
effect  upon  the  Army  and  the  general  feeling  of  the  country.  The  influence 
of  the  sea-blockade  of  Russia  upon  the  issue  of  the  War  is  next  dealt  with,  and 
the  volume  closes  with  a  general  estimate  of  the  strength  of  the  effort  which  was 
made  on  the  Russian  front. 

RURAL  ECONOMY  IN  RUSSIA  AND  THE  WAR:  AGRICULTURAL 

INDUSTRIES 
By  Professor  Alexis  Nicholaivitch  Anziferoff 

In  collaboration  with 

Professor  Alexander  Dmitrievitch  Bilimovitch 

and 

Michael  Ossipovitch  Batcheff 

Late  Deputy  Director  of  Industry  Department  of  Ministry  of  Trade  and  Indus- 
try; since  19 12  attached  to  the  Russian  Embassy  in  Paris  as  representative  of 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  1 29 

Ministry  of  Trade  and  Industry;  represented  Russia  in  Comite  Permanent  Inter- 
national d' Action  Economique  held  in  Paris  during  the  War;  member  of  Conference 
on  Question  of  Blockade.  Author  of  numerous  articles  on  economic  subjects  pub- 
lished in  French  and  Russian. 

In  view  of  the  importance  of  Russian  agriculture  and  peasant  life  generally, 
this  part  of  the  Russian  Series  receives  especial  emphasis  and  is  planned  in  careful 
detail.  This  study  deals  with  the  economics  of  agriculture,  others  with  condi- 
tions of  life  and  problems  of  land  ownership.  The  volume  opens  with  a  general 
survey  of  the  progress  of  agriculture  in  Russia  before  the  War,  then  analyzes  its 
various  branches  in  detail.  It  then  shows  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  each 
branch  of  rural  economy;  changes  in  the  balance  of  production  and  consumption 
of  agricultural  products;  problems  of  export  of  agricultural  products;  the  influence 
of  fixed  prices,  etc.  It  shows  the  gradual  division  of  Russia  into  separate  regions 
as  a  result  of  the  deficiency  and  disorganization  of  transport.  After  a  sketch  of 
the  agricultural  measures  of  the  Provisional  Government  and  of  the  ruinous 
effects  of  the  Bolshevik  coup  d'etat  upon  Russian  rural  economy,  the  volume 
closes  with  a  survey  of  the  general  movement  of  production,  consumption  and 
prices  of  agricultural  products  in  191 7  and  191 8. 

EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR   UPON   LANDHOLDING  AND 
SETTLEMENT   IN   RUSSIA 

Agrarian  Conditions  and  Problems 

By  Professor  Vladimir  Andreevitch  Kossinsky 

Doctor  of  Political  Economy,  Moscow;  Professor  of  Political  Economy  and 
Statistics,  Riga  Polytechnicum,  since  1901,  and  University  of  Odessa,  since  1904; 
Principal  of  Faculty  of  Law  of  Odessa  University,  1 905-1 907;  Professor,  Kief 
Polytechnicum,  since  1909;  later,  Professor,  University  of  Kief;  actually  Professor 
of  Political  Economy,  Russian  Faculty  of  Law,  Prague;  Fellow  of  Ukrainian  Academy 
of  Science  (founded  in  Kief,  1918),  of  Free  Economic  Society  at  Petrograd,  of  Mos- 
cow Society  for  Rural  Economy.  Publications  (in  Russian):  The  Agrarian  Prob- 
lem (1906);  The  Leading  Tendencies  in  the  Mobilization  of  Land  Property  and  their 
Economic  and  Social  Reasons  (2  vols.,  1917  and  1918);  The  Land  Settlement  in  Russia 
(in  preparation),  etc.;  also  numerous  articles  on  rural  problems. 

The  study  opens  with  a  general  characterization  of  the  conditions  of 
Russian  land  tenure  in  1916.  The  author  then  considers  the  problem  of  the 
shortage  of  land  in  Russia.  He  calculates  the  reserve  fund  for  additional  allot- 
ments, according  to  the  statistics  on  January  1,  1916,  and  the  area  of  land  re- 
quired for  the  increase  of  the  holdings  of  landless  peasants  and  small  holders  up 
to  the  standard  of  their  consumption.  He  shows  the  effects  of  the  new  distribu- 
tion of  land,  resulting  from  the  Stolypin  legislation,  upon  the  whole  national 
economy,  the  towns,  the  industries  and  international  trade  and  treats  the  prob- 
lem of  the  decapitalization  of  the  rural  economy  in  Russia  and  of  the  creation  of  a 
strong  agrarian  capitalism  with  parallels  from  Ireland,  England  and  the  United 
States  of  America.     The  study  concludes  with  a  general  sketch  of  the  reasons 


130  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

and  conditions  which  provoked  the  events  of  191 7  and  191 8  in  the  domain  of  land 
tenure  and  of  the  effects  of  nationalization,  municipalization,  socialization  and 
communism  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  agrarian  problem. 

Land  Settlement 
By  Professor  Alexander  Dmitrievitch  Bilimovitch 

Doctor  of  Political  Economy,  Petrograd;  Assistant  Professor  of  Political  Econ- 
omy and  Statistics,  Kief  University,  since  1904;  Professor  at  University  of  Kief  and 
Kief  University  College  for  Women;  after  Revolution,  in  1919,  in  Agricultural  De- 
partment of  Anti-Bolshevist  Government  of  South  Russia;  Professor  of  Political 
Economy  in  University  of  Ljubljana,  Yugoslavia,  since  1920.  Publications  (in 
Russian) :  The  Legal  Position  oj  Russian  Peasants;  Problems  oj  Land  Settlement  and 
Land  Legislation  in  Russia  (1907);  Land  Legislation  in  Germany  (1908);  Remarks  on 
the  Land  Settlement  Act  (1910);  The  Suspension  of  Servitude  (191 1),  etc. 

The  monograph  gives  a  survey  of  the  agrarian  legislation  of  P.  A.  Stolypin  on 
land  settlement  and  enclosure  (1906,  etc.)  and  explains  the  main  lines  of  the  new 
land  settlement.  The  author  then  traces  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  the  land 
settlement,  the  weakening  of  the  normal  activity  of  the  boards  in  charge  of  the 
land  settlement  and  the  creation  of  a  new  reserve  fund  for  the  allotment  to  ex- 
soldiers.  Passing  to  the  period  of  the  Revolution,  the  volume  deals  with  the 
hostile  attitude  of  Russian  revolutionary  parties  towards  land  settlement,  the 
dissolution  of  the  body  in  charge  of  the  land  settlement,  the  persecution  during 
agrarian  risings  of  peasants  who  had  abandoned  the  communal  land  tenure  and 
have  established  themselves  as  farmers  and  holders  of  compact  plots  and  the 
attempts  at  reestablishment  of  communal  land  tenure  in  connection  with  appro- 
priation of  large  estates. 

PROBLEM   OF  FOOD   SUPPLY   IN   RUSSIA   DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Professor  Peter  Bernadovitch  Struve 

Doctor  of  Political  Economy,  Kief,  LL.D.,  Cambridge;  since  1907  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor at  Polytechnicum  of  Petrograd;  Professor  at  Petrograd  University  College  for 
Women,  191 7;  Fellow  of  Russian  Academy;  member  of  Second  State  Duma;  during 
the  War,  representative  of  Zemstvos'  Union  in  Special  Committee  for  Food  Supply 
and  Chairman  of  Committee  of  Inquiry  of  conditions  of  food  supply  and  commerce 
in  enemy  countries;  after  the  Revolution  of  March,  191 7,  head  of  Economic  Depart- 
ment of  Foreign  Office;  State  Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs  in  Anti-Bolshevist 
Government  of  South  Russia,  1920.  Publications  (in  Russian):  Critical  Remarks 
on  the  Problem  of  the  Economic  Development  of  Russia  ( 1 894) ;  Economy  and  Prices 
(1913-16);  Economy  under  the  Conditions  of  Serfdom  (1913),  etc.;  also  numerous 
articles. 

In  collaboration  with 
Simon  Sergeivitch  Demosthenoff 

Formerly  Assistant  Professor  of  Economics,  Institute  of  Law,  Sebastopol;  As- 
sistant Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  University  of  Sofia;  in  1917,  under  Pro- 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  131 

visional  Government,   Director  of  Statistical  Department  in  Ministry  of  Food 
Supply,  etc.; 

and 

Cyril  Zacharovitch  Zaitzeff 

Formerly  Assistant  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  Institute  of  Law,  Sebastopol; 
Lecturer  in  Economics  at  Russian  Faculty  of  Law,  Prague;  during  the  War,  Secretary 
to  Special  Committee  for  Food  Supply  and  Assistant  Commissioner  for  the  Supply 
of  Grain  to  the  Army,  etc. 

The  volume  begins  with  a  sketch  of  the  war-time  organization  of  national 
economy  and  of  its  effects  on  food  supply.  It  deals  with  the  fluctuation  of  prices 
during  each  year  of  the  War  and  with  the  reasons  for  these  fluctuations;  the 
attempt  of  the  state  to  regulate  prices,  showing  conditions  under  which  it  may  be 
efficient.  Passing  to  the  organization  of  administrative  services  the  volume 
explains  the  structure  of  Russian  organizations  for  the  supply  of  food,  control 
of  transport,  establishment  of  food  reserves,  assistance  to  production,  storage, 
regulation  of  consumption.  This  monograph  ends  with  detailed  descriptions  of 
state  monopolies  for  corn,  sugar  and  other  products. 


STATE  CONTROL  OF  INDUSTRY  IN  RUSSIA  DURING  THE  WAR 
By  Professor  Simon  Ossipovitch  Zagorsky 

Doctor  of  Political  Economy,  Munich;  Assistant  Professor,  University  of  Petro- 
grad,  since  1915,  and  Reader  at  Technological  Institute  and  Institute  of  Commerce; 
Professor  at  Petrograd  Psycho-Neural  Institute  since  1917;  Professor  at  Novoros- 
sisk  University,  1919;  Under  Secretary  of  State  for  Labor  in  Provisional  Gov- 
ernment; now  member  of  Russian  Section  of  Bureau  International  du  Travail, 
Geneva.  Publications  (in  Russian):  Syndicates  and  Trusts  (1914);  The  War  after 
the  Peace:  Problems  of  International  Corn  Policy  (1917);  International  Economic 
Problems  (1922),  etc.;  (in  foreign  languages):  La  Republique  des  Sovietes,  Bilan  Eto- 
nomique  (Paris,  1921);  U Evolution  actuelle  du  Bolshevisme  russe  (Paris,  1922);  Econ- 
omies of  Russia  (London,  1922),  etc.;  also  numerous  articles. 

After  a  sketch  of  the  conditions  of  Russian  industry  before  the  War,  this 
volume  traces  the  early  effects  of  the  War  upon  Russian  industry;  the  increase 
of  production,  technical  improvements,  concentration  of  production,  rise 
of  prices,  lack  of  raw  materials,  lack  of  fuel,  lack  of  labor,  etc.  The  volume 
then  deals  with  the  establishment  of  state  control  of  industry  and  the  reasons 
which  made  this  necessary,  the  attitudes  of  the  leading  section  of  public  opinion 
and  official  circles  and  the  creation,  organization  and  activity  of  advisory  boards 
for  the  control  of  industry.  It  then  describes  the  control  of  industry  after  the 
Revolution,  the  changes  in  existing  organizations,  the  creation  of  new  controlling 
bodies,  the  policy  of  the  Provisional  Government  with  regard  to  the  control 
of  industry.  The  volume  closes  with  a  statement  on  the  results  of  the  policy 
of  state  control  of  industry  up  to  the  Bolshevik  coup  d'etat. 


132  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   RUSSIAN   INDUSTRIES 
(A  series  of  shorter  monographs  dealing  with  the  more  important  industries) 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  Coal  Mining  in  Russia 
By  Boris  Nicholaevitch  Sokoloff 

Mining  Engineer;  Managing  Director  of  Krivorog  Mines;  Vice  Chairman  of 
Board  of  Mine  Owners  of  South  Russia,  etc.;  during  the  War  Deputy  Chairman  of 
Kharkoff  Committee  for  Organization  of  War-time  Industry. 

After  a  short  sketch  of  the  conditions  of  coal  mining  in  Russia  before  the 
War,  this  monograph  gives  a  survey  of  the  output  and  consumption  of  coal  in 
Russia  during  the  War  up  to  the  Revolution  of  October,  191 7.  It  then  traces 
the  conditions  of  coal-mining  in  Russia  during  the  War,  the  state  control  of 
mining  industry,  the  creation  of  a  special  committee  for  fuel,  the  difficulties  in 
getting  materials  required  for  production,  the  problem  of  labor  and  wages,  the 
increased  use  of  machinery,  the  organization  of  food  supply  for  the  workers. 
The  problem  of  the  organizations  of  the  distribution  of  coal  among  consumers 
is  next  dealt  with  and  the  monograph  closes  with  the  statement  on  difficulties 
arising  from  the  disorganization  of  transport. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Russian  Petroleum  {Naphtha)  Industry 
By  Alexander  Michailovitch  Michelson  l 
The  monograph  opens  with  a  sketch  of  the  creation  and  development  of 
Russian  petroleum  industry  before  the  War  and  gives  a  survey  of  the  output 
of  petroleum  for  separate  regions,  of  the  petroleum  trade,  capital  investment, 
etc.  The  author  then  traces  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  the  reduction  of  drilling, 
the  interruption  of  export,  the  fluctuation  of  prices,  etc.  The  monograph  closes 
with  a  survey  of  the  effects  of  the  Revolution  upon  Russian  petroleum  industry 
and  of  the  possible  share  of  Russia  in  the  future  world  struggle  for  petroleum. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Chemical  Industry  in  Russia 
By  Mark  Alexandrovitch  Landau 

Director  of  "Olginsky"  Chemical  Works,  Moscow;  member  of  Chemical  Section 
of  All-Russian  Town  Union  and  of  Committee  for  the  organization  of  war-time  in- 
dustry; Fellow  of  Russian  Society  for  Physical  and  Chemical  Research  and  of 
Societe  Francaise  de  Chimie  Physique,  to  which  he  has  contributed  important 
scientific  reports. 

After  a  sketch  of  the  Russian  chemical  industry  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
War  the  author  describes  war-time  conditions,  the  influence  of  the  management 
by  the  government  of  chemical  works  belonging  to  enemy  residents,  the  mobiliza- 
tion of  the  chemical  industry,  the  export  and  import  of  raw  materials  and  chemical 
products,  the  fluctuation  of  prices.  He  then  deals  with  the  dye-stuffs  industry, 
explosives  and  poisonous  gases  and  gives  a  short  survey  of  other  branches  of 
chemical  industry  during  the  War. 

1  See  also  monograph  on  State  Finances  During  the  War,  ante,  pp.  123-4. 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  1 33 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Flax  and  Wool  Industries  in  Russia 
By  Sergius  Nicholaievitch  Tretiakoff 

Managing  Director  of  "Great  Kostroma  Linen  Company"  (the  largest  in  Russia); 
Chairman  of  Executive  of  Moscow  Stock  Exchange  since  191 6;  President  of  All- 
Russian  Society  of  Linen  Manufacturers  since  1909;  director  and  chairman  of  other 
linen  companies;  member  of  Moscow  Municipal  Council;  Chairman  of  Central 
Economic  Council  under  Provisional  Government,  191 7. 

The  monograph  opens  with  a  sketch  of  the  development  of  flax  and  linen 
industries  in  Russia  before  the  War  and  traces  the  export  trade,  the  cultivation 
of  flax  and  the  government  policy  for  the  development  of  the  flax  and  linen 
industries.  The  author  then  passes  to  the  war  period  and  describes  the  reduction 
of  the  area  under  flax,  the  creation  of  a  special  committee,  the  difficulties  in 
meeting  the  requirements  of  the  War,  the  control  of  prices,  and  the  conditions 
of  internal  and  foreign  trade.  In  the  second  part  he  surveys  the  conditions  of 
the  woolen  industry  during  the  War  and  the  effects  of  the  War  on  it. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  Metal  Manufacturing  Industries  in  Russia 
By  Edward  C.  Hermonius 

Managing  director  of  the  Government  Steel  Works  at  Ijoff  from  1897  to  1909. 
Before  the  War,  in  charge  of  all  foreign  purchasing  by  the  artillery  department  of  the 
Russian  War  Office,  in  which  capacity  he  inspected  frequently  the  metal  works  of 
other  European  countries.  During  the  War,  General  Hermonius  was  in  charge  of 
commissions  abroad  and  manufactures  at  home.  Author  of  technical  contributions 
in  this  field. 

This  monograph  opens  with  a  short  historical  background  of  the  industry  in 
Russia  and  traces  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  its  various  branches  in  detail.  It 
closes  with  a  general  chapter  on  the  more  permanent  effects  as  seen  in  the  setting 
of  this  branch  of  industry  in  the  economic  life  of  Russia. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Textile  {Cotton)  Industry  in  Russia 
By  Gennady  Theodorovitch  G.  Karpoff 

Engineer;  Managing  Director  of  "Savva  Morosoff"  Textile  Factory,  the  largest 
textile  concern  in  Russia;  Chairman  of  Society  for  Improvement  and  Development 
of  Manufactures;  member  of  Moscow  Stock  Exchange;  Chairman  of  Moscow  War- 
Time  Industrial  Association,  191 5;  Chairman  of  Moscow  Committee  for  the  Organi- 
zation of  War-Time  Industry,  191 7.  Author  of  numerous  articles  and  of  the  yearly 
reports  on  textiles  presented  by  Moscow  Board  of  Trade  and  Manufactures  to 
Ministry  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 

After  a  short  sketch  of  the  development  of  textile  industry  and  trade  in 
Russia,  this  monograph  traces  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  this  branch  of  industry: 
lack  of  raw  materials  and  dye-stuffs,  new  distribution  of  orders,  reorganization 
of  factories,  regulation  of  prices  by  the  government,  growth  of  prices,  effect 
of  conscription,  etc.  The  author  then  gives  a  survey  of  the  reports  of  textile 
concerns  during  the  War  and  shows  the  results  of  the  Revolutions  of  March  and 
October,  191 7. 


134  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   LABOR  AND   EDUCATION 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  Wages  in  War  Time 
By  Miss  Anna  Grigorievna  Eisenstadt 
From  1915-18,  Director  of  Economic  Section  of  Institut  Francais  de  Milan;  in 
191 7  in  charge  of  Economic  Section  of  Russian  Institute  in  Milan  and  in  the  same 
capacity  in  Rome  until  1920;  Chargee  de  Cours  at  Faculte  de  Droit  de  l'lnstitut 
d'fitudes  Slaves  (University  of  Paris) ;  Professor  at  ficole  des  Hautes  fitudes  Sociales, 
Paris.  Publications  (in  French):  Les  causes  eoonomiques  de  la  guerre  (19 16);  Le 
traite  de  travail  entre  la  France  et  Vllalie  (1916);  (in  Italian):  Losviluppo  delta  Russia 
sotto  il  regimo  bolscevico  (1921);  Gli  approvigionamenti  nella  Russia  bolscevica  (1921), 
etc.;  also  numerous  articles. 

After  a  short  sketch  of  the  conditions  on  which  the  level  of  wages  depended 
in  Russia  and  of  the  close  connection  between  town  workers  and  the  peasantry, 
this  monograph  endeavors  to  show  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  the  level  of  wages. 
The  first  period  of  the  War,  to  the  beginning  of  191 5,  was  a  period  of  general 
economic  development,  but  it  did  not  produce  a  rise  of  wages;  the  decisive  rise  of 
wages  set  in  early  in  191 5  and  lasted  to  the  end  of  191 6,  due  to  economic  reasons. 
The  year  191 7  was  a  period  of  economic  decay,  but  the  rise  of  wages  continued 
and  was  accompanied  by  a  reduction  of  the  productivity  of  labor,  the  shortening 
of  the  hours  of  work,  etc.  The  level  of  wages  during  the  last  period  of  the  War 
and  the  first  year  of  the  Revolution  was  determined  by  non-economic  factors. 
The  monograph  ends  with  diagrams  illustrating  the  connection  between  the 
level  of  wages  and  the  fluctuation  of  prices. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  Workmen's  Family  Budgets 
By  Stanislas  Salasievitch  Kohn 

Graduated  at  the  Polytechnicum  of  Petrograd  in  191 1;  pursued  scientific  investi- 
gations under  Prof.  A.  A.  Tschuproff  and  worked  mainly  on  statistics  and  economic 
subjects;  late  Deputy  Director  of  Department  of  Agricultural  Census  of  Ministry 
of  Agriculture;  Director  of  Department  of  Statistics  and  Insurance  of  Ministry  of 
Labor  in  "Ecole  Interalliee  des  Hautes  Etudes  Sociales,"  Paris;  Fellow  of  Soci6te  de 
Statistique  de  Paris.  Author  of  numerous  articles  and  essays  on  economic  subjects 
and  the  theory  of  statistics,  published  in  Russian,  German  and  French. 

This  monograph  opens  with  a  short  survey  of  data  available  in  Russia  on  the 
question  of  workmen's  budgets.  The  author  then  shows  the  budget  of  Russian 
workmen  before  the  War,  their  income  and  expenses,  the  problem  of  nutrition. 
After  a  short  discussion  of  the  problem  of  wages  this  monograph  traces  the  effects 
of  the  War  upon  the  budgets  of  Russian  workmen  and  passes  in  review  each  item 
of  the  budget:  income;  expenses  for  food,  clothes,  dwelling,  heating,  lighting,  etc.; 
saving.  The  dependence  of  the  structure  of  the  budget  upon  the  amount  of  the 
income  and  the  size  of  the  family  is  then  described  and  a  special  chapter  is  de- 
voted to  the  important  problem  of  the  standard  of  consumption  of  working  classes 
as  compared  to  those  of  other  sections  of  the  community.  The  interesting  phe- 
nomena of  the  "victual  communes"  (Charchevii  arteli)  are  discussed  at  a  con- 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  135 

siderable  length.  Each  phase  of  the  investigation  is  illustrated  by  parallels  drawn 
from  the  life  of  Western  Europe.  The  monograph  closes  with  a  general  state- 
ment of  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  the  budgets  and  nutrition  of  workmen. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  Conditions  and  Composition  of  Working  Classes 
By  William  Theodorovitch  Braithwaite 

Vice  Director  of  Statistical  Department  of  the  Tver  Zemstvos,  1915-17;  in  the 
Rjoff  Union  of  Cooperative  Societies,  191 8-1 9  to  the  Smolensk  Credit  Association  and 
Smolensk  Cooperative  Society;  in  191 7  member  of  the  Soviet  of  Workers'  Deputies 
as  representative  of  the  workers  of  the  "Morosoff  "  factory  and  of  the  employees  of 
the  Tver  Zemstvos;  in  1920  member  of  Soviet  of  Workers'  Deputies  in  Smolensk, 
where  he  represented  the  employees  of  cooperatives  and  workers  of  Smolensk 
Electrical  Power  Station;  Fellow  of  Russian  Economic  Society  in  London.  Editor 
of  three  newspapers  in  Tver  and  contributor  to  various  publications  in  Russia;  some 
articles  published  in  English  in  the  Russian  Economist,  Russian  Cooperator,  Inter- 
national Labor  Review. 

After  a  short  survey  of  the  conditions  of  labor  at  the  end  of  19 14,  the  mono- 
graph traces  the  effects  of  the  War  on  various  aspects  of  the  labor  problem :  the 
diminution  in  the  number  of  strikes;  the  growing  number  of  accidents;  labor 
insurance  and  social  relief;  measures  for  the  improvement  and  development  of 
factories;  the  activity  of  the  Provisional  Government.  The  author  then  discusses 
the  general  character  of  the  Russian  working  class  at  the  end  of  19 14  and  shows 
how  it  changed  as  a  result  of  conscription,  of  the  reduction  in  the  number  of 
skilled  workers,  and  the  employment  of  "colored"  labor  and  of  prisoners  of  war. 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  RUSSIAN  TRADE  AND  COMMERCE 

International  Trade  of  Russia  during  the  War 
By  Paul  Athanasievitch  Bouryschkine 

Vice  Chairman  of  Moscow  Municipal  Council;  President  of  Society  of  Wholesale 
Traders  and  Manufacturers;  member  of  Board  of  Conferences  of  Representatives  of 
Trade  and  Commerce;  honorary  Justice  of  Peace  Moscow;  Assistant  Commissioner 
for  All- Russian  Union  of  Towns  and  head  of  Finance  and  Control  Section  of  the 
Union;  member  of  Council  of  the  Republic,  1917  representing  Trade  and  Industry; 
Secretary  of  State  for  Finances  in  the  Anti-Bolshevist  Government  of  Siberia,  1919. 
Articles  on  trade  and  commerce  in  various  periodical  publications,  some  in  the 
Russian  Economist  (London). 

The  study  opens  with  a  sketch  of  the  internal  trade  of  Russia  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  present  century  and  its  conditions  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War. 
The  author  then  shows  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  different  types  of  trade:  the 
wholesale  and  retail  trade,  the  fairs  and  the  stock  exchange.  He  gives  also  a 
survey  of  the  conditions  of  special  branches  of  trade  during  the  war.  Special 
conditions  created  for  internal  trade  by  the  War  are  discussed,  as  well  as  the 
state  control  of  trade,  etc.  He  traces  the  effects  of  the  crisis  of  191 7  upon  internal 
trade,  the  growth  of  cooperative  trade,  the  measures  of  the  Provisional  Govern- 
ment and  the  collapse  of  Russian  internal  trade  at  the  end  of  191 7. 


I36  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD   WAR 

Russia  in  the  Economic  War 
By  Baron  Boris  Emmanuilovitch  Nolde 
Assistant  Professor  at  Polytechnicum  of  Petrograd  since  1903;  Professor,  Petro- 
grad  University,  since  191 7;  associate  member  of  Institute  of  International  Law; 
member  of  Permanent  Board  of  the  International  Tribunal  at  The  Hague;  Legal 
Adviser  to  Russian  Foreign  Office;  head  of  Second  Department  of  the  Russian 
Foreign  Office,  1916:  Under  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs  in  191 7.  Publica- 
tions (in  Russian):  The  Permanently  Neutral  State  (1905);  Essays  on  Russian  Con- 
stitutional Law  (191 1) ;  Foreign  Policy,  Historical  Sketch  (1915) ;  (in  foreign  languages) : 
Guerre  Maritime  et  Neutralite  (in  collaboration  with  A.  N.  Mandelstam) ;  U  Ukraine 
sous  le  Protectorat  Russe  (1914;  translated  into  Ukrainian);  Russland,  Preussen  und 
Polen,  1861-1863  (1916);  Le  Rlgne  de  Lenine  (1920;  translated  into  German  and 
Italian). 

After  sketching  the  economic,  geographic  and  military  conditions  which 
determined  the  character  of  the  participation  of  Russia  in  the  economic  war, 
and  the  influence  of  the  Allies  in  this  respect,  this  volume  gives  a  survey  of  the 
influence  of  the  War  and  the  blockade  upon  the  sea-going  trade  of  Russia.  The 
author  then  traces  the  policy  of  Russia  with  regard  to  exports  and  imports,  the 
problem  of  currency  from  the  point  of  view  of  international  trade,  the  participa- 
tion of  Russia  in  the  control  of  neutral  markets.  He  discusses  the  part  of  Russia 
in  the  Paris  Economic  Conference  and  the  influence  of  the  Conference  on  the 
policy  of  the  Russian  Government  with  regard  to  foreign  trade.  The  volume 
closes  with  a  chapter  dealing  with  the  general  effects  of  the  War  upon  Russian 
foreign  trade,  the  changes  in  its  character  and  volume,  etc. 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   RUSSIAN  TRANSPORT 
By  Michael  Basilievitch  Braikevitch 

Civil  Engineer;  Chairman  of  Board  of  Directors  of  London  and  Black  Sea  Building 
Co.,  of  General  Building  Co.,  etc.;  President  of  Odessa  Section  of  Russian  Imperial 
Technical  Society;  Chairman  of  Odessa  Committee  for  Organization  of  War-Time  In- 
dustry and  member  of  Central  Committee  for  Organization  of  War-Time  Industry; 
Mayor  of  Odessa;  Controller  of  Production  of  Munitions  for  heavy  artillery  in  South 
Russia  (during  the  War) ;  Commissioner  of  Provisional  Government  for  Black  Sea 
Transport ;  Under  Secretary  of  State  for  Trade  and  Commerce  in  Provisional  Govern- 
ment; Editor  of  Russian  Economist  (London),  to  which  he  has  contributed  many 
articles. 

This  volume  deals  mainly  with  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  Russian  railways, 
their  work  during  mobilization,  the  transport  of  troops  and  military  goods,  the 
conditions  of  the  rolling  stock,  the  organization  of  railway  service  during  the 
War,  the  changes  in  traffic,  the  construction  of  new  railway  lines,  etc.  The  author 
endeavors  also  to  show  the  government  policy  with  regard  to  railways  in  different 
periods  of  the  War  and  discusses  the  problem  of  the  building  of  strategic  lines  by 
private  companies,  and  with  the  assistance  of  the  government.  He  then  passes 
to  the  conditions  of  the  river  and  sea  transport  during  the  War  and  describes  the 
effects  of  the  War  in  this  domain.  The  volume  closes  with  a  chapter  on  the 
conditions  of  road  transport. 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  I37 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR   UPON   EDUCATION  AND   PUBLIC 
HEALTH   IN   RUSSIA 

Elementary  and  Secondary  Schools  during  the  War 

By   DlMITRY   MlCHAILOVITCH   ODINEIZ 

Professor  of  Russian  Law  at  Psycho- Neural  Institute  of  Petrograd  since  1909  and 
member  of  Educational  Committee  of  that  school;  Principal  of  a  College  for  Boys  in 
Petrograd,  1912-17,  and  Lecturer  in  History  at  different  secondary  schools;  member 
of  Executive  of  Petrograd  Society  of  Popular  (Narodny)  Universities  and  Chair- 
man of  its  Educational  Committee;  at  present  Lecturer  at  French  Lycee  at  Versailles 
and  member  of  Board  of  Russian  Popular  Universities  in  France;  member  of  Russian 
Academic  Group  in  Paris;  published  a  number  of  articles  on  historical  and  educational 
subjects  (in  Russia). 

This  monograph  opens  with  a  sketch  of  the  organization  and  conditions 
of  elementary  and  secondary  schools  in  Russia  before  the  War  and  of  the  pro- 
posed introduction  of  general  primary  education.  The  author  then  shows  the 
effects  of  the  War  upon  elementary  and  secondary  schools:  the  conscription  of 
school  teachers,  the  reduction  of  government  subsidies,  the  suspension  of  the 
building  of  new  schools,  the  conditions  of  schools  in  the  battle  zone,  organization 
of  labor  battalions  of  school  boys,  the  government  policy,  etc.  Passing  to  the 
period  of  the  Revolution,  the  author  discusses  its  effect  upon  secondary  and 
primary  education  and  shows  the  gradual  decay  of  education. 

Universities  and  Academic  Institutions  During  the  War 
By  Professor  Paul  Jvanovitch  Novgorodzoff 
Doctor  of  Constitutional  Law,  Moscow;  Assistant  Professor,  University  of  Mos- 
cow, since  1896;  member  of  First  State  Duma;  Director  of  Moscow  Institute  of  Com- 
merce since  1906  and  Professor  since  1912 ;  Professor  of  Economics  and  Philosophy  of 
Law,  Moscow  University,  since  1917;  member  of  Constituent  Assembly;  Principal 
and  Professor  at  Russian  Faculty  of  Law,  Prague.  Publications  (in  Russian) :  Criti- 
cal Period  for  the  Interpretation  of  Law  (1909);  Political  Ideas  of  the  Ancient  and  Mod- 
ern World  (1910  and  1913;  2d  ed.,  1918);  On  the  Social  Ideal  (1917;  2d  ed.,  1919;  3d 
ed.,  1921),  etc. 

After  a  short  sketch  of  the  conditions  of  university  institutions  from  the 
Revolution  of  1905  to  the  beginning  of  the  War,  this  monograph  gives  a  survey 
of  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  this  important  section  of  public  opinion,  the  attitude 
of  professors  and  students  towards  the  War,  the  general  desire  for  national  unity, 
the  enlistment  of  students  in  the  army  and  in  different  organizations  connected 
with  the  army,  etc.  The  author  then  traces  the  effect  of  conscription,  the  new 
aspirations  of  the  end  of  1916,  the  spread  of  discontent  among  the  students,  the 
Revolution  of  191 7  and  its  results;  suspension  of  work  in  the  universities,  political 
meetings  and  conferences,  the  development  of  political  activity  among  students; 
policy  of  the  Provisional  Government.  He  passes  to  the  events  of  the  second 
half  of  191 7,  the  renewal  of  academic  studies  in  the  autumn,  the  poor  attendance 
of  lecture  rooms  and  laboratories,  the  growing  participation  of  students  in  political 


I38  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

life.  The  monograph  closes  with  a  statement  of  the  changes  produced  in  univer- 
sity life  by  the  coup  d'Stat  of  the  Bolsheviki  and  the  withdrawal  of  Russia  from  the 
War. 

Effects  of  War  upon  Public  Health 

By  Professor  Leon  Alexandrovitch  Taracievitch 

M.D.  (Paris,  Odessa);  Professor  of  Pathology  and  Microbiology  in  University  of 
Odessa,  Moscow  University  College  for  Women  and  Second  Moscow  University; 
chairman  of  Medical  Board  of  Scientists;  Director  of  State  Institute  for  Public 
Health;  during  the  War,  Director  of  Epidemics  Department  of  Zemstvos  Union; 
head  of  special  medical  mission  sent  to  the  Western  (English  and  French)  Front  by 
Zemstvos  Union  in  1916;  chairman  of  Medical  Board  of  Towns  Union;  Medical  and 
Sanitary  Inspector  of  the  Army  (under  Provisional  Government).  Fellow  of  numer- 
ous medical  and  scientific  societies;  editor  of  number  of  medical  periodicals  (in  Rus- 
sia). Author  of  about  100  works,  many  of  which  were  published  in  English,  French 
and  German.  Last  publication:  Les  epidemies  en  Russie  en  1914-21,  a  report  pre- 
sented to  the  League  of  Nations,  1922. 

After  a  short  sketch  of  the  conditions  of  medical,  military  and  other  services 
in  Russia  and  of  the  state  of  public  health  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War,  this  volume 
gives  a  general  picture  of  the  state  of  health  of  the  army  and  population  in 
1914-17  and  deals  with  certain  special  problems;  the  spreading  of  epidemic 
diseases  and  the  measures  taken  against  them;  the  effects  of  the  War  upon  the 
conditions  of  medical  and  sanitary  officers  and  upon  medical  education  and 
science.  The  volume  closes  with  certain  parallels  and  conclusions  drawn  from 
the  general  conditions  of  Russia. 

SOCIAL   CONDITIONS  AND   MOVEMENTS   IN  THE  UKRAINE 

DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Nicholas  Michailovitch  Mogilansky 

Director  of  Section  of  Ethnography  and  Anthropology  of  Museum  Alexander  II, 
Petrograd,  1909;  since  1906,  Lecturer  in  Geography  and  Anthropology  at  University 
College  for  Women  of  Petrograd  and  at  Teachers  School  organized  by  War  Office; 
Fellow  of  Anthropological  Society,  Paris,  and  Russian  Imperial  Geographical  Society; 
member  of  Executive  of  Anthropological  Society  of  Petrograd  University;  Ukrainian 
by  birth;  active  in  development  of  the  Ukrainian  national  movement;  two  of  his 
publications  deal  with  Ukrainian  subjects:  The  Pottery  Industry  in  the  Tchernigoff 
Government  and  The  Buildings  in  the  Tschernigoff  Government;  after  the  Bolshevist 
Revolution,  Under  Secretary  of  State  in  Government  of  Hetman  Skoropadsky;  Edi- 
tor, 1920-21,  of  periodical  La  Jeune  Ukraine,  in  Paris;  numerous  articles  and  other 
publications  (in  Russian)  dealing  mainly  with  anthropological  and  geographical 
subjects. 

After  a  short  historical  sketch  of  Ukrainia  and  an  account  of  the  development 
of  the  Ukrainian  separatism,  this  monograph  shows  how  it  was  affected  by  the 
War:  the  mobilization,  the  loyalty  of  the  Ukrainian  population,  the  influence  of 
refugees  from  Poland  and  the  front,  the  attitude  of  Ukrainian  nationalists  during 


RUSSIAN   SERIES  1 39 

different  periods  of  the  War,  the  role  of  Germany  and  Austria  before  and  during 
the  War.  Passing  to  the  conditions  of  Ukraine  during  the  Revolution,  the 
author  describes  the  formation  of  the  Central  Ukrainian  "Rada"  and  of  the 
Ukrainian  National  Republic,  the  German  occupation,  the  "Hetmanship"  of 
General  Skoropadsky,  the  Directorate  and  the  end  of  independence.  He  closes 
his  monograph  with  a  sketch  of  the  conditions  of  Ukrainian  peasantry. 


VITAL  STATISTICS  OF  RUSSIA   DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Professor  Alexander  Alexandrovitch  Tschuproff 

Doctor  of  Political  Science,  Strasburg;  Doctor  of  Political  Science,  Moscow; 
Assistant  Professor  at  PetrogradPolytechnicum,  1902;  Professor,  1909;  distinguished 
economist  and  statistician;  Fellow,  International  Statistical  Institute.  Publications: 
Die  Feldgemeinschaft:  Eine  Morphologische  Studie  (Strasburg,  1902);  Essays  on  the 
Theory  of  Statistics  (in  Russian,  1909;  2d  ed.,  1910),  and  of  numerous  articles  on 
economics  and  statistics. 

This  study  opens  with  a  critical  survey  of  Russian  demographic  returns. 
The  author  then  gives  a  sketch  of  the  changes  in  the  population  of  Russia  during 
the  War  and  considers  its  effect  upon  separate  statistical  problems ;  the  marriage 
rate ;  the  birth  rate ;  birth  rate  of  illegitimate  children ;  rate  of  still-born  children ; 
the  death  rate.  He  traces  the  movement  of  the  population  during  the  War,  the 
problem  of  prisoners  of  war,  the  removal  of  population  from  the  area  of  military 
operations,  etc.  The  volume  concludes  with  a  discussion  of  the  reduction  of  the 
population  as  a  result  of  the  War. 


RUSSIA   IN  THE  WORLD   WAR 

A  Historical  Synthesis 

By  Sir  Paul  Vinogradoff,  F.B.A. 

Editor  of  First  Russian  Series 

This  volume  of  general  history  will  follow  the  more  detailed  studies  described 
above.  It  begins  with  a  survey  of  the  social  evolution  of  Russia  before  the  War: 
the  state  and  bureaucracy;  economic  units;  Imperial  policy;  efforts  and  resources; 
education  and  justice ;  nationalism  and  struggle  against  revolution.  The  different 
classes  are  then  discussed:  the  gentry,  the  bourgeoisie,  the  clergy,  the  intellectuals, 
the  peasantry.  The  effect  of  the  War  upon  this  society  is  then  shown ;  the  initial 
situation,  ideals  and  efforts;  the  miscarriage  of  official  Russia;  the  dissolution  of 
the  army;  the  armed  people.  The  revolutionary  crisis  is  thus  shown  in  its  his- 
torical setting;  political  breakdown,  theories  and  practice;  the  gospel  of  hatred; 
fictions  and  realities;  club  despotism;  the  coming  reckoning. 


140  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD   WAR 

SCANDINAVIAN  SERIES 

ECONOMIC  EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  SWEDEN 

A  series  of  studies  edited  and  with  an  introduction 

By  Professor  Eli  F.  Heckscher 

Member  of  the  Scandinavian  Editorial  Board 

I 

The  Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Life  and  Work  of  the  Swedish 

People 

i  .  General  Introduction 
By  Professor  Eli  F.  Heckscher 
Summing  up  the  results  of  the  whole  investigation,  i.e.,  the  fundamental  fac- 
tors in  the  economic  and  social  developments  of  war  time ;  the  general  cost  of  war  to 
Sweden  (illusory  character  of  war-time  wealth) ;  results  as  to  success  and  failure  of 
state  interference;  probable  influence  upon  the  future  conditions  of  the  people  and 
its  industry. 

2.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Agriculture  and  Food  Supply 
By  Mr.  Carl  Mannerfelt 

Chief  of  Bureau  at  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  and  Inspector  of  Small  Holdings. 
Formerly  Secretary  to  the  State  Food  Supply  Board  (during  the  War)  and  repre- 
sentative of  the  Swedish  Government  in  some  British  Prize  Court  cases. 

A  general  view  of  the  situation  of  the  country  in  relation  to  food  supply,  showing 
a  dependence  on  imports  as  to  cereals  for  half  the  consumption  of  wheat  and  an 
eighth  of  rye,  as  well  as  manure  and  fodder,  but  on  the  other  hand  an  excess  of 
animal  food.  Next  will  be  described  the  effects  of  the  War,  creating  what  amounted 
at  times  to  a  virtual  food  blockade,  and  the  measures  of  the  Government  to  meet  the 
situation,  maximum  prices,  the  rationing  system  and  the  state  monopoly  of  food 
supply,  as  well  as  the  encouragement  given  to  cereal  production.  The  working  of 
this  system  will  be  analyzed,  the  attitude  of  consumers  and  producers  to  it,  the  illicit 
trade  in  food,  the  price  movements,  and  the  direction  of  agricultural  development. 
After  this  general  account  some  aspects  of  it  will  be  taken  up  for  chronological  and 
sectional  treatment,  including  the  winding  up  of  war-time  food  economics. 

3.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Industry 
By  Mr.  Olof  Edstrom 
of  the  Swedish  Ministry  of  Commerce.     Formerly  Secretary  to  the  State  Board  of 
Industry  (during  the  War)  and  editor  of  a  report  on  its  work,  19 14-1920,  in  two  vol- 
umes.    Has  also  published  (in  Swedish)  a  study  of  the  cement  industry. 

After  a  short  statement  of  industrial  conditions  on  the  eve  of  the  War,  the 
narrative  falls  into  three  clearly  defined  periods.  First,  the  general  dislocation 
caused  by  the  outbreak  of  the  War,  industry  however  soon  recovering  and  rapidly 


SCANDINAVIAN   SERIES  141 

expanding  under  the  stimulation  of  war  demands  in  1915-16,  with  trade  compara- 
tively unhampered.  Then  follows  the  effects  of  the  Allied  blockade  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1916  and  the  unlimited  submarine  warfare  from  February,  191 7 ;  increasing 
scarcity  of  war  materials,  and  the  devices  for  meeting  this.  Far-reaching  conse- 
quences in  all  directions  of  Swedish  economic  life;  wages  of  unskilled  labor,  price 
level,  etc.  General  view  of  industrial  production  during  1917-18;  the  reason  for 
its  decline  in  spite  of  rising  prices  and  apparent  boom  in  trade.  Finally,  the  his- 
tory of  the  period  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities  will  be  outlined;  and  lessons 
from  different  lines  of  state  policy  considered. 

4.  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Working  Classes 
By  Mr.  Otto  Jarte 

Chief  of  Bureau  at  the  Ministry  of  Social  Affairs.  Formerly  a  member  of  the 
State  Board  on  Unemployment  and  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Economic  Prepared- 
ness in  Time  of  War.     Writer  on  trade  unions,  labor  questions  and  social  policy. 

This  study  begins  with  an  account  of  the  measures  taken  to  deal  with  the 
large  increase  of  unemployment  as  the  anticipated  effect  of  the  war;  traces  the 
situation  as  it  developed  in  the  very  opposite  sense.  The  new  conditions  are  then 
analyzed,  the  great  inrush  of  agricultural  labor  into  the  cities  and  industries  as 
well  as  the  unprecedented  improvement  in  the  position  of  unskilled  in  comparison 
with  skilled  labor.  The  situation  will  be  studied  from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
working  men  themselves,  the  change  in  nominal  and  real  wages,  and  the  attitude 
and  influence  of  trade  unions,  as  well  as  the  character  of  the  very  moderate  amount 
of  relief  work  which  took  place.  A  general  view  of  the  changes  in  the  occupations 
of  the  people  will  be  given,  and  also  an  analysis  of  the  influence  of  the  War  upon 
the  attitude  and  outlook  of  the  working  classes  in  a  country  with  a  high  standard 
of  elementary  education  and  strong  labor  unions  which  remained  outside  the 
stimulus  and  depression  of  actual  warfare.  After  this  somewhat  full  treatment 
of  the  leading  factors  of  war-time  social  history,  the  unprecedented  unemployment 
following  upon  the  end  of  the  War  (the  "Peace  Crisis"),  the  measures  taken  to 
meet  it  and  its  almost  complete  disappearance  in  1 922-1 923  will  be  briefly  out- 
lined. Lastly,  a  separate  part  of  this  section  will  discuss  the  housing  question  and 
urban  rent  legislation,  up  to  its  total  abolishment  in  1923. 

II 

The  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Finance  and  Commerce 

1 .  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Currency  and  Finance 

By  Professor  Eli  F.  Heckscher 

The  currency  history  of  Sweden  during  the  War  has  created  more  widespread 

interest  outside  the  country  than  any  other  aspect  of  her  war-time  economics  on 

account  of  the  gold  embargo  policy,  resulting  in  a  rise  in  the  international  value  of 

Swedish  money  far  above  gold  import  point.     All  the  principal  factors  dominating 


142  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

Swedish  currency  history  will  be  worked  out.  The  success  and  failure  of  the 
policy  of  keeping  up  the  value  of  money  in  Sweden  in  the  face  of  international  in- 
flation, the  rate  of  interest,  the  credits  given  by  exporters  and  banks  to  the  bel- 
ligerents, the  influence  of  the  financial  policy  of  the  state,  and  the  reaction  of 
velocity  in  circulation  and  scarcity  of  commodities  upon  the  value  of  money. 
Next,  the  influence  of  inflation  upon  the  direction  of  production  and  upon  the 
changes  in  the  distribution  of  capital  and  income  will  be  studied.  The  short  re- 
action in  19 1 8-19,  followed  by  a  new  boom,  and  then  the  great  deflation  in  1920-22 
come  up  for  treatment ;  the  comparative  stability  of  money  and  prices  reached  in 
the  last  year  will  end  this  part  of  the  narrative.  The  moratorium  and  other 
secondary  issues  will,  however,  be  briefly  noticed. 

The  history  of  public  finance  will  be  somewhat  less  exhaustively  treated  than 
currency  developments  of  the  state  budget.  On  the  income  side  will  be  shown  the 
big  turnover  from  "indirect"  to  "direct"  taxation,  the  unexpected  yield  of  excess 
profits  duties,  but  also  the  unforeseen  reaction  of  these  taxes  upon  production  and 
the  illusory  character  of  a  great  deal  of  assessments  and  payment  of  taxes  as  a  re- 
sult of  the  changes  in  the  value  of  money;  lastly  the  comparatively  small  amount 
of  war-time  borrowing.  On  the  expenditure  side  will  be  considered  the  results  of 
all-embracing  government  regulation  to  the  finances  of  the  state  and  municipali- 
ties, as  well  as  the  problem  of  salaries  of  Government  officials  under  the  influence 
of  inflation.  The  reversal  of  the  whole  situation  after  the  War  will  then  be  ex- 
plained, in  connection  with  the  reaction  setting  in  against  the  expansion  of  state 
action  and  state  establishments. 

2.  The  War  and  Swedish  Commerce 
By  Mr.  Kurt  Bergendal 

Consul  General  and  Chief  of  Section  at  the  Swedish  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 
Formerly  Secretary  and  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Commerce  (during  the  War). 
Formerly  Under  Secretary  of  State  in  the  Ministry  of  Finance. 

This  deals  with  one  of  the  principal  factors  determining  the  supply  of  food- 
stuffs and  raw  materials  and  deeply  influencing  Swedish  currency  and  credit  con- 
ditions. The  different  (economic)  agreements  with  the  Allied  Powers,  the  Central 
Powers,  and  the  Neutrals  as  to  the  treatment  of  imports  and  exports,  tonnage,  and 
credits  will  be  given  and  explained  as  far  as  they  have  been  made  public.  Particu- 
lar notice  will  be  taken  of  the  cooperation  of  the  three  Scandinavian  countries  in 
the  economic  field  during  the  War.  The  important  internal  legislation,  giving 
effect  to  the  policy  pursued  by  the  Swedish  Government  and  the  agreements 
entered  into  with  other  countries,  will  be  discussed  in  its  bearings  upon  the 
economic  life  of  the  country. 

Annexed  to  this  section  will  be  a  brief  analysis  (by  Professor  Heckscher)  of 
actual  trade  development,  taken  as  a  whole,  in  so  far  as  this  does  not  come  within 
the  compass  of  the  different  sections  of  the  first  volume.  This  will  be  more  or  less 
in  the  shape  of  a  digest  of  official  trade  statistics. 


SCANDINAVIAN    SERIES  I43 

NORWAY  AND  THE  WORLD  WAR 

An  Economic  History 

By  Dr.  Wilhelm  Keilhau 

Assistant  Professor  at  the  University  of  Christiania;  consultant  member  of  the 
Nobel  (Peace  Prize)  Committee;  former  managing  director  of  the  Norwegian  Air 
Traffic  Co.  Scientific  Publications:  (in  Norwegian):  Legal  Basis  of  Norwegian 
Waterpower  Concessions  (1914);  Outline  of  Economics  (1916);  Elements  of  Law  (1916); 
The  Theory  of  Rent  (1916);  The  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Grain  Monopoly 
(1918).  (in  German):  Die  Wertungslehre;  Versuch  einer  exakten  Beschreibung  der 
Okonomischen  Grundbeziehungen  (1923). 

A  historical  chronological  survey  of  the  general  effects  of  the  World  War  upon 
the  economic  life  of  Norway.  After  a  short  narrative  of  the  development  of  the 
country  during  the  hundred  years  of  peace  from  18 14  up  to  19 14,  leading  up  to  the 
conditions  of  production  and  trade  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War,  the  volume  treats 
the  war  period  in  detail,  showing  how  industry  and  shipping  under  the  pressure  of 
the  blockade  brought  surprising  if  precarious  profits,  which  led  to  false  conclusions. 
Then  mistaken  ideas  as  to  the  duration  of  the  War  and  an  optimistic  belief  in  the 
benefits  of  the  coming  peace,  shared  by  both  Government  and  business  men,  re- 
sulted in  a  short-sighted  economic  policy  and  the  speedy  loss  of  most  of  the  war- 
time profits.  The  history  is  outlined  on  this  background.  After  a  statement  of 
the  new  social  problems  due  to  the  War,  the  author  concludes  by  a  statement  of 
the  balance  of  gain  and  loss;  discussing  the  effects  of  the  World  War  upon  his 
country  in  the  moral  as  well  as  the  economic  sphere. 

THE  ECONOMIC   EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON   DENMARK 

By  Dr.  Einar  Cohn 

Editor  of  the  Danish  Journal  of  Political  Economy;  on  the  staff  of  Statistical  De- 
partment of  Danish  Civil  Service;  during  the  War  he  held  important  positions  in  the 
Administration  of  Food  Regulation.  Author  of  a  study  on  the  economic  effects  of 
the  War  of  1864,  written  for  the  Carnegie  Endowment.  Editor  of  National  Okono- 
misk  Tiksckrift. 

This  is  a  general  study  of  the  economic  and  social  effects  of  the  War  upon 
Denmark  arranged  topically  rather  than  chronologically  so  as  to  make  clear  the 
varying  effect  of  the  War  in  different  aspects  of  national  business  and  policy.  It  is 
of  special  interest  in  that,  although  neutral,  Denmark  was  thrown  to  some  extent 
into  the  economic  war  between  the  Central  Powers  and  the  Allies.  Special  atten- 
tion will  be  paid  to  food  policies,  price  control,  public  finance,  and  labor  regula- 
tions. The  volume  will  contain  as  well  the  short  monograph  on  the  effects  of  the 
war  upon  Iceland  noted  below. 


144  economic  and  social  history  of  the  world  war 

The  Economic  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Iceland 

By  Mr.  Thorstein  Thorsteinsson 
Chief  of  Icelandic  Statistical  Office 

This  small  monograph,  which  will  be  articulated  with  the  volume  on  the  his- 
tory of  Denmark,  will  be  of  considerable  interest  as  showing  the  repercussion  of 
the  War  upon  the  distant  and  isolated  economy  of  these  Danish  possessions.  It  is 
planned  in  general  along  the  same  lines  as  the  larger  Scandinavian  studies. 

YUGOSLAV   SERIES 

ECONOMIC  SITUATION  OF  SERBIA   PRIOR  TO  THE  WAR 
By  Professor  Velimir  Bajkitch 

Editor  of  Yugoslav  Series 
The  general  situation  of  Serbia — economic,  social  and  financial — prior  to  the 
War.  Short  sketch  of  the  tariff  war  between  Serbia  and  Austria-Hungary  in 
1906.  Effect  in  Serbia  of  the  annexation  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  by  Austria- 
Hungary  in  1908.  Serbia  and  the  Balkan  War,  1912-13.  The  economic  situa- 
tion, internal  and  external,  in  1914.     Largely  documented  with  original  texts. 

SERBIA  DURING  THE  FIRST  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR 
By  Professor  Velimir  Bajkitch 
The  effect  upon  Serbia  of  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  Formation  of  the  army. 
Equipment.  Munitions,  etc.  Effects  of  the  first  phase  of  the  War  upon  agricul- 
ture, manufactures,  and  industry.  Communications  and  transport.  Domestic 
and  foreign  commerce.  Movement  of  the  civil  population.  Concentration 
centers,  and  the  flight  of  the  populace.  Housing  and  rents.  Moratorium. 
Money  and  banking  questions.  The  effect  of  the  two  early  invasions  of  the 
enemy  in  August  and  October,  1914.  Prices  and  price  fixing,  and  health  of  the 
army  and  of  the  civilian  population.  Three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  out  of 
four  to  five  millions  died  of  typhoid  and  typhus,  etc.,  in  three  months.  Social 
questions:  Education — doles — the  organization  of  foreign  help.  Local  finances 
and  the  state.     General  conclusions  for  this  period. 

ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL  EFFECTS  OF  THE  WAR  UPON  YUGOSLAVIA 

(Volume  to  be  arranged) 


V.— EXTRACTS   FROM  PRESS  REVIEWS 


GENERAL  COMMENTS  ON  THE  SERIES 

A  volume  of  the  British  Series  of  the  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War,  organised 
by  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace.  Certainly  this  institution  could  not  find 
a  stronger  argument  for  peace — apart  from  war's  selection  of  our  best  lives  for  slaughter  and 
disablement — than  the  economic  chaos  produced  by  bad  war  finance  in  the  region  of  wages  and 
prices,  a  chaos  of  which  we  have  not  yet  seen  the  full  consequences. — Saturday  Review,  November 
5,  1921. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  the  official  documents  relating  to  the  War  are  equal  in  bulk  to  the 
whole  contents,  accumulated  through  the  ages,  of  the  Record  Office  in  July.  1914.  It  is  known, 
for  example,  that  the  War  Office  alone  has  many  hundreds  of  tons  of  documents  stored  in  a  London 
suburb,  and  the  Admiralty,  the  Foreign  Office  and  the  defunct  Ministry  of  Munitions,  among  other 
departments,  must  have  collected  stupendous  masses  of  papers.  .  .  .  Mr.  Jenkinson's  fore- 
bodings have  already  been  justified.  The  War  Office,  for  example,  had  maintained  since  the 
Armistice  a  small  section — costing,  we  believe,  no  more  than  £3,000  a  year — for  the  purpose  of 
making  a  preliminary  index  to  its  immense  accumulation  of  war  documents,  many  of  which  are, 
of  course,  of  the  highest  possible  interest  and  value,  while  others  necessarily  deal  with  ephemeral 
topics.  Until  such  an  index  is  made,  the  documents  are  virtually  useless — rudis  indigestagtie  moles. 
But  the  War  Office  abolished  its  Indexing  Section,  and  its  war  archives  may  remain  unexamined 
in  their  repository  till  the  Golden  Age  dawns  with  a  shilling  income-tax. — From  a  review  on  Mr. 
Hilary  Jenkinson's  A  Manual  of  Archive  Administration,  in  Spectator,  June  24,  1922. 

We  have  not  the  smallest  inclination  to  question  the  discretion  of  the  General  Editor  and  the 
Trustees  in  this  matter.  If  anything  is  calculated  to  restrain  the  fierceness  of  man,  it  is  the  knowl- 
edge that  the  portion  of  mankind  which  counts  itself  most  "civilised"  nearly  wiped  itself  off  the 
earth  with  its  own  devilish  inventions. — Manchester  Guardian,  September  5,  1921. 

It  is  inevitable  that  the  unprecedented  magnitude  of  the  War  should  have  its  reflex  in  the 
literature  of  the  War,  all  the  more  because  its  literature  must  .  .  .  also  treat  of  the  economic 
and  social  aspects  and  effects  which  assume  such  exceptional  importance.  Even  the  preliminary 
work  of  collecting  the  material  and  putting  it  in  a  form  available  for  future  historians,  entails 
work  of  the  greatest  magnitude,  requiring  the  co-operation  of  a  large  number  of  highly  skilled 
experts  and  very  large  funds.  Probably  it  would  never  have  been  done  or  would  have  been  left 
at  the  best  to  the  unorganised  and  spasmodic  attempts  of  individuals,  had  not  the  Carnegie 
Endowment  come  forward.  .  .  .  The  outline  of  the  plan  ...  is  itself  a  testimony  of 
the  magnitude  of  the  task  they  have  undertaken.     .     .     .     — Times  Literary  Supplement,  October 

20,  1921. 

Having  mentioned  in  a  recent  article  a  great  publication  undertaken  by  the  Carnegie  Endow- 
ment on  the  economic  and  social  history  of  the  War,  the  desire  has  been  expressed  that  I  should 
give  more  detailed  information  on  the  subject.  The  undertaking  certainly  makes  this  worth 
while.  To  my  knowledge  it  is  the  greatest  historical  work  of  which  the  war  of  1914-1918  has 
been  so  far,  and  probably  will  ever  be,  the  object.  .  .  .  The  structure  as  a  whole,  it  will  be 
seen,  will  be  truly  imposing.  It  could  not  have  been  on  a  lesser  scale  if  it  was  to  correspond  with 
the  colossal  proportions  of  a  war  which  has  shaken  the  foundations  of  the  whole  world  and  has 
transformed,  perhaps  for  centuries,  the  economic  life  of  all  the  civilized  peoples. — Fernand  Pas- 
selecq,  in  La  Libre  Belgique,  September  9,  1922. 

145 


I46  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD   WAR 

It  is  fortunate  that  the  record  of  the  important  experiments  made  in  the  control  of  industry 
during  the  War  will  be  preserved  for  posterity  by  men  so  highly  competent.  .  .  .  Mr.  Salter 
and  Mr.  Henderson  have  set  a  high  standard  and  if  the  remaining  books  to  be  published  by  the 
Carnegie  Endowment  are  of  the  same  quality,  the  library  will  be  invaluable.  As  the  organisation 
of  industry  becomes  every  day  a  more  and  more  urgent  problem,  these  studies  will  be  examined 
carefully  for  the  instructions  and  warning  they  provide. — Daily  News,  May  5,  1922. 

The  new  Series  .  .  .  promises  to  be  of  the  highest  merit  and  value. — Westminster  Gazette, 
July  14,  1921. 

The  range  rather  staggers  a  critic  not  enthused  over  the  results  of  co-operation  in  less  extended 
works  on  modern,  mediaeval  and  literary  history.  .  .  .  It  is  a  scheme  that  will  be  modified 
by  the  execution,  and  we  trust  Dr.  Shotwell's  grasp  of  the  objective  will  enable  him  to  control, 
if  not  to  direct,  the  lines  of  the  vastest  enterprise  in  history  to  which  mankind  has  yet  aspired. — 
Scottish  Statistical  Review,  October,  1921. 

Already  in  the  autumn  of  1916  the  Carnegie  Endowment  thought  of  preparing  a  social  and 
economic  history  of  the  Great  War.  But  it  was  in  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1919  that  the 
scheme  entered  upon  its  realization,  after  the  particularly  happy  appointment  of  Professor  Shot- 
well  as  general  editor.  .  .  .  One  hopes  that  this  great  undertaking  will  be  carried  through 
with  sufficient  speed. — Revue  Historique  (Paris),  November-December,  192 1. 

.  .  .  The  series  on  the  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  W^orld  War,  projected  by  the 
Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  which  will  create  a  valuable  record. — Scottish 
Historical  Review,  January,  1922. 

While  the  World  WTar  was  still  being  waged,  the  Carnegie  Endowment,  whose  object  is  the 
promotion  of  international  peace,  assumed  the  task  of  compiling  the  economic  history  of  the  War 
in  a  composite  work  of  monumental  dimensions  and  thus  transmitting  to  posterity  a  record  of  the 
bitter  experiences  which  the  present  generation  suffered  during  the  conflict.  .  .  .  It  is  just 
such  economic  lessons  as  these  that  often  are  forgotten  only  too  quickly.  .  .  .  This  enormous 
undertaking  would  hardly  have  been  executed  in  a  worthy  and  adequate  fashion  without  the 
employment  of  the  great  resources  at  the  disposal  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment.  The  adminis- 
trators of  the  Endowment  made  a  great  and  useful  decision  in  placing  their  resources  at  the  service 
of  this  work,  which  otherwise  would  certainly  never  have  been  carried  out. — Dr.  Gustav  Gratz,  in 
Pester  Lloyd  (Budapest),  September  18,  1921. 

.  .  .  The  fact  that  it  forms  a  volume  in  the  new  series  on  the  Economic  and  Social  History 
of  the  War  (Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace)  .  .  .  should  go  far  to  recommend 
it,  apart  altogether  from  its  own  solid  merits  and  its  opportune  appearance. — From  a  review  of 
Professor  Keith's  volume  in  Birmingham  Post,  December  1,  192 1. 

How  the  unheralded  millions  of  men,  women  and  children,  far  from  the  fighting  line,  faced  the 
effects  of  the  World  War  is  to  be  recorded  in  a  monumental  history  by  the  Carnegie  Endowment 
for  International  Peace.  .  .  .  Mr.  Root  and  his  colleagues  are  convinced  that  even  limitation 
of  armament  will  be  no  more  potent  an  argument  for  world  peace  than  this  categorical  exhibit  of 
the  gigantic  sacrifices  which  non-combatants  must  undergo  in  modern  warfare.  .  .  .  The 
theory  underlying  the  Carnegie  Endowment  scheme  is  to  turn  the  searchlight  wholesale  on  the 
gigantic  derangement  in  the  affairs  of  the  common  people  necessitated  by  preparation  for  modern 
war. — F.  W.  Wile,  in  Christian  Science  Monitor,  May  22,  1922. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  PRESS  REVIEWS  147 

The  object  of  this  great  historical  scheme  is  to  present  the  facts  of  the  world  while  at  war, 
rather  than  the  facts  of  the  War  itself,  and  this  it  does  by  recognising,  both  in  aim  and  scope,  the 
peculiar  character  of  modern  war,  and  its  far-reaching  effects  upon  the  ordered  life  of  all  nations, 
neutral  as  well  as  combatant.  .  .  .  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  completed  series  will 
form  one  of  the  most  complete  economic  and  social  surveys  ever  made. — Land  Agents1  Record, 
October  1,  1921. 

The  future  historian  will  be  indebted  to  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  having  placed  part  of 
their  funds  at  the  disposal  of  various  eminent  authorities  ...  in  order  to  investigate  and  place 
on  record  the  economic  and  social  effects  of  the  World  War. — Clare  Market  Review,  London  School 
of  Economics,  Autumn,  192 1. 

The  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace  has  taken  up  the  task  of  publishing  accounts 
of  what  may  be  called  the  civilian  aspects  of  the  War.  Questions  like  labor  in  war  time,  the 
mobilisation  and  the  re-organisation  of  industry,  the  shifting  of  wealth,  and  the  ultimate  evalua- 
tion of  war  costs,  are  all  subjects  that  call  for  historical  treatment,  and  it  is  well  to  have  the  facts 
relating  to  them  on  record  while  they  are  fresh  in  the  memories  of  those  who  were  in  contact  with 
them. — Shipping  World,  October  25,  1921. 

.  .  .  The  gigantic  economic  history  and  survey  of  the  war  period.  .  .  .  The  enter- 
prise is  almost  staggering  in  its  comprehensiveness. — Daily  News,  July  18,  192 1. 

The  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace  .  .  .  has  undertaken  a  great  work  of 
the  utmost  importance  in  connection  with  the  W7orld  WTar.  This  institution,  animated  by  the 
lofty  aim  to  be  served  by  such  a  work,  has  decided  to  devote  a  portion  of  its  revenue  to  the  publi- 
cation of  an  economic  and  social  history  of  the  World  War. — Bollettino  Mensile  delV  Ufficio  del 
Lavoro  e  della  Statistica  (Turin),  May,  1922. 

An  historical  work  which  has  been  planned  on  a  large  scale  is  at  present  beginning  to  assume 
form  and  substance.  .  .  .  It  is  a  result  of  the  program  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for 
International  Peace  .  .  .  and  in  its  gigantic  dimensions,  its  vast  resources,  and  its  scientific 
exactitude  the  work  is  worthy  of  the  serious  character  of  that  institution.  .  .  .  We  have 
selected  this  topic  in  order  to  show  by  means  of  a  single  example  the  amount  of  enlightenment 
which  the  historian  may  expect  to  reap  from  this  work  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment. — Berthold 
Molden,  in  Neue  Freie  Presse,  Vienna,  May  13,  1922. 

A  task  of  vast  magnitude  and  of  equal  value  and  importance.  .  .  . — Daily  Telegraph, 
July  19,  1921. 

The  Great  War  had  many  victims  apart  from  those  who  met  their  death  in  the  field  or  suc- 
cumbed to  wounds  and  diseases.  There  were  many  who  died  of  broken  hearts,  and  prominent 
among  those  was  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie.  .  .  .  But  his  dreams  find  continued  expression  in  the 
Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  whose  latest  issue,  in  the  Division  of  Economics  and 
History,  is  this  considerable  tome  (Keith).     .     .     . — Guardian,  January  13,  1922. 

The  Endowment  has  undertaken  to  prepare  an  economic  and  social  history  of  the  Great  War, 
.  .  .  "working  upon  an  unofficial  basis,  and  yet  commanding  the  confidence  in  each  country 
of  those  whose  co-operation  is  essential  for  an  authoritative  survey  of  the  economic  and  social  dis- 
placement of  the  war."  This  is  an  urgent,  though  formidable  undertaking  and  its  successful 
accomplishment  should  alone  justify  the  existence  of  the  Endowment. — Melbourne  Argus,  May  13, 
1922. 


I48  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD   WAR 

This  whole  historical  survey  is  an  attempt  to  measure  the  economic  cost  of  the  War  and  the  dis- 
placements that  it  has  caused  in  the  processes  of  civilisation.  Of  course  such  an  undertaking  can 
not  literally  produce  a  balance-sheet  with  an  estimated  loss  to  carry  forward.  Since  the  War  was 
fought  by  the  Allies  to  resist  the  imposition  of  terrible  evils  upon  the  work  by  Germany  the  value 
of  the  resistance  to  the  invasion  of  France  and  Belgium  by  the  German  forces,  though  it  can  not  be 
estimated  in  terms  of  money  or  gain,  was  a  gain  to  civilisation  that  must  be  set  against  the  eco- 
nomic losses  of  the  War.  Balance-sheets  with  such  mixed  assets  and  losses  cannot  be  satisfactory. 
All  that  an  economic  and  social  history  of  the  War  can  do  is  to  estimate  actual  facts  from  reliable 
records. — Contemporary  Review,  November,  1922. 

The  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace  has  taken  up  the  task  of  publishing  accounts 
of  what  may  be  called  the  civilian  aspects  of  the  War.  The  basic  idea  of  such  histories  is  that  mod- 
ern war  exercises  far-reach  ing  effects  upon  the  ordered  life  of  all  nations,  neutral  as  well  as  com- 
batant, and  these  are  phenomena  that  military  history  is  wont  to  ignore.  Questions  like  labour  in 
war  time,  the  mobilisation  and  reorganisation  of  industry,  the  shifting  of  wealth,  and  the  ultimate 
evaluation  of  war  costs  are  all  subjects  that  call  for  historical  treatment,  and  it  is  well  to  have  the 
facts  relating  to  them  on  record  while  they  are  fresh  in  the  memories  of  those  who  were  in  contact 
with  them. — Shipping  World  (London),  October  26,  1921. 

The  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War  is  history  on  a  new  plan.  It  shows  what 
a  world  at  war  is  like  rather  than  describes  the  war  itself.  Its  theme  is  the  far-reaching  effects  of 
modern  war  upon  the  ordered  life  of  nations,  neutral  as  well  as  combatant.  It  is  an  attempt  to 
record  and  so  far  as  possible  to  measure  those  effects.  It  deals  with  subjects  which  military  history 
seldom  touches:  war  governments,  economic  controls,  labour  as  affected  by  war,  the  mobilization 
and  reconstruction  of  industry,  the  shifting  of  wealth  and  the  ultimate  evaluation  of  war  costs. — 
The  Spectator,  February  24,  1923. 

The  beginning  of  the  realization  of  the  plan  (of  the  History)  promises  an  achievement  worthy 
of  its  greatness.  .  .  .  The  first  four  volumes  which  have  appeared  are,  each  in  its  own  way, 
masterpieces  of  living  history,  which  will  do  honor  to  any  learned  academy  in  the  world,  and  in 
which  we  especially — "the  enemy" — can  frankly  admire  the  serious  conception,  the  thoroughness 
of  the  critical  handling  of  materials  and  the  sureness  of  method. — From  Wilbrandt  and  Thimme's 
Wahrheitswille,  April,  1923. 

The  war,  which  interrupted  the  execution  of  the  scheme  undertaken  by  the  Division  of 
Economics  and  History  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  has  been  adroitly 
turned  to  their  purpose  and  itself  made  the  subject  of  a  rigorous  examination. — Times  Literary 
Supplement  (London),  March  22,  1923. 

In  a  period  of  history  in  which  the  devastating  consequences  of  a  sanguinary  conflict  have 
made  international  relations  almost  impossible  and  have  frustrated  even  the  best  meant  efforts  to 
restore  the  interrupted  intercourse  between  statesmen  of  the  countries  concerned,  especially  those 
of  German  speech,  there  is  a  certain  consolation  in  the  announcement  that,  in  all  the  countries 
which  have  suffered  from  the  War,  a  group  of  men,  animated  by  a  common  impulse,  have  under- 
taken with  the  earnest  zeal  of  men  of  science,  to  establish  by  the  most  careful  research,  the  extent 
and  character  of  the  displacement  which  the  common  ruin  of  the  War  has  caused  in  their  own 
States.  For  it  is  immediately  clear  that  without  such  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  effects  of 
the  War,  country  by  country,  a  comparative,  synthetic  survey  is  not  to  be  thought  of,  and  that 
unless  the  comparative  survey  is  made  possible  the  infinitely  complex  and  disparate  results  of  the 
world  catastrophe  will  always  lack  that  analysis  which  would  contribute  most  effectively  to  peace. 
It  is  the  merit  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  Peace,  and  more  especially  of  the  Division  of  Eco- 


EXTRACTS   FROM   PRESS   REVIEWS  I49 

nomics  and  History,  to  have  given  the  impulse  to  such  a  work,  and  to  have  planned  for  its  execution 
on  a  vast  and  most  comprehensive  scale. — Dr.  Felix  Oppenheimer,  in  Oesterreichische  Rundschau, 
November,  1921. 

The  Carnegie  Endowment,  which  is  dedicated  to  peace,  as  its  name  indicates,  has  undertaken 
this  work  deliberately  in  that  spirit.  It  feels  that  it  is  a  duty  to  humanity  as  well  as  a  scientific 
duty  to  preserve  and  organize  the  material  by  means  of  which  future  generations  may  see  what  the 
War  has  meant  for  our  own  generation.  Probably  no  other  institution  possesses  the  means  for 
undertaking  such  a  work.  .  .  .  Governments  alone  have  sufficient  funds,  but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  Governments  would  realize  the  importance  of  the  task,  and  it  is  also  doubtful  whether 
they  would  have  that  solid  wisdom  which  would  allow  the  work  to  proceed  untouched  by  biased 
influences.  In  any  case  they  could  not  give  to  such  an  inquiry  the  homogeneity  which  alone  could 
lead  to  such  general  conclusions  that  are  both  valid  scientifically  and  sufficiently  convincing  to 
become  applicable  in  practical  politics.  So  that  the  Carnegie  Endowment,  both  by  means  which 
are  at  its  disposal,  and  by  the  moral  guaranties  which  it  offers,  seems  to  have  been  destined  to 
undertake  that  work;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  work  would  not  have  been  done,  or  would 
not  have  been  done  as  it  should  be  done,  if  the  Endowment  had  not  come  forward  for  the  purpose. 
The  general  plan  of  the  work  has  been  from  every  point  of  view  so  laid  out  as  to  do  justice  to  the 
subject  and  honor  to  the  Endowment.  If  the  undertaking  is  fully  completed,  science  will  be 
endowed  with  a  work  more  grandiose  than  anything  ever  conceived  by  the  mind  of  a  scholar;  and 
it  will  remain  a  monument  to  the  services  rendered  by  the  American  nation  to  human  civilization. 
— Archiva  Pentru  Stiinta  si  Reforma  Sociale  (Bucharest),  vol.  iv,  Nos.  4-5. 

Great,  unique  in  many  ways,  at  once  a  work  of  history  and  a  contribution  to  peace.  .  .  . 
All  so-called  propaganda  has  been  eliminated  by  the  General  Editor.  .  .  .  The  central  thought 
of  those  in  charge  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  .  .  .  is  to  show  what  wounds  civilization  has 
suffered  from  the  World  War. — Schlesische  Zeitung,  May  11,  1923. 

The  subjects  generally  do  not  touch  on  fields  where  bitter  controversies  have  raged.  .  .  . 
No  direct  emotional  or  sentimental  reaction  is  expected.  .  .  .  It  is  intended  to  put  a  record  of 
the  economic  and  social  costs  of  the  War  in  the  hands  of  those  who  can  use  it.  In  this  way  it  is 
intended,  through  the  medium  of  historians,  teachers,  statesmen  and  political  thinkers  to  record 
for  future  generations  the  varied  damage  to  civilization  that  was  accomplished  by  the  War. 
— European  Press  (Munich),  May  5,  1923. 

Under  this  plan  every  volume  will  have  a  distinct  value  as  the  deliberate  expression  of  in- 
formed opinion,  independent  of  that  derived  from  its  place  in  an  organised  scheme.  It  should  be 
possible  to  trace  the  birth  and  progress  of  projects  that  were  devised  to  meet  urgent  conditions  and 
were  subsequently  developed  under  the  stern  necessity  of  compelling  need.  But  it  may  not  be 
equally  easy  to  see  the  mutual  relations  and  reactions  of  simultaneously  operating  schemes,  or  the 
total  effects  of  all  the  varying  forces  which  were  modifying  each  other,  while  shaping  and  control- 
ling the  industrial  activities  of  the  countries  affected  by  the  War.  To  construct  a  simple  panorama 
of  the  industrial  situation  that  prevailed  can  be  undertaken  only  when  time  has  developed  the  full 
consequences  of  measures,  whose  operations  could  not  be  foreseen,  and  has  arranged  the  tangled 
threads  of  events  into  a  clear  and  harmonious  picture. — From  a  review  of  Sir  Richard  Redmayne's 
volume  in  Engineering,  July  13,  1923. 

While  it  will  be  something  of  a  relief  to  read  a  war  history  of  facts  and  results  alone,  the 
unnatural  calm  of  the  work  may  prove  a  little  tepid. — Stead's  Review  (Melbourne,  Australia), 
May  26,  1923. 


150  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD  WAR 

No  doubt  the  history  to  be  based  on  this  mass  of  information  will  be  the  most  exhaustive 
record  of  the  Great  War,  or  of  any  particular  period  in  the  life  of  the  world,  ever  published.  It 
will  be  a  prodigy  of  industry,  a  marvel  of  public  spirit,  a  priceless  service  to  future  generations. 
What  would  students  today  not  give  for  such  a  chronicle  of  some  momentous  epoch  in  the  far 
past? — The  Globe,  Toronto,  December  18,  1923. 

These  series  of  books  are  valuable  compendiums  of  facts  on  all  phases  of  war  history;  and  as 
they  are  provided  with  good  indexes  they  ought  to  be  an  inexhaustible  source  of  reference.  .  .  — 
Newcastle  Daily  Chronicle,  August  2,  1923. 

ALLIED   SHIPPING  CONTROL 
By  J.  A.  Salter 
Subsequent  historians  may  not  improbably  say,  that  Mr.  J.  A.  Salter,  a  British  civil  servant, 
has  written  the  most  important  book  on  the  Great  War  down  to  1921. — New  Statesman,  September 
10,  1921. 

It  seems  very  doubtful  if  anyone  was  quite  in  as  good  a  position  as  Mr.  Salter  to  write  the  chap- 
ters on  Allied  Shipping  Control.  .  .  .  This  has  been  admirably  done  by  Mr.  Salter. — Times 
(London),  July  22,  1921. 

.  .  .  Marvellously  well  done  and  lucid.  .  .  .  It  is  an  epic  cast  in  the  form  of  a  Blue 
Book. — Manchester  Guardian,  September  5,  1921. 

The  new  series  on  the  Social  and  Economic  History  of  the  World  War  which  is  being  prepared, 
with  Professor  Shotwell  as  general  editor,  on  behalf  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace,  promises  to  be  of  the  highest  merit  and  value.  But  though  we  had  looked  to  it  for  clear 
records  and  indispensable  documents,  we  own  we  had  scarcely  expected  to  find  in  it  the  fascinating 
story  and  brilliant  economic  study  that  run  side  by  side  in  Mr.  J.  A.  Salter's  volume  on  the  Allied 
Shipping  Control.  Rare  ability  and  great  skill  in  the  handling  of  material  that  must  be  difficult 
and  even  forbidding  from  the  literary  point  of  view  have  gone  to  the  making  of  this  book,  which, 
unless  we  are  greatly  mistaken,  will  long  stand  as  one  of  the  classics  of  the  War.  Not  only  does 
Mr.  Salter  write  uncommonly  well,  but  he  is  telling  a  story  in  which  he  himself  bore  a  considerable 
part;  and  at  every  stage  he  is  able  to  bring  back  to  us  the  emotions  of  the  moment,  the  doubts,  fears 
and  tense  anxieties  of  those  who  had  this  tremendous  responsibility  on  their  shoulders.  The  result 
is  something  quite  new  in  economic  history,  and  we  have  to  thank  Mr.  Salter  for  a  book  which, 
without  shirking  any  detail  that  is  needed  for  history  or  science,  has  many  of  the  qualities  of  a  great 
romance.     .     .     . — Westminster  Gazette,  July  16,  1921. 

By  position,  bv  impartiality,  and  by  capacity,  few  men  could  be  so  well  equipped  for  the  task  as 
he;  and  from  many  points  of  view  his  book  is  likely  to  be  a  classic  of  the  economic  history  of  the 
war.  ...  It  illustrates,  to  begin  with,  though  not  intentionally,  nor  at  length,  the  true  char- 
acter of  modern  war.  .  .  .  The  German  method  was  the  submarine  war,  the  Allied  method 
the  so-called  blockade.  Both  were  directed  more  against  non-combatants  than  against  combat- 
ants. Both  involved  the  maximum  of  cruelty  and  inhumanity.  .  .  . — G.  Lowes- Dickinson,  in 
Nation  (London),  July  30,  1921. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Salter's  account  of  Allied  Shipping  Control  will  help  much  in  establishing  public  admin- 
istration, that  is  to  say,  the  science  of  securing  business  efficiency  in  the  operation  of  the  machinery 
of  government,  not  only  as  a  recognised  subject  of  academic  study,  but  as  a  matter  of  vital  impor- 
tance to  the  well-being  of  the  State.  .  .  .  The  story  .  .  .  will  serve  for  a  considerable 
time  as  a  classic  example  of  real  internationalism. — Observer,  August  21,  1921. 


EXTRACTS   FROM   PRESS   REVIEWS  151 

Is  there,  then,  no  lesson  to  be  drawn  from  the  story  of  how  the  nations  combined,  how  resources 
were  co-ordinated  .  .  .  ?  There  is,  and  Mr.  Salter  draws  it  most  convincingly,  with  special 
relation  to  the  functions  the  League  of  Nations  might  exercise. — Mr.  H.  Wilson  Harris,  in  Daily 
News,  August  15,  1921. 

The  volume  forms  one  of  a  series  of  works  dealing  with  the  economic  and  social  history  of  the 
War  and  it  is  supremely  adequate  to  its  purpose.  .  .  .  The  bearing  of  this  book  upon  the 
future  of  international  relationships  can  not  be  over-estimated. — Liverpool  Daily  Courier,  Septem- 
ber 19,  1921. 

It  is  an  admirable  record  of  a  great  achievement,  with  a  large  moral  for  the  future.  .  .  . 
These  are  sound  generalisations;  but  the  reader  is  not  left  with  them  alone.  He  will  find  in  this 
well-argued  chapter  practical  suggestions  for  the  applying  of  a  system  of  sane  internationalism. — 
London  Mercury,  November,  1921. 

Allied  Shipping  Control  is  a  book  which  everyone  should  read.  It  is  of  special  interest  to  the 
readers  of  Headway  because  it  is  full  of  promise  for  those  who  have  faith  in  the  co-operative  powers 
of  mankind. — Sir  Leo  Chiozza  Money,  in  Headway,  November,  1921. 

For  an  understanding  of  the  economic  measures  by  means  of  which  the  Allies  were  able  to  carry 
on  the  War,  to  ultimate  victory,  this  book  .  .  .  is  a  most  noteworthy  contribution  ...  a 
remarkably  complete,  clear,  and  informing  account.  .  .  .  Probably  no  other  man  could  be 
found  so  competent  to  write  a  book  on  international  co-operation. — George  Rublee,  in  Evening 
Post  (New  York),  October  22,  1921. 

.  .  .  Invaluable  as  a  history  and  of  the  greatest  promise  for  the  series  arranged  by  the 
Carnegie  Endowment  ...  of  a  quality,  within  its  own  limits,  for  which  no  praise  can  be  too 
high. — Time  and  Tide,  August  19,  1921. 

.  .  .  A  record  which  will  not  only  be  of  undoubted  value  to  the  student  of  history  and 
economics,  but  which  may,  one  day,  prove  of  inestimable  use  also  to  the  politician  and  the  soci- 
ologist.— Fairplay,  September  22,  1921. 

Those  who  have  studied  the  history  of  international  co-operation  in  the  past.  ...  I 
strongly  recommend  sceptics  to  read  an  excellent  work  .  .  .  written  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Salter  and 
entitled  Allied  Shipping  Control:  An  Experiment  in  International  Administration. — Looking 
Forward,  October,  1921. 

His  book  is  extraordinarily  interesting.  It  is  an  economic  document  of  the  first  importance, 
but  it  is  much  more  than  that.  It  is  a  book  full  of  matter,  so  well  organised  and  so  clearly 
arranged  that  the  extremely  complicated  subject  it  surveys  becomes  intelligible,  even  to  the  reader 
least  familiar  with  them. — Review  of  Reviews,  September-October,  192 1. 

Anyone  who  was  at  all  closely  connected  with  the  work  of  the  time  will  recognise  the  accurate 
skill  with  which  the  picture  is  presented.  .  .  .  As  an  accurate  record  of  the  facts  and  events 
described  it  is  almost  impossible  that  the  book  will  be  surpassed. — Economic  Journal,  September, 
1921. 

As  an  historical  volume,  dealing  with  a  most  important  phase  of  the  war  operations,  the  book 
is  invaluable,  as  it  reveals  in  detail  much  that  was  not  previously  understood. — Glasgow  Herald, 
August  5,  192 1. 


152  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE  WORLD   WAR 

.  .  .  Mr.  Salter's  book  has  a  great  value  as  a  first  hand  record  of  the  things  that  actually 
did  happen  in  war  time.     .     .     . — Shipping  World,  October  26,  192 1. 

Mr.  Salter's  volume  supplies  material  on  which  the  future  historian  may  be  able  to  weigh  the 
relative  advantages  of  public  control  and  private  enterprise. — Newcastle  Daily  Journal,  July  21, 
1921. 

.  .  .  The  student  of  economic  history  will  find  in  this  book  a  valuable  additional  contribu- 
tion to  our  knowledge  of  the  various  features  of  the  Great  War.  Particularly  valuable  is  the 
Appendix,  comprising  90  pages,  in  which  is  given  a  collection  of  official  documents  relating  to  the 
Allied  Control  and  a  series  of  statistics  dealing  with  all  the  phases  of  the  Control  problem. — Ship- 
building and  Shipping  Record,  December  8,  1921. 

This  book  is  an  interesting  and  valuable  contribution  to  knowledge  .  .  .  remarkably 
cheap  for  its  size. — Oxford  Magazine,  February,  1922. 

When  the  world  has  recovered  from  the  Treaty  of  Versailles  ...  we  hope  to  read  an 
inner  history  of  Reparations  as  lucid  and  authoritative  as  the  recent  volume  on  Allied  Shipping 
Control. — New  Statesman,  December  10,  1921. 

Contains  much  valuable  documentary  and  historical  data  .  .  .  a  valuable  contribution  to 
the  history  of  shipping  during  the  World  War. — Nation  (New  York),  February  8,  1922. 

In  the  history  of  the  War  there  are  three  outstanding  periods  of  danger  to  the  Allied  cause — the 
threat  to  Paris  in  1914,  the  advance  in  March,  1918,  and  the  submarine  campaign  of  1917.  Of 
these  three  dangers,  two  were  known  to  the  whole  world,  and  were  little,  if  at  all,  underrated  by 
the  British  people.  The  third  was  vaguely  recognised  and  partially  understood,  but,  as  we  look 
back  now  over  the  four  years  of  war,  we  see  in  it,  perhaps,  the  greatest  of  all  the  perils  that  we  had 
to  meet.  .  .  .  Mr.  J.  A.  Salter,  whose  great  abilities  were  devoted  throughout  the  war  to  this 
problem,  has  in  a  recently  published  book  told  the  story  of  how  the  organisation  of  Government 
control  grew,  through  Admiralty  requisitioning,  blue-book  rates,  departmental  committees, 
ministries  and  conferences,  until,  with  the  formation  of  the  Allied  Maritime  Transport  Council, 
almost  the  whole  effective  tonnage  of  the  world  was  brought  under  the  control  and  disposition  of 
a  single  authority,  an  authority  that  almost  could  move  the  steamers  of  the  world  about  at  its  will 
and  divert  them  at  a  moment's  notice  to  the  work  that  seemed  at  the  time  to  be  most  urgent.  It 
is  the  story  of  how  the  peace-time  machinery  of  ship  management  was  replaced  piecemeal  by  a 
despotic  power  that  cared  nothing  for  the  pull  of  profit  and  loss  which  normally  directs  the  move- 
ments of  steamers  throughout  the  world.  It  is  a  fascinating  tale.  .  .  . — Economist,  August 
27,  1921. 

.  .  .  Having  regard  to  the  difficulties  through  which  the  sea-carrying  trade  is  now  passing, 
the  book  should  find  a  wide  public  among  those  who  go  down  to  the  sea  in  ships  and  others  in- 
terested in  shipping  and  its  future. — Financial  Times,  July  18,  1921. 

A  fascinating  and  little-known  story  of  the  War.  .  .  .  Dundee  Evening  Telegraph  and 
Post,  July  21,  1921. 

.  .  .  Mr.  Salter  has  produced  a  book  of  first-rate  importance.  If  all  administrators  could 
give  as  good  an  account  of  public  affairs,  history  would  not  be  so  difficult  to  write  in  future  years. 
Mr.  Salter  not  only  gives  a  vivid  impression  of  the  danger  of  defeat  by  submarine,  which  was 
hardly  acknowledged  in  191 7;  but  he  is  also  able  to  state  clearly  the  general  conclusions  to  which 


EXTRACTS   FROM   PRESS    REVIEWS  153 

war  experiments  point.  .  .  .  Whether  we  agree  or  not  with  Mr.  Salter's  assumptions  and 
conclusions,  clearly  his  book  is  not  simply  a  record  of  dead  facts.  It  provides  good  political 
science  for  the  use  of  statesmen  and  citizens  who  are  capable  of  thinking.  .  .  . — Saturday 
Review,  August  6,  1921. 

The  author's  qualifications  for  his  task,  so  far  as  it  is  concerned  with  the  description  of  what 
was  actually  done,  could  not  well  have  been  better. — Lloyd's  Shipping  List,  July  18,  1921. 

Mr.  Salter,  who  was  director  of  ship  requisitioning  and  secretary  to  the  two  bodies,  whose 
work  he  describes,  finds  his  way  through  an  enormous  amount  of  detail  to  a  remarkably  clear 
presentation  of  the  economic  system  set  up  under  the  pressure  of  war  conditions  and  of  the  prob- 
lem of  shipping  after  the  War  and  the  solution  of  that  problem. — Glasgow  Herald,  August  5,  192 1. 

.  .  .  In  Mr.  Salter's  engrossing  narrative  we  obtain  a  considerable  insight  into  the  position 
of  shipping  during  the  War.  The  mental  attitude  of  the  public  towards  shipowners  and  that  of 
neutral  owners  towards  the  Allies  at  various  stages  of  the  War  are  indicated  as  part  of  the  problem 
with  which  the  controlling  officials  had  to  deal.  The  knowledge  is  essential  to  a  full  understanding 
of  the  events  of  1914-1918,  and  Mr.  Salter's  volume  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  that  end. — 
Shipping  World,  October  26,  1921. 

Fits  in  perfectly  with  the  plan  of  the  whole  series.  ...  In  the  old  way  of  writing  history, 
the  "drum  and  trumpet"  style,  such  a  work  as  this  had  no  place.  But  since  historians  began  to 
realize  the  important  part  economics  play  in  wars,  the  making  of  wars  and  their  aftermaths,  vol- 
umes like  these  are  of  first  importance.  Mr  Salter  writes  in  an  easy  style  that  makes  even  his 
most  statistical  pages  attractive,  his  personal  participation  in  the  making  of  these  statistics  giving 
them  an  agreeable  human  touch.  At  his  hand  economics  are  not  as  "dismal"  as  Carlyle  said 
that  science  was,  and  he  also  gives  them  their  true  value  and  relation  to  the  world  war  as  a  whole. 
— New  York  Herald,  May  30,  1922. 

A  mine  of  information  and  instruction.  It  recalls  to  life  the  tragic  hours,  which  those  who 
lived  through  them  will  never  forget.  It  offers  a  unique  occasion  for  reflection  for  all  those  who,  in 
economics  as  in  other  things,  recognize  the  sovereignty  of  experience.  The  experience  treated 
here  is  one  of  the  most  moving  and  instructive  that  history  records. — From  one  of  three  articles 
based  upon  the  book  in  Moniteur  des  Interets  Materiels,  Sept.  22,  1922. 

PRICES  AND  WAGES  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  1914-1920 
By  Arthur  L.  Bowley 
The  Editorial  Board  of  the  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War  did  well  when 
they  induced  Professor  Bowley  to  undertake  the  monograph  on  Prices  and  Wages  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  1914-1920.  .  .  .  Professor  Bowley  has  the  mathematician's  detachment,  and  can 
plot  a  diagram  of  the  price  of  eggs  or  give  a  tabulated  statement  of  coal-miners'  wages  with  as 
little  indulgence  in  moral  indignation  as  Bishop  Creighton  showed  in  describing  the  doings  of  the 
Renaissance  Popes.  He  is  simply  concerned  to  describe  what  happened  when  certain  military 
and  political  events  led  to  the  sudden  dislocation  of  an  intricate  economic  machine.  .  .  .  But 
even  on  such  topics  as  these  Dr.  Bowley  is  severely  reticent.  .  .  .  But  the  desire  for  more 
guesses  and  fewer  figures  is  clearly  unreasonable,  even  though,  in  its  way,  it  is  a  tribute  to  the 
author's  knowledge  and  mastery  of  his  subject. — Times  Literary  Supplement  (London),  August 
25,  1921. 

.     .     .     The  greatest  living  authority  on  the  subject. — Economist,  September  3,  1921. 


154  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

The  most  valuable  work  that  has  so  far  appeared  in  the  British  Series.  .  .  .  Altogether 
the  work     .     .     .     [has]     .     .     .     a  unique  value. — Statist,  August  27,  192 1. 

.  .  .  The  study  of  his  work  is  indispensable.  His  criticisms  are  masterly  and  his  qualifica- 
tion is  of  the  highest  order. — Spectator,  September  10,  1921. 

.  .  .  Substantial  and  noteworthy  contribution  by  a  man  of  science  to  the  historical 
elucidation  of  these  anxious  questions.  ...  It  surveys  in  a  skilfully  detailed  and  interestingly 
varied  array,  always  clearly  and  precisely  ordered,  of  statistical  lists  and  tables,  the  principal 
movements  in  prices  and  rates  of  wages  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  beginning  of  the  War 
to  the  summer  of  1920.     .     .     . — Scotsman,  August  18,  1921. 

Dr.  Bowley's  scientific  methods  will  discourage  the  bold  propagandist,  but  they  have  provided 
a  detailed  and  valuable  record  of  wage  and  price  movements  upon  which  future  economists  can 
build. — Manchester  Guardian,  October  27,  192 1. 

Any  propagandist,  on  whatever  side,  who  hopes  to  get  ammunition  from  Professor  Bowley, 
will  be  seriously  disillusioned  by  his  new  book.  It  is  a  model  of  scientific  discretion.  .  .  .  He 
will  delight  the  scientific  student  of  economics.  In  statistical  arrangement  his  book  is  a  master- 
piece.— Westminster  Gazette,  December  24,  192 1. 

Dr.  Bowley's  deeply  interesting  book  .  .  .  justly  assessed  as  an  invaluable  compilation 
of  social  and  industrial  data  of  the  first  importance. — Observer,  November  20,  192 1. 

Dr.  Bowley  treats  his  subject  in  a  manner  worthy  of  his  great  reputation. — Saturday  Review, 
November  5,  1921. 

.  .  .  A  masterpiece  of  statistical  research,  indispensable  to  the  historian  of  labour  and 
to  writers  on  economic  and  industrial  problems.     .     .     . — Tablet,  November  5,  1921. 

One  is  so  accustomed  to  read  opinions  first  and  supporting  facts  (if  any)  afterwards.  .  .  . 
The  present  volume,  .  .  .  just  because  it  is  a  plain  record,  with  only  a  splash  of  varnish  here 
and  there,  is  likely  to  be  of  real  value  to  the  future  student  in  Nicaragua,  who  will  be  working  up 
a  thesis  showing  the  process  whereby  Europe,  through  the  genius  of  her  governing  class,  by  the 
end  of  the  21st  Century,  had  become  the  economic  and  political  appanage  of  the  trans- Atlantic 
peoples. — A.  E.  Davies,  L.  C.  C,  in  Daily  News,  September  29,  1921. 

That  most  subtle  and  penetrating  of  English  statisticians,  A.  L.  Bowley,  that  practised  and 
profound  investigator  of  the  great  mass  of  statistical  data.  .  .  .  The  author's  conclusions 
are  reached  by  way  of  an  analytical  survey  of  the  most  instructive  nature,  which  it  is  impossible 
to  summarize  here.  .  .  .  Bowley's  masterly  volume  is  a  magnificent  inauguration  of  the 
series  of  works  dedicated  by  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace  to  the  examination 
of  the  economic  phenomena  of  the  war. — La  Riforma  Sociale  (Turin). 

That  excellent  statistician,  Professor  Bowley,  here  exhibits  and  analyses  the  economic  results 
following  the  principal  movements  in  Prices  and  Wages  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  outbreak 
of  the  War  to  the  summer  of  1920. — Chamber  of  Commerce  Journal,  September  30,  1921. 

This  book  is  worthy  of  Professor  Bowley's  reputation  as  a  statistician.  He  writes  with 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  War  conditions,  for,  although  he  does  not  tell  us  so,  he  was  in  constant 
touch  with  the  government  departments  during  the  period  of  strain,  which  he  here  dispassionately 
describes. — Scottish  Historical  Review,  July,  1922. 


EXTRACTS   FROM   PRESS   REVIEWS  1 55 

This  book  will  undoubtedly  prove  an  invaluable  reference  work  for  all  those  who  have 
occasion  to  require  any  facts  or  figures  relating  to  prices  and  wages  during  the  period  1914-1920. 
— Clare  Market  Review,  London  School  of  Economics,  Autumn,  1921. 

.  .  .  It  is  a  mass  of  detailed  statistics  of  extraordinary  value,  as  to  the  whole  movement 
of  prices  and  wages  in  the  period  under  review. — Time  and  Tide,  September  2,  1921. 

.  .  .  A  very  laudable  attempt  to  clear  up  the  confusion  in  which  the  important  subject  of 
prices  and  wages  is  involved.  .  ,  .  The  section  dealing  with  prices  contains  a  great  deal  of 
valuable  and  original  matter. — New  Statesman,  May  6,  1922. 

Professor  Bowley  .  .  .  presents  in  digestible  form  material  which  is  of  infinite  value  to 
persons  interested  in  the  problem  of  equal  pay  for  equal  work. — Woman's  Leader,  October  24,  1922. 

The  whole  chapter  ...  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  important  history  of  farm- 
workers during  the  Great  War.  .  .  .  The  volume  is  a  record  of  the  war  years  that  is  invaluable 
to  all  who  take  any  interest  whatever  in  the  vital  problems  of  either  prices  or  wages. — Land  Agents' 
Record,  October  21,  1921. 

.  .  .  A  very  large  and  valuable  collection  of  statistics.  .  .  . — Daily  Herald,  March 
22,  1922. 

Solid  raw  material  for  the  economic  historian  of  the  future. — Nation  (New  York),  March 
22,  1922. 

Professor  Bowley's  admirable  book  is  a  veritable  mine  of  information  .  .  .  and  gives  a 
statistical  basis  for  important  comparisons  with  similar  conditions  in  the  United  States  and  other 
countries.     .     .     . — Evening  Post  (New  York),  May  20,  1922. 

.  .  .  The  text  is  clear  and  logical,  and  has  the  merit  of  being  easily  comprehensible. 
Primarily  a  work  of  reference,  it  will  also  repay  the  earnest  student  who  has  the  courage  and 
leisure  to  tackle  it. — Financial  Times,  August  22,  1921. 

.  .  .  A  masterpiece  of  statistical  research,  indispensable  to  the  historian  of  labour  and  to 
writers  on  economic  and  industrial  problems,  but  rather  in  the  nature  of  "caviare  to  the  general." — 
Tablet,  November  5,  1921. 

WAR  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE   BRITISH   DOMINIONS 

By  Arthur  Berriedale  Keith 

The  editors  have  been  fortunate  in  securing  the  services  of  Professor  Keith.  ...  He 
has  compiled  a  very  lucid,  well-informed  and  judicial  account  of  the  part  played  by  the  Dominions 
both  in  the  W7ar  and  in  the  Peace  Settlement. — Times  Literary  Supplement  (London),  October 
20,  1921. 

If  succeeding  volumes  maintain  the  high  standard  ...  set  by  this  one,  the  History 
will  be  a  monument  of  historical  scholarship. — Nation  (New  York),  January  4,  1922. 

...  a  wide  and  comprehensive  survey  of  what  may  almost  be  called  the  emancipation 
of  the  Dominions,  for  certainly  their  relations  with  the  British  State  itself,  loose  as  they  were  in 
1914,  have  been  most  profoundly  modified  since  that  eventful  year.     The  book  is  planned  on  agree- 


I56  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

able  lines;  each  subject  is  dealt  with  as  it  affected  the  particular  Dominion,  and  the  various  diver- 
gencies of  opinion  and  effect  which  sprang  from  local  or  racial  instincts  or  prejudices  are  treated 
generously  and  without  bias.     .     .     . — Birmingham  Post,  December  1,  1921. 

The  history  of  these  developments,  with  a  full  account  of  the  consequences  and  implications, 
is  to  be  found  in  an  admirable  volume  published  by  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace. — Manchester  Guardian,  in  a  first  leader  entitled  "The  Colonial  Revolution,"  September 

12,  I92I. 

This  is  a  valuable  and  illuminating  survey  of  the  methods  of  Colonial  administration  during 
the  war.  Professor  Keith  has  long  been  known  as  our  foremost  authority  on  Dominion  govern- 
ment; and  this  volume  is  worthy  of  his  great  reputation. — Nation  (London),  September  24,  1921. 

Here  Professor  Keith  has  performed  yeoman  service,  for  the  changing  status  of  the  Domin- 
ions has  led  to  much  loose  thinking  and  loose  speaking:  in  pages  that  are  admirably  clear  .  .  . 
we  see  the  varying  forms  of  Coalition  forced  on  the  Dominions  by  war  conditions,  .  .  .  the 
growing  opposition  from  racial,  economic  or  particularist  causes,  ...  we  see  the  straining 
of  the  various  written  constitutions  of  the  Dominions.  .  .  .  Lastly  we  face  the  greatest  of 
all  racial  problems,  the  question  of  the  treatment  by  the  Dominions  of  Indians  and  of  the  native 
races  within  their  own  borders,  and  we  are  left  with  a  feeling  of  the  complexity  and  number  of  the 
problems  to  be  solved.  The  book  is  written  in  a  studiously  impersonal  spirit.  .  .  . — C.  S.  S. 
Higham,  in  Scottish  Historical  Review,  January,  1922. 

Describes  somewhat  discursively,  but  most  completely,  and  with  abundant  knowledge  the 
influence  of  the  War  on  the  activities  of  the  governments  of  the  Dominions  and  of  their  relations 
to  the  governments  of  the  United  Kingdom.  .  .  .  The  book  is  one  of  the  British  series  of 
war  monographs  published  on  behalf  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace  and, 
like  other  volumes  of  the  same  origin,  is  handsomely  bound  and  printed. — English  Historical 
Review,  April,  1922. 

We  have  here  a  contribution  of  the  front  rank  on  all  the  subjects  with  which  it  deals,  nor  is 
this  a  contribution  of  the  dry-as-dust  order.  We  can  do  no  more  than  select  one  of  the  topics  in 
order  to  show  from  it  how  carefully  this  book  deserves  to  be  studied. — Irish  Times,  August  8,  1921. 

More  narrative  than  criticism,  Professor  Keith's  book  is  an  admirable  piece  of  history.— 
Scotsman,  August  8,  1921. 

Those  who  are  acquainted  [with  his  former  writings]  readily  recognise  that  he  is  an  authority 
on  the  subject,  and  the  present  volume,  which  is  published  by  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for 
International  Peace  .  .  .  will  add  to  his  reputation.  Writing  with  a  thorough  mastery  of 
facts.     .     .     . — Satur day  Review,  September  24,  1 92 1. 

The  result  is  an  invaluable  record  of  Dominion  development  faithful  to  reality  both  in  fact 
and  in  atmosphere. — Glasgow  Herald,  August  18,  192 1. 

In  this  work  Dr.  Keith  contributes  yet  another  to  the  series  of  masterly  and  penetrating 
studies  which  have  done  so  much  in  recent  years  to  elucidate  the  constitutional  relations  of  the 
several  parts  of  the  Empire. — Fortnightly  Review,  September,  192 1. 

Professor  Keith's  solid  and  erudite,  if  rather  dryish,  volume  will  form  a  rich  armoury  of  facts 
and  points  in  connection  with  the  next  [Dominion  Conference]. — Guardian,  January  13,  1922. 


EXTRACTS  FROM   PRESS   REVIEWS  1 57 

His  book  may  be  read  with  interest  and  will  be  invaluable  for  reference. — Spectator,  August 
20,  1921. 

In  view  of  the  offer  of  Dominion  status  to  Ireland  no  investigation  could  be  of  greater  inter- 
est than  that  which  Dr.  Berriedale  Keith  has  conducted  into  the  actual  meaning  and  practical 
working  of  that  status,  and  the  effects  of  the  War  and  of  the  peace  settlement  upon  it. — West- 
minster Gazette,  August  30,  1921. 

The  Editorial  Board  were  fortunate  in  securing  a  book  by  Professor  Keith.  There  is  no  higher 
living  authority  on  the  subject  of  the  British  Dominions  and  their  constitutional  relations  to  the 
mother  country,  and  the  present  work,  in  full  measure,  embodies  and  illustrates  his  wealth  of 
knowledge,  mastery  of  detail  and  clearness  of  statement.  For  all  who  care  at  all  about  the  Brit- 
ish Empire  and  its  problems,  this  is  a  book  of  first-rate  importance  and  abounding  interest.  There 
are  of  necessity  points  in  it  which  admit  of  difference  of  opinion  and  judgments  on  men  and  things 
which  may  or  may  not  be  called  in  question;  but,  taken  as  a  whole,  it  is  a  masterly  survey  of  the 
effect  which  the  war  produced  upon  the  self-governing  Dominions  of  the  British  Empire  in  their 
internal  history  and  in  their  relations  to  the  United  Kingdom  and  to  the  Empire  generally.  The 
material  is  well  arranged,  chapter  and  verse  are  given  for  the  statements  made;  there  is  a  good 
Bibliography  and  a  full  index.  ...  In  conclusion,  special  attention  may  be  called  to  the 
chapter  on  "The  Mandatory  System  and  the  Mandated  Territories" — a  very  excellent  and 
lucid  account  of  a  subject  which  somewhat  lends  itself  to  misunderstanding. — Sir  Charles  P. 
Lucas,  in  History,  April,  1922. 

THE  COTTON  CONTROL  BOARD 

By  Hubert  D.  Henderson 

As  Mr.  Henderson  was  Secretary  of  the  Board  during  the  whole  time  of  its  active  existence, 
he  is  able  to  throw  light  on  a  number  of  questions  which  were  purposely  left  somewhat  obscure 
at  the  time. — Manchester  Guardian,  February  14,  1922. 

A  descriptive  book,  but  one  so  interesting  that  it  has  a  claim  on  the  attention  of  the  general 
reader.  .  .  .  Mr.  Henderson  describes  a  social  experiment  of  remarkable  significance,  and 
describes  it  very  well. — Economist,  February  25,  1922. 

.  .  .  An  account  of  its  fortunes  and  its  conduct  which  is  a  model  for  all  such  histo- 
ries. ...  In  both  cases  the  active  and  responsible  participation  of  the  Trade  Unions  was  an 
essential  feature.  For  that  reason,  if  for  no  other,  this  experiment  should  be  carefully  studied 
by  all  who  are  interested  in  industrial  control. — J.  L.  Hammond,  in  Daily  News,  May  5,  1922. 

Mr.  H.  D.  Henderson,  in  this  excellent  short  monograph,  tells  the  story  of  the  Board's  work, 
and  especially  of  the  successive  developments  of  the  Unemployment  Scheme.  .  .  .  Mr.  Hen- 
derson's very  clear  and  readable  account  of  it  should  be  studied  by  all  who  are  considering 
the  possibilities  of  insurance  by  industry.  The  Minister  of  Labor  is  at  present  making  en- 
quiries ...  on  the  point.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  those  who  have  to  answer  his  questions 
will  first  read  his  book,  and  that  the  Minister,  too,  will  give  it  his  careful  attention. — New  States- 
man, April  8,  1922. 

.  .  .  A  thoroughly  competent  performance.  .  .  .  Students  of  industrial  psychology 
will  notice  with  interest  the  favourable  result  upon  the  worker  of  the  "playing  off"  week. — Nation 
(London),  April  27,  1922. 


I58  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD  WAR 

.  .  .  A  most  interesting  record.  .  .  .  The  Student  of  social  economics  can  make 
much  use  of  it.  It  presents  several  interesting  studies  like  its  revelation  of  war  mentality  as  evi- 
denced in  Capital  on  the  one  hand  and  Labour  on  the  other,  Lancashire  parochialism,  Trade 
Union  Diplomacy. — Socialist  Review  (London),  September,  1922. 

.     .     .     His  interesting  and  well  informed  account.     .     .     . — Scotsman,  February  20,  1922. 

.  .  .  A  most  interesting  review  of  the  work  of  the  Board.  .  .  .  Mr.  Henderson's 
volume  is  undoubtedly  a  valuable  addition  to  the  extensive  literature  relating  to  the  cotton  in- 
dustry.— Lloyds'  List,  March  11,  1922. 

Mr.  H.  D.  Henderson's  new  book  ...  is  primarily  intended  for  the  guidance  of  future 
historians  of  the  economic  and  social  incidents  of  the  War  period,  and  we  do  not  doubt  that  it 
will  serve  their  purposes.  To  the  cotton  trade  of  to-day  .  .  .  the  chief  interest  of  the  work 
will  be  in  the  light  it  throws  on  things  never  before  authoritatively  explained. — Manchester  Guard- 
ian Commercial,  February  16,  1922. 

.  .  .  It  tells  the  story  of  the  Cotton  Control  Board  and  its  relations  with  employers  and 
men,  shows  how  imports  and  prices  were  arranged,  explains  the  work  of  the  different  committees, 
and  so  provides  a  large  amount  of  useful  information  of  an  historical  character,  while  at  the 
same  time  it  throws  considerable  light  on  conditions  and  wages  in  the  industry  generally,  and  on 
the  work  of  the  men  engaged  in  it. — Glasgow  Herald,  February  21,  1922. 

Mr.  Henderson  was  Secretary  of  the  Cotton  Control  Board  from  June,  1917,  to  January, 
1919.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  others  who  had  an  inside  experience  of  the  working  of  "controls" 
during  the  War  will  tell  us  as  frankly  and  clearly  as  he  does  what  the  problems  were  and  how 
they  were  met.  He  is  particularly  successful  in  conveying  to  the  reader  a  vivid  impression  of 
the  peculiar  nature  of  the  industry  and — what  is  still  more  important — of  the  temper  of  the 
people  engaged  in  it.     .     .     . — Scottish  Historical  Review,  (London),  October,  1922. 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  SURVEY  OF  CONTEMPORARY  SOURCES 

By  Miss  M.  E.  Bulkley 

For  an  undertaking  like  this  history  it  is  of  primary  importance  that  all  the  data  should  be 
made  easily  accessible,  and  so  one  of  the  first  volumes  in  the  series  is  a  Bibliography.  The  mass  of 
material  bearing  on  the  subject  is  almost  inexhaustible;  the  present  volume  deals  only  with  the 
United  Kingdom;  it  is  merely  a  selection,  but  even  so  covers  629  columns.  .  .  .  Miss  Bulkley, 
the  compiler  of  the  Bibliography,  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the  way  in  which  she  has  accomplished 
her  task,  and  the  publishers  on  the  clear  type  and  neat  arrangement. — The  Outlook,  London, 
March  31,  1923. 

This  book  constitutes  a  tentative  survey  of  the  literature  dealing  with  the  economic  and  social 
history  of  the  United  Kingdom,  during  the  War  and  reconstruction  periods.  .  .  . — Financial 
Times,  November  13,  1922. 

The  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace  is  making  a  valuable  contribution  to 
methodically  organised  scientific  historical  investigation  in  its  publications  for  an  economic  and 
social  history  of  the  World  War.  ...  Of  this  type  of  historical  compilation  Miss  Bulkley 's 
bibliographical  survey  of  contemporary  sources  is  an  admirable  specimen.  .  .  .  This  book 
should  be  on  the  reference  shelves  of  all  economists,  modern  historians  and  sociologists.  To  the 
laymen  the  publication  has  an  interest  and  value  as  a  contribution  towards  the  provision  of  data 


EXTRACTS  FROM   PRESS   REVIEWS  1 59 

for  the  formation  of  sound  public  opinion  on  the  effects  of  the  War,  and  so  to  the  fulfilment  of  the 
aims  of  those  concerned  with  the  cause  of  international  peace. — Cardiff  Western  Mail,  December 
15,  1922. 

A  valuable  bibliography  ...  of  literature  dealing  with  the  economic  and  social  history 
of  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  War  and  reconstruction  periods.  .  .  .  It  is  well  printed 
and  admirably  arranged  in  nine  main  sections — Social  Conditions,  Administration,  Industry 
and  Commerce,  Transport,  Labour,  Army  and  Navy,  Finance,  Prices  and  Cost  of  Living,  Mis- 
cellaneous.— Times  Literary  Supplement  (London),  November  9,  1922. 

Contains  a  tentative  survey  of  literature  dealing  with  the  economic  and  social  history  of 
the  United  Kingdom  during  the  War  and  reconstruction  periods.  ...  A  work  of  reference 
of  great  value  to  the  student  of  economics  and  allied  subjects. — Review  of  Reviews,  December, 
1922. 

Of  the  monographs  issued  under  the  care  and  at  the  cost  of  the  Division  of  Economics  and 
History  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace  .  .  .  this  bibliographical 
survey  is  the  largest  and  certainly  not  the  least  laborious  .  .  .  impressive  as  a  condensed 
survey  of  the  official  and  literary  activities  of  the  war  in  this  sphere,  should  be  of  the  greatest 
value  for  purposes  of  reference. — Scotsman,  November  18,  1922. 

This  comprehensive  book  is  a  model  of  what  a  bibliography  should  be.  It  is  arranged  with 
admirable  clearness;  it  is  full  and  detailed,  and  yet  shows  discrimination  in  rejecting  rubbish; 
and  it  is  excellently  printed  and  produced.  .  .  .  Under  each  section  the  hunter  of  references 
will  find  exactly  what  he  wants,  and  find  it  without  unnecessary  trouble.  There  is  a  good  index; 
but  the  thoroughness  of  the  classification  makes  it  almost  unnecessary.  Every  reference  library 
ought  to  contain  a  copy. — New  Statesman,  January  27,  1923. 

.  .  .  This  book  should  be  on  the  reference  shelves  of  all  economists,  modern  historians, 
and  sociologists.  To  the  layman  the  publication  has  an  interest  and  value  as  a  contribution 
towards  the  provision  of  data  for  the  formation  of  sound  public  opinion  on  the  effects  of  war, 
and  so  to  the  fulfilment  of  the  aims  of  those  concerned  with  the  cause  of  international  peace. — 
Western  Mail,  December  15,  1922.    . 

An  exhaustive  bibliography  .  .  .  covering  every  phase  of  the  subject. — International 
Book  Review,  New  York,  April,  1923. 

Rich  in  documentation,  a  most  valuable  instrument  for  research. — Revue  oVEconomie  Poli- 
tique, November-December,  1922. 

A  work  of  remarkable  interest  as  a  guide  for  consultation  and  research  on  this  important 
subject. — Giornale  degli  Economista  (Rome),  May,  1923. 

A  MANUAL  OF  ARCHIVE  ADMINISTRATION 

By  Hilary  Jenkinson 

It  is  surely  one  of  the  oddest  results  of  the  war  that  we  should  owe  to  it  the  most  authoritative 
book  on  Archive  Administration  which  this,  or  any  other,  country  has  yet  produced — for  nothing 
less  can  be  said  of  Mr.  Jenkinson's  work.  The  reason  why  it  appears  as  one  of  a  series  of  publica- 
tions on  "The  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War",  under  the  auspices  of  the  Carnegie 
Endowment,  is,  however,  a  simple  one.     The  mass  of  war  records  is  so  gigantic  as  to  have  raised 


l60  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

the  whole  question  of  the  making  of  true  archives  and  the  care  of  them  when  made.  Since  this 
country  is  fortunate  enough  to  possess  in  Mr.  Jenkinson  perhaps  the  most  clear-headed,  as  well  as 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  archivists  in  the  world,  the  solution  of  the  immediate  problem  has 
been  properly  and  admirably  based  upon  a  comprehensive  treatment  of  archive  administration  in 
general,  with  the  result  that  we  have  before  us  a  set  of  principles  and  rules  of  abiding  value. — 
Oxford  Magazine,  March,  1923. 

It  is  in  the  main  a  technical  treatise,  long  needed  in  English,  on  the  best  methods  of  keeping 
official  documents,  with  special  reference  to  the  history  of  the  Public  Record  Office,  where  Mr. 
Jenkinson  is  engaged.  But  the  book  is  brought  within  the  scope  of  the  series  by  the  pages  devoted 
to  the  new  and  thorny  problem  of  the  War  archives.  It  has  been  estimated  that  the  official  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  War  are  equal  in  bulk  to  the  whole  contents,  accumulated  through  the  ages, 
of  the  Record  Office  in  July,  1914.  It  is  known,  for  example,  that  the  War  Office  alone  has  many 
hundreds  of  tons  of  documents  stored  in  a  London  suburb,  and  the  Admiralty,  the  Foreign  Office 
and  the  defunct  Ministry  of  Munitions,  among  other  departments,  must  have  collected  stupendous 
masses  of  papers.  Mr.  Jenkinson  discusses  the  best  means  of  dealing  with  these  new  archives, 
"which  offer  an  unique  opportunity  for  experimenting  in  the  practical  application  of  Archive 
Science.  But  if  it  is  to  be  efficacious",  he  adds,  "the  work  will  need  to  be  taken  in  hand  very 
speedily;  and  there  is  much  reason  to  fear  that  the  opportunity  may  be  lost." — Spectator,  June 
24,  1922. 

Mr.  Jenkinson's  learned  and  practical  volume  on  Archive  Administration  ...  is  a 
study  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  archive  administration  which  has  a  value  that  is  in  no  sense 
limited  to  the  special  work  of  making  the  war  archives  easily  available,  though  that  goal  is  one  on 
which  depends  any  full  and  final  estimate  of  the  economic  dislocations  and  reactions  of  the  War 
period. — Contemporary  Review,  November,  1922. 

.  .  .  Deals  with  the  classification,  preservation,  and  destruction  of  current  documentation, 
not  only  in  the  archives,  but  also  in  the  administrative  offices  where  the  documents  arise. — Pall 
Mall  and  Globe,  March  6,  1922. 

FOOD   PRODUCTION   IN  WAR 

By  Sir  Thomas  Middleton 

It  is  to  the  pride  of  Sir  Thomas  Middleton  that  he  has  evidently  aimed  at  presenting  us  with  a 
gem  of  many  facets  in  his  particular  contribution  to  the  series.  Synthesis  is  the  thing  lacking,  but 
in  truth  we  all  stand  too  near  as  yet  to  the  trees,  and  cannot  hope  for  some  while  to  come  clearly  to 
see  the  wood.  Sir  Thomas  Middleton  had  particular  claims  to  write  this  volume.  For  years  be- 
fore the  war  he  had  studied  the  agricultural  resources  of  Germany,  and  during  the  war  he  was 
Deputy  Director-General  of  the  Food  Production  Department.  It  may  be  added  that  he  possesses 
a  clear  elucidatory  style,  and  that  he  keeps  his  own  conclusions  well  in  hand.  .  .  .  The  sta- 
tistics presented  throughout  this  volume  are  exceedingly  valuable,  and  are  admirably  marshalled. — 
The  Economist,  March  24,  1923. 

The  author  writes  particularly  for  two  classes  of  readers:  those  who  have  no  knowledge  of  tech- 
nical agriculture,  and  agriculturists  who  desire  to  study  their  subject  from  a  new  angle. — Times 
Literary  Supplement,  London,  March  8,  1923. 

The  volume  has  for  its  purpose  "to  preserve  in  time  of  peace  facts  and  considerations  respect- 
ing the  output  of  foods  by  the  soils  of  the  United  Kingdom  that  were  forced  upon  attention  during 
the  time  of  war". — Scotsman,  March  16,  1923. 


EXTRACTS   FROM   PRESS   REVIEWS  l6l 

The  author  of  this  work  established  his  ability  for  such  a  task  by  his  services  during  the  war, 
following  a  long  period  of  important  public  work  in  educational  and  allied  matters.  The  manner  in 
which  he  has  discharged  his  heavy  responsibility  is  characteristic  of  him  in  thoroughness  and 
method.  It  was  not  an  easy  book  to  write  or  compile,  for  it  covers  a  very  wide  field  and  makes 
heavy  demands  upon  practical  knowledge  and  literary  and  statistical  research.  The  author  has 
proved  equal  to  the  demand  and  has  produced  a  book  which  can  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
instructive  ever  published  on  the  subject  of  food  production. — The  Field,  April  7,  1923. 

Undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  instructive  and  valuable  books  of  reference  yet  published. — The 
Agricultural  Gazette,  London,  May  4,  1923. 

Sir  Thomas  Middleton's  monograph  ...  is  pretty  certain  to  rank  as  the  standard  work 
on  the  subject,  and,  further,  to  provide  a  handbook  for  British  students  of  agriculture  for  some 
time  to  come.  It  contains  a  mass  of  most  useful  statistics,  and  some  warnings,  not  too  bluntly 
expressed,  as  to  how  not  to  do  it,  for  the  future. — Economist,  May  12,  1923. 

No  one  is  better  qualified  for  this  task  than  the  author,  who  was  Deputy  Director  Gen- 
eral of  the  Food  Production  Department. — Scottish  Farmer,  March,  1924. 

THE   BRITISH   COAL-MINING   INDUSTRY   DURING  THE  WAR 

By  Sir  R.  A.  S.  Redmayne,  K.  C.  B. 

This  book,  in  the  British  section  of  what  is  already  the  most  comprehensive  and  authoritative 
survey  yet  made  of  European  civilization,  completely  satisfies  the  desires  expressed  for  the  series 
that,  "undertaken  by  men  of  judicial  temper  and  adequate  training  it  might  ultimately,  by  reason 
of  its  scientific  obligations  to  truth,  furnish  data  for  the  forming  of  a  sound  public  opinion  and 
thus  contribute  fundamentally  towards  the  aims  of  an  institution  dedicated  to  the  cause  of  world 
peace". — Cambtia  Daily  Leader,  March  31,  1923. 

It  is  curious  and  interesting  to  look  back  upon  the  war  years  through,  as  it  were,  the  long  per- 
spective of  a  pit  shaft.  It  is  such  a  view  that  we  obtain  in  this  book. — Times  Weekly  Edition, 
London,  March  29,  1923. 

This  work  is,  as  it  should  be,  in  the  main  a  record  of  facts.  It  tells  a  long  and  intricate  story  full 
of  details.  It  is  a  bit  of  history,  essentially  objective  and  unpolemical,  which  will  have  permanent 
value  as  an  accurate  and  compendious  statement  of  particular  events  during  and  in  consequence  of 
the  war,  and  will  provide  material  for  lessons  to  be  drawn  hereafter  by  the  synthetic  or  philo- 
sophical historian.  That  seems  to  be  the  object  of  the  promoters  of  the  enterprise  to  which  it  is  a 
contribution.  .  .  .  It  is  necessary  to  give  this  explanation  in  order  that  readers  may  under- 
stand the  nature  and  object  of  Sir  Richard  Redmayne's  history.  No  one  could  be  named  better 
qualified  to  undertake  it.  If  the  work  is  open  to  any  criticism  it  is  that  he  has  been  too  austere  and 
sparing  of  comment  on  important  events. — Times  Literary  Supplement,  London,  March  22,  1923. 

On  this  aspect  of  the  great  problem  of  maintaining  the  supply  of  coal  throughout  the  war  Sir 
Richard  has  written  a  great  chapter  of  war  history.  He  also  relates  in  abundant  detail  the  whole 
story  of  the  organization  of  this  supply  and  its  distribution  under  gradually  extending  Government 
control.  Incidentally  he  notes  how  the  patriotism  of  the  miners  themselves  added  to  the  diffi- 
culties.    Nearly  half  a  million  men  were  sent  to  the  front. —  Yorkshire  Post,  March  14,  1923. 

The  author  has  the  subject  at  his  finger  tips,  having  been  Chief  Inspector  of  Mines  and 
Technical  Adviser  to  the  Controller  of  Coal  Mines,  in  addition  to  being  Chairman  of  the  Imperial 


1 62  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF  THE   WORLD  WAR 

Mineral  Resources  Bureau.  .  .  .  The  various  measures  introduced  by  the  State  in  regard  to 
mining,  together  with  data  and  actual  copies  of  documents  in  respect  of  its  administration,  enhances 
the  utility  of  the  book  as  a  reference  work. — South  Africa,  March  23,  1923. 

A  mass  of  the  most  interesting  information  is  given.  The  appendices  include  tables  of  output, 
and  values  during  the  years  1889-1918,  also  the  various  orders  and  Acts,  forms  used,  and  other  data. 
Maps  showing  the  pit  timber  areas  and  the  transport  of  coal  scheme,  and  other  diagrams  are  ap- 
pended. Excellently  written  and  well  printed,  this  is  a  book  which  even  those  not  connected  with 
the  trade  would  do  well  to  study  if  they  wish  to  keep  in  touch  with  contemporary  industrial  progress. 
— Raw  Materials  Review,  London,  March,  1923. 

The  author  is  studiously  impartial  in  his  narrative  of  events;  and,  when  he  allows  himself  to 
criticise,  his  observations  carry  a  weight  well  justified  by  his  technical  knowledge  and  his  laige  ex- 
perience and  skilful  direction  of  the  work  of  the  Coal-Mining  Organisation  Committee. — Scotsman, 
March  19,  1923. 

The  author's  endeavour  throughout  has  been  to  given  an  impartial  narrative  of  events. — Iron 
and  Coal  Trades  Review,  March  30,  1923. 

An  impartial  story,  and  one  which  should  go  far  to  make  clear  a  position  which  was  frequently 
difficult  to  understand;  and  to  provide  future  historians  with  facts  of  an  indisputable  character, 
and  with  materials  which  should  keep  them  right  in  many  of  the  details  of  the  industrial  side  of  the 
war.  The  book  is  a  storehouse  of  valuable  and  authoritative  information. — Glasgow  Herald,  March 
27,  1923. 

Sir  Richard  Redmayne  has  written  a  useful  book  of  reference;  but  he  has  refrained,  save  in- 
cidentally, from  expressing  his  own  conclusions  on  either  the  past  or  the  future. — New  Statesman, 
March  31,  1923. 

His  endeavour  was  to  be  simply  an  impartial  narrator  of  events,  and  the  book  shows  that  he 
has  waded  through  the  tangle  of  heated  controversy  very  successfully. — Newcastle  Daily  Chronicle, 
March  21,  1923. 

When  one  takes  up  Sir  Richard  Redmayne's  work  on  British  coal  mining  during  the  war, 
which  forms  one  of  the  British  Series  of  the  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War,  pub- 
lished for  the  Carnegie  Endowment,  the  immensity  of  the  task  of  those  who  undertook  the  control 
of  the  coal  trade  is  revealed.  .  .  .  Sir  Richard  Redmayne's  work  will  be  deservedly  accepted  as 
a  standard  authority  upon  the  subject.  No  one  could  write  with  greater  authority  and  knowledge. 
The  book  is  in  the  main  historical  and  free  from  bias.  Sir  Richard  deals  with  the  situation  as  it 
existed,  the  aim  and  objects  of  the  Government  in  assuming  control,  and  the  manner  in  which 
control  was  exercised. — Cardiff  Western  Mail,  March  10,  1923. 

In  all  aspects  the  importance  of  the  coal  industry  is  convincingly  shown,  and  the  results  to 
be  feared  from  its  dislocation  or  failure  to  meet  the  demands  made  upon  it  faithfully  depicted. — 
Engineering,  July  13,  1923. 

Of  the  utmost  importance  and  interest  for  the  general  reader  as  well  as  for  the  specialist  student 
are  the  conclusions  on  the  subject  of  government  control  formed  by  a  man  who  may  be  counted 
among  the  world's  most  experienced  authorities  on  this  subject. — Catholic  World  (New  York), 
July,  1923. 


EXTRACTS   FROM   PRESS   REVIEWS  163 

The  late  chairman  of  the  Coalmines  Organisation  Committee  has  epitomised  in  the  history 
of  seven  eventful  years  much  that  exceeds  the  strict  bounds  of  his  period.  His  book  is  the  more 
readable,  and  the  general  reader  will  be  the  wiser,  for  this  apparent  discursiveness. — Manchester 
Guardian  Commercial,  May  I,  1924. 

There  is  no  man  in  Great  Britain  whose  official  positions  during  the  war  fitted  him  so  well 
for  the  writing  of  this  volume  of  the  "Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War"  as  the 
author,  and  in  addition  he  brought  to  it  an  experience  of  some  thirty  to  forty  years  spent  in  dif- 
ferent spheres  of  activity  in  the  industry.  The  result  is  that  the  information  is  abundant  and  the 
style  is  very  intimate,  as  if  the  writer  was  describing  to  his  readers  at  the  end  of  each  week  what 
had  been  passing  before  his  eyes  and  under  his  eyes  day  by  day.  He  is  at  pains  to  disguise  the 
importance  of  his  own  share  in  the  daily  task  but,  as  has  been  well  said  by  one  who  was  associated 
with  him,  he  is  narrating  events  quorum  pars  magna  juit,  and  therein  lies  the  supreme  merit  of  the 
book.  It  is  not  a  mere  compilation  of  official  documents,  a  "thing  in  book's  clothing,"  but  a  per- 
sonal narrative  with  a  common  thread  running  through  it. — Journal  of  Public  Administration, 
March  1924. 


FINANCIAL  PROBLEMS  AND   POLICY  OF  CZECHOSLOVAKIA  DURING  THE 
FIRST  YEAR  AFTER  THE  WAR 

By  Dr.  A.  Rasin 

A  really  great  Finance  Minister,  who  is  the  author  of  the  book  now  before  us,  which  sets  forth 
simply  and  quietly,  his  tremendous  achievement  in  establishing  the  Czechoslovakian  crown  so 
firmly  amid  the  general  currency  chaos  of  Europe. — Saturday  Review,  March  10,  1923. 

To  follow  the  course  of  the  economic  struggles  of  a  state  in  the  first  year  of  its  existence  is  a 
rare  opportunity.  .  .  .  Dr.  Rasin  approaches  his  task  with  evident  relish,  and  his  writing  is  as 
vigourous  as  his  financial  policy.  .  .  .  The  book  deals  in  its  three  parts  with  currency,  na- 
tional finance,  and  economic  measures,  and,  being  based  on  inside  information,  is  a  valuable  addi- 
tion to  our  knowledge  of  the  reactions  of  the  war. — Glasgow  Herald,  March  9,  1923. 

An  informative  and  elucidating  volume.  .  .  .  No  one  who  desires  to  understand  the  new 
republic  can  afford  to  miss  the  statements  and  facts  in  this  comprehensive  survey  of  financial 
policy.  Moreover,  no  business  man  seeking  overseas  markets  should  pass  it  by. — Financial  Times, 
February  13,  1923. 

•  Dr.  Rasin's  book  is  a  document  of  first-rate  historical  importance,  and  an  example  which 
might  well  be  followed  by  Chancellors  of  the  Exchequer  in  other  countries. — New  Statesman,  March 
3i»  1923- 

In  this  book  Dr.  Rasin  reviews  the  financial  history  of  the  Republic  from  its  foundation  down 
to  the  end  of  192 1.  It  is  a  reasoned  statement  of  the  difficulties  with  which  the  country  was  con- 
fronted at  the  moment  of  the  disruption  of  the  old  Hapsburg  Empire,  and  of  the  steps  that  were 
taken  to  build  up  a  sound  currency  amidst  the  turmoil  of  weltering  chaos.  The  reader  will  not 
always  agree  with  the  author's  reasoning,  but  this,  too,  has  a  definite  historical  value  coming,  as  it 
does,  from  the  pen  of  one  who  was  the  principal  actor  in  the  events  he  describes.  .  .  .  This 
book  should  prove  of  very  great  value  to  the  student  of  Central  European  economics,  and  must 
remain  an  authoritative  account  of  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  chapters  in  the  history  of  the 
liquidation  of  the  disastrous  heritage  of  the  former  Hapsburg  Empire. — Economist,  February 
10,  1923. 


1 64  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

This  is  the  story  of  Czechoslovakia's  finance  told  by  its  maker.  It  is  chiefly  the  merit  of  Dr. 
Rasin  that  Czechoslovakia  alone  of  all  the  later  belligerent  countries  of  the  Continent  balances  her 
budget  and  does  not  suffer  from  financial  inflation;  and  the  work  which  he  has  done  in  this  direction 
is  so  well  grounded  that  it  will  undoubtedly  survive  even  his  tragic  death.  The  story  is  told  in  a 
most  businesslike,  lucid,  concise  manner;  Dr.  Rasin  knew  how  to  express  and  explain  the  thoughts 
to  which  he  gave  effect  in  practice. — Manchester  Guardian  Commercial,  May  3,  1923  (reviewing  the 
German  edition). 

Objectively  conceived  and  rich  in  facts  and  references,  due  to  the  competence  and  eminent 
position  occupied  by  the  author. — Giornale  degli  Economista  (Rome),  May,  1923. 

The  volume  supplies  us  with  very  valuable  information,  and  does  honor,  like  all  those  which 
have  preceded  it,  to  the  great  historical  work  directed  by  Professor  Shotwell  for  the  Carnegie 
Endowment;  a  work  which  most  fortunately  is  not  limited  to  the  War  proper  but  extends  over  the 
principle  economic  events  of  the  post-war  period. — Revue  d'Economie  politique,  May-June,  1923. 


LABOUR  IN  THE  COAL-MINING  INDUSTRY 

By  G.  D.  H.  Cole 

We  can  recommend  the  book  to  that  ever-growing  body  of  serious  readers  who  are  seeking 
the  facts  on  which  to  base  sound  judgments. — South  Wales  Argus,  October  24,  1923. 

His  book  is  an  important  contribution,  for  it  is  written  with  a  considerable  amount  of  inside 
knowledge  of  the  movements  that  occurred  on  the  Labour  side  in  the  critical  events  which  he 
narrates;  and  he  shows  that  sound  sense  of  proportion  which  we  believe  he  shares  with  the  great 
masses  of  the  workpeople  of  this  country,  in  recognising  that  the  tragedy  of  1921  was  essentially 
a  consequence  of  the  economic  dislocation  of  the  Great  War,  and  not  an  episode  in  a  desperate 
class  struggle. — Economist,  November  10,  1923. 

As  a  clear  narrative  of  the  events  of  these  crowded  years — which  include  the  miners'  post-war 
demands,  the  Coal  Commission,  the  nationalisation  struggle,  the  disastrous  three  months'  stop- 
page, the  wages  agreement,  and  the  collapse  of  the  industry — Mr.  Cole's  book  could  hardly  be 
bettered.  His  discussion  of  the  failure  of  the  Triple  Alliance  is  particularly  illuminating. — 
Manchester  Guardian,  November  22,  1923. 

Mr.  Cole  has  a  definite  point  of  view  throughout  his  work,  but  he  has  faithfully  collected  the 
facts  .  .  .  Mr.  Cole  has  performed  a  useful  task  competently,  and  opponents  and  friends 
alike  will  find  this  volume  very  helpful  if  not  absolutely  necessary. — Current  Opinion,  December, 
1923. 

It  certainly  places  upon  the  canvas  a  picture  of  labour  ideals  and  tribulations  during  the  war 
that  is  correct  in  all  essential  details  and  forms  a  valuable  record  of  events. — Colliery  Guardian, 
December  14,  1923. 

Mr.  Cole's  book  comes  opportunely.  He  sets  out  with  extreme  clarity  the  history  of  labout 
in  the  mining  industry  during  the  war  period  and  during  the  more  important  period  of  Govern- 
ment control  that  followed  the  Armistice  and  ended  with  the  disastrous  national  stoppage  of  1921. 
The  present  trouble  has  its  roots  in  the  settlement  of  that  stoppage,  and  Mr.  Cole's  explanation 
of  how  the  agreement  came  to  be  made  will  be  of  great  help  in  understanding  the  new  phases  of 
the  controversy. — Manchester  Guardian  Commercial,  January,  1924. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  PRESS  REVIEWS  1 65 

Mr.  Cole's  latest  book  .  .  .  is  of  quite  a  high  order.  It  is  a  history,  not  a  mere  chronicle. 
Moreover,  it  is  not  a  history  of  a  trade  union,  but  of  a  particular  struggle,  and  is  delimited  con- 
sequently by  real  and  not  conventional  lines.  .  .  .  Not  only  has  Mr.  Cole  approached  the 
question  with  more  understanding  and  much  greater  objectivity  than  do  most  historians  when 
they  touch  on  the  Labour  struggle;  but  his  treatment  of  the  subject  is  so  clear  and  his  style  so 
pleasant  as  to  make  it  a  book,  not  merely  for  the  student,  but  for  the  ordinary  citizen.  It  is  both 
refreshing  and  surprising  ...  to  have  the  facts  summarised  for  us  concisely  and  readably. — 
Challenge,  January  18,  1924. 

The  coal-mining  industry  provides  an  excellent  example  of  Mr.  Wolfe's  dictum  that  "the 
war  altered  not  only  the  mechanism  of  industry,  but  its  psychology,"  and  no  one  will  dispute  the 
right  of  Mr.  Cole's  book,  which  carries  the  story  of  the  coal  industry  down  to  the  settlement  of 
the  1921  strike,  to  a  place  in  the  "Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War."  Mr.  Cole 
has  admirably  carried  out  his  intention — "to  recount  the  facts,  and  not  to  moralize  over  them." 
Clare  Market  Review,  March  1924. 

The  Book  shows  how  the  War  brought  to  the  miners,  as  to  other  sections  of  workers,  an  il- 
lusory prosperity,  speedily  shattered  after  the  artificial  boom  of  1919  and  1920,  by  the  collapse  of 
markets  and  prices  in  1921.  The  author  has  endeavoured  to  set  out  the  facts  and  leave  his  read- 
ers to  draw  their  own  conclusions. — Coal  &  Iron  &  By-Products  Journal,  March  9,  1924. 

A  book  of  extraordinary  interest  in  a  series  of  inestimable  value. — Industrial  Welfare  Journal 
March  1924. 

.     .     .     Mr.  Cole's  latest  book  in  the  Carnegie  Series  of  Social  Histories  of  the  War  is  of 
quite  a  higher  order.     It  is  a  history,  not  a  mere  chronicle. 

.  .  .  Not  only  has  Mr.  Cole  approached  the  question  with  more  understanding  and  much 
greater  objectivity  than  do  most  historians  when  they  touch  on  the  Labour  struggle;  but  his  treat- 
ment of  the  subject  is  so  clear  and  his  style  so  pleasant  as  to  make  it  a  book,  not  merely  for  the 
student,  but  for  the  ordinary  citizen. — The  Challenge,  January  18,  1924. 

The  work  has  been  admirably  done  by  Mr.  Cole.  .  .  .  Only  an  endowment,  one  sup- 
poses, can  afford  to  supply  so  excellently  produced  a  volume  at  the  comparatively  low  price  of  7s. 
6d.     No  worker's  library  should  be  without  it. — New  Standard,  April  1924. 

The  book  is  well  written.  .  .  .  His  method  of  treatment,  in  my  opinion,  tends  to  over- 
emphasise the  war;  for,  as  the  coal-mining  industry  was  the  basis  of  capitalism  in  the  production 
of  steel  and  iron,  so  it  is  the  first  to  reveal  the  contradiction  within  capitalism  itself,  and  its  inevi- 
table collapse. — The  Plebs,  March  1924. 

In  a  further  volume  of  the  admirable  Carnegie  Endowment  series,  Mr.  G.  D.  H.  Cole  tells  us 
the  story  of  the  British  miners  from  the  eve  of  the  World  War  to  the  close  of  the  great  coal  strike 
in  192 1.  He  tells  it  with  unvarnished  simplicity,  with  a  complete  absence  of  rhetoric,  and  with  a 
clear-cut  lucidity  which  inspires  the  confidence  of  the  reader  from  start  to  finish.  He  makes  no 
attempt  to  whip  up  interest  by  descriptive  flights  or  references  to  the  personalities  of  his  protago- 
nists. And  though  he  never  allows  himself  to  lose  sight  of  the  wood  among  the  interlacing  branches 
of  a  million  trees,  he  is  uncompromising  in  his  insistence  upon  detail  and  in  the  completeness  of  his 
marshalled  facts. 

It  is  a  very  notable  piece  of  work. — The  Pilgrim,  March  1924. 

Mr.  Cole's  method  has  been  to  tell  the  facts  and  to  let  the  moral  look  after  itself,  and  he  could 
not  have  pursued  a  better  method.  Ninety-nine  people  out  of  every  hundred  have  never  grasped 
the  real  questions  at  issue.  Mr.  Cole's  study  removes  the  last  excuse  for  this  state  of  ignorance. 
— The  Commonwealth,  March  1924. 


1 66  ECONOMIC  AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  WORLD  WAR 

TRADE  UNIONISM  AND  MUNITIONS 

By  G.  D.  H.  Cole 

Mr.  G.  D.  H.  Cole  makes  an  interesting  and  well- documented  study  of  the  changes  brought 
about  by  the  war  in  the  industries  which  were  directly  engaged  in  making  munitions — changes 
which,  as  the  work  shows,  were  typical  of  developments  more  general  in  the  relations  between 
skilled  and  less  skilled  workers  in  other  lines  of  industry. — The  Scotsman,  May  3,  1923. 

The  story  of  the  official  labour  organisations  under  the  Munitions  Acts  is  told  with  admirable 
clearness  and  objectivity. — The  Challenge,  August  31,  1923. 

This  volume  deals  with  labour  in  the  munitions  industries  during  the  war,  and  will  be  found 
to  afford  much  interesting  reading,  inasmuch  as  peace  in  the  munitions  industries  was  one  of  the 
chief  bulwarks  on  the  "home  front." — Chamber  of  Commerce  Journal,  September  7,  1923. 

Students  of  economics  are  continually  being  reminded  of  the  debt  they  owe  to  the  Carnegie 
Foundation  for  undertaking  the  gigantic  task  of  compiling  an  economic  and  social  history  of  the 
world  war.  In  the  admirable  British  series,  a  large  number  of  volumes  of  which  have  already  been 
published,  none  will  interest  the  workers  more  than  these  studies  from  Mr.  Cole's  pen. — Labour 
Magazine. 

Mr.  Cole  has  had  a  most  difficult  task.  To  recount  the  history  of  an  experience  in  which  he 
played  an  important  part  with  an  impartiality  which  yet  preserves  interest  is  no  inconsiderable 
feat. — Journal  of  Public  Administration,  February  1924 

WORKSHOP  ORGANISATION 

By  G.  D.  H.  Cole 

The  author  disclaims  having  made  any  attempt  to  write  a  definitive  history  of  the  war-time 
workshop  movement,  but  he  has  certainly  succeeded  in  making  a  very  valuable  addition,  not  only 
to  this  unique  Carnegie  Endowment  series,  but  also  to  the  general  literature  of  the  economic 
aspect  of  the  war  and  of  the  Labour  movement. — Syren  and  Shipping,  May  23,  1923. 

This  is  a  volume  in  the  admirable  series  of  monographs  on  the  Economic  History  of  the 
War  .  .  .  and  an  exceptionally  interesting  one.  Mr.  Cole  describes  impartially  as  an  his- 
torian, not  as  a  theorist.  His  book  is  one  that  serious  students  of  Trade  Unionism  and  workers' 
control  must  master. — New  Leader,  June  I,  1923. 

Mr.  Cole  deals  with  his  subject  simply  as  a  chronicler.  He  recognises  that  it  is  still  too  early 
to  draw  conclusions,  and  he  seeks  to  collect  and  to  record  so  that  the  historian  of  the  future,  in 
writing  the  economic  history  of  the  war  years,  shall  have  accurate  material  on  which  to  work. — 
Manchester  Guardian,  June  5,  1923. 

LABOUR  SUPPLY  AND  REGULATION 

By  Humbert  Wolfe 

A  noteworthy  contribution  to  the  important  Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War. 
.  .  .  In  a  series  of  this  kind  no  volume  is  more  essential  than  one  devoted  to  the  organisation 
of  the  civilian  "man-power"  of  the  nation,  and  no  one  is  more  competent  to  write  such  a  volume 
than  Mr.  Humbert  Wolfe. — Economist,  December  29,  1923. 

The  story  Mr.  Wolfe  has  told  is  the  record  of  the  most  impressive  experiment  in  industrial 
organisation  this  country  has  ever  witnessed,  and  as  such  it  ought  not  to  lie  forgotten. — Economist, 
December  29,  1923. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  PRESS  REVIEWS  1 67 

Much  of  the  volume,  particularly  the  chapter  relating  to  the  strikes  of  1916  and  1917,  is  of 
real  historical  interest  from  the  Trade  Union  point  of  view.— Labour  Magazine,  August,  1923. 

Written  in  an  able  and  illuminating  style  by  Mr.  Humbert  Wolfe,  it  treats  a  highly  interesting 
and  extremely  important  subject  in  a  manner  which  sheds  light  on  many  little-known  aspects  of 
the  problem  of  man-power  during  time  of  war. — Syren  and  Shipping,  August  1,  1923. 

It  is  an  ably  written  and  valuable  report  on  the  supply  and  regulation  of  labour  for  national 
necessities  during  the  war.  The  author  is  one  of  the  principal  Assistant  Secretaries  of  the  Ministry 
of  Labour,  and  his  aim  has  been  to  make  the  book  "impersonal  and  uncontrovertial."  In  that 
he  has  succeeded,  while  contriving  to  make  his  presentation  of  the  "plain  facts  entirely  readable." — 
Birmingham  Post,  August  7, 1923. 

It  is  interesting;  to  the  student  of  the  industrial  side  of  the  war  as  to  the  future  historian  it  will 
be  essential. — Times  Literary  Supplement,  August  9,  1923. 

Mr.  Wolfe  has  succeeded,  where  so  many  have  failed,  in  eliminating  his  personality,  and  in 
writing  a  monograph  which  is  ideal  from  the  standpoint  of  the  purpose  of  this  series — the  collection 
of  material  on  special  subjects  as  a  preliminary  to  broader  treatment  of  the  war  as  a  whole.  He  so 
uses  the  facts  of  which  through  his  connection  with  the  Ministry  of  Munitions  he  had  first  hand 
knowledge,  as  to  leave  the  reader  convinced  that  every  step  was  the  inevitable  outcome  of  the 
precedent  circumstances.  A  picture  of  the  principle  of  evolution  at  work  is  presented. — Glasgow 
Herald,  August  16,  1923. 

A  book  of  human  interest  and  charm  and  grace  of  diction  which  in  other  less  gifted  hands 
might  have  become  merely  a  stodgy  collection  of  dull  statistics  annotated  in  Blue-Book  English. — 
Sunday  Times,  August  19,  1923. 

It  was  a  colossal  task  to  produce  coherent  narratives  of  events  and  negotiations  which  were 
often  as  chaotic  as  the  motives  and  causes  which  gave  rise  to  the  industrial  problems  of  the  war. 
To  is  accomplishment  Mr.  Wolfe  and  Mr.  Cole  have  brought  highly-trained  faculties  of  selection, 
condensation,  and  lucid  arrangement,  and  the  merits  of  their  work  far  outweigh  the  defects. — The 
Daily  News,  August  21,  1923. 

Mr.  Wolfe  has  performed  the  incredibly  difficult  feat  of  presenting  an  orderly  narrative  of  the 
confused  efforts  of  various  Ministers  and  various  Departments  to  find  and  retain  workers  for  the 
munition  industry  without  depriving  the  Army  of  able-bodied  men.  He  explains,  clearly  and  on 
the  whole  fairly,  the  wages  question. — The  Spectator,  August  25,  1923. 

A  survey  of  State  action,  the  book,  as  a  contribution  to  economic  and  social  history,  is  to  be 
read  along  with  the  two  volumes  by  Mr.  G.  D.  Cole,  Trade  Unionism  and  Munitions  and 
Workshop  Organisation,  already  published  in  the  same  series.  The  three  volumes  must  be 
classed  among  the  really  enlightening  books  dealing  with  the  war  and  its  reactions  on  the  national 
life. — Birmingham  Post,  August  7,  1923. 

Mr.  Wolfe  is  evidently  a  man  of  the  most  diverse  talents;  for  few  would  recognize  a  not  undis- 
tinguished figure  in  contemporary  letters  beneath  the  mask  of  this  careful  and  judicious  survey. 
Certainly  he  makes  us  feel  that,  granted  the  vast  transformation  of  industry  entailed  by  the  war, 
the  Ministry  of  Labour  made  a  gallant  effort  to  cope  with  its  task.  Obviously  certain  great  gen- 
eral lessons  have  emerged. — Journal  of  Public  Administration,  February  1924. 

The  book  shows  all  the  necessary  documentations  of  the  regime  and  changes  which  English 
Labour  underwent  during  the  war,  with  its  militarised  industry. — Archive  for  Social  Science  and 
Reform,  Volume  v,  No.  12,  Bucharest,  1924. 


1 68  ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 

Mr.  Wolfe  avoids  the  drawing  of  inferences,  but  few  of  his  readers  will  wish  to  emulate  his 
caution.  The  war  has  left  deep  marks  on  the  industry  of  to-day,  but  of  the  elaborate  structure  of 
war-time  labour  regulation  astonishingly  little  remains. — Clare  Market  Review,  March  1924. 

WAR  FINANCES  IN  THE  NETHERLANDS  UP  TO  1918 

By  M.  J.  van  der  Flier 

It  is  a  really  valuable  contribution  to  demography  and  the  history  of  public  finance. — The 
Economist,  January  26,  1924. 

It  is  not  an  uncommon  belief  that  the  neutral  countries  grew  richer  during  the  War.  It  was 
not  so  in  Holland.  In  this  book,  published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for 
International  Peace,  Dr.  Van  der  Flier  deals  with  the  effect  of  the  War  upon  the  State  finances  and 
upon  general  welfare.  He  has  collected  some  very  interesting  and  valuable  material,  which 
enables  him  to  present  a  comprehensive  and  authoritative  study. — Oxjord  Magazine,  June  5,  1924. 

The  author  has  made  skillful  use  of  the  available,  sometimes  scarcely  adequate,  material. — 
Manchester  Guardian  Commercial,  April  17,  1924. 

INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  CLYDE  VALLEY  DURING  THE  WAR 

By  W.  R.  Scott  and  J.  Cunnison 

It  aims  at  showing  how  the  economic  and  social  life  of  a  Scottish  industrial  district  was  affected 
by  the  war.  The  Clyde  valley  has  naturally  been  chosen  on  account  of  its  size  and  the  diversity 
of  its  industries,  which  are  to  a  great  extent  interconnected,  and  also  because  it  had  special  facilities 
for  the  production  of  many  things  for  which  there  was  a  most  urgent  demand  during  those  fateful 
days.  The  study  of  such  a  sudden  shifting  of  the  centre  of  gravity  in  industry,  as  well  as  the 
attempt  to  return  to  a  normal  industrial  equilibrium,  is  of  peculiar  economic  interest. — The  Syren, 
April  23,  1924. 

The  authors,  one  of  whom  is  a  professor  and  the  other  a  lecturer  in  economics  at  Glasgow 
University,  have  devoted  an  immense  amount  of  labour  to  its  preparation,  and  its  pages  are  packed 
with  facts  and  statistics  relating  to  the  magnitude  and  directions  of  the  Clydeside  effort  to  provide 
the  nation  with  machinery,  munitions,  and  ships — an  effort  which  has  no  parallel  in  the  history 
of  industry — which  will  in  turn  furnish  valuable  material  for  the  student  of  this  period  of  social 
and  economic  history. — Aberdeen  Press,  April  22,  1924. 

It  is  one  of  a  series  of  books  in  accordance  with  a  definite  plan,  the  main  point  in  which  is  the 
provision  of  first-hand  material  for  the  future  historian.  It  is  in  the  nature  of  pioneer  work,  of 
primary  research,  and  in  the  circumstances,  the  first  consideration  for  an  author  is  objectivity. 
The  books  therefore  are  apt  to  become  somewhat  formless,  rather  frigid,  and  altogether  lacking 
the  qualities  which  arise  from  the  formative  and  creative  power  of  personality.  But  for  the  avowed 
purpose,  what  in  ordinary  circumstances  might  be  regarded  as  defects  are  in  fact  virtues. 

Our  authors  have  always  had  in  their  minds  the  fundamental  limitation  laid  down  by  the 
supreme  editor,  but  more  than  in  any  other  of  the  similar  volumes  which  we  have  read  they  have 
succeeded,  without  loss  of  objectivity,  in  introducing  a  certain  amount  of  local  colour. — Glasgow 
Herald,  April  3,  1924. 

Anyone  who  desires  to  form  a  just  appreciation  of  the  Clyde  effort  and  of  the  Clyde  capacity, 
pre-war  and  post-war,  will  find  in  this  volume  all  the  required  material. — Glasgow  Herald,  April  3, 
1924. 


EXTRACTS   FROM   PRESS   REVIEWS  1 69 

Any  book,  bearing  as  does  this  the  honourable  cachet  of  inclusion  among  the  important  and 
distinguished  volumes  of  the  "Economic  and  Social  History  of  the  World  War,"  published  under 
the  beneficent  auspices  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  will,  I  well  know, 
command  an  appreciative  and  sympathetic  reception  at  the  hands  of  the  general  reading  public  of 
my  native  province.  But  in  the  case  of  this  particular  book  there  are  added  some  elements  of 
special  interest  to  economists  and  business-men  in  Northern  Ireland.  It  is  an  attempt,  conspic- 
uously successful — though  nothing  less  would  have  been  expected  of  its  well-known  and  eminent 
authors — to  trace  out  the  industrial  and  commercial  development  of  Glasgow  and  the  Clyde 
Valley  before  the  war;  to  describe  the  economic  and  social  conditions  which  prevailed  throughout 
that  area  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities;  to  explain  the  enormous  changes  effected  during  the  war 
both  in  the  quality  and  quantity  of  production,  as  the  manufacture  of  munitions  gradually  re- 
placed the  output  of  peace-times;  to  indicate  the  extent  to  which  the  district  has  since  the  war 
reverted  to  pre-war  methods  and  character  of  production  or  diverted  its  activity  to  new  methods 
or  the  manufacture  of  new  commodities;  and  to  estimate  to  what  extent  productive  capacity  has 
been  impaired  by,  or  improved  in  efficiency,  or  has  been  enlarged  by  war-time  "speeding-up"  or 
organization. 

This  critical  and  exhaustive  examination  of  the  productive  powers  and  potentialities  of  the 
Clyde  Valley,  compiled  with  a  precision  which  is  beyond  praise,  and  "documented"  fully  and  by 
reference  to  official  papers  and  statistics,  is  presented  in  lucidity  of  language  that  never  conceals 
an  exiguous  argument  beneath  obscurity  of  phrase. — Northern  Whig,  May  3,  1924. 

The  chapters  on  the  economic  development  of  the  West  of  Scotland,  and  its  commerce  and 
industries,  are  specially  valuable,  as  they  give  in  reasonable  compass  a  good  idea  of  the  immense 
facilities  which  were  diverted  with  amazing  efficiency  from  the  purposes  of  peace  to  the  grimmer 
uses  of  war.  The  difficulties  which  had  to  be  overcome,  especially  the  labour  difficulties,  are 
amply  described  and  discussed  without  bias.  When  we  were  in  the  midst  of  them  the  troubles 
were  not  easy  to  bear,  and  hard  words  were  commoner  in  everyday  speech  than  the  other  kind. 
Curiously  enough,  reading  about  them  in  the  admirable  record  does  not  revive  the  original  bitter- 
ness.— Fairplay,   May    1,    1924. 

.  .  .  retraces  in  an  interesting  and  thoughtful  exposition  the  course  of  the  still  unsettled 
conditions  called  into  existence  by  the  sudden  shifting  of  the  centre  of  gravity  in  industry  by  the 
pressure  of  the  war,  not  only  for  the  production  of  munitions  but  in  the  call  for  men  both  from 
the  workshops  and  the  directing  offices. — Scotsman,  June  2,  1924. 

An  account  of  the  development  of  the  Clyde  as  a  manufacturing  region — with  all  the  evil 
social  effects  of  the  industrial  revolution  exhibited  in  concentrated  form — helps  to  explain  many 
of  the  events  associated  with  the  change  over  to  war  activities. — Daily  News,  June  4,  1924. 


INDEX 


Adams,  W.  G.  S.,  14,  37. 

Aereboe,  Friedrich,  20,  113. 

Aeronautic  Industries  (French  series),  by  Dhe, 

18,85-^6. 
Africa  in  the  War,  Economic  and  Social  History 
of  Northern  (French  series),  by  Bernard, 
19,  100. 
Aftalion,  Albert,  18,  83. 
Agriculture: 

Scottish  Agriculture  and  Fisheries.     A  series 
of  studies  by  various  authors,  15,  50-1. 
Food    Control    and    Agriculture    in    Austria 
during    the    War,    by    Lowenfeld-Russ, 

16,  59- 

Hungarian  Agriculture  during  the  War,  by 
Mutschenbacher,  16,  66-7. 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Supplies  and  upon 
Dutch  Agriculture,  by  Posthuma,  17,  76. 

Agriculture  during  the  War  (French  series), 
by  Auge-Laribe,  18,  82-3. 

The  War  and  the  Agricultural  Population 
(German  series),  by  Sering,  20,  112. 

The  Influence  of  the  War  upon  Agricultural 
Production  (German  series),  by  Aereboe, 
20,  1 13-14- 

Agricultural  Production  in  Italy,  by  Ricci, 
20,  116. 

The  Agricultural  Classes  in  Italy  during  the 
War,  by  Serpieri,  21,  1 16-17. 

Rural  Revolution  in  Rumania  and  South- 
eastern Europe,  by  Mitrany,  21,  12 1-2. 

Effect  of  the  War  upon  Agricultural  Coopera- 
tion and  Cooperative  Credit  (Russian 
series),  by  Anziferoff,  22,  127. 

Rural  Economy  in  Russia  and  the  War,  by 
Anziferoff,    Bilimovitch    and    Batcheff, 

22,  128-9. 

Effect  of  the  War  upon  Landholding  and 
Settlement  in  Russia,  by  Bilimovitch  and 
Kossinsky,  22,  129-30. 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Agricul- 
ture and  Food  Supply,  by  Mannerfelt, 

23,  140. 

Albania,  Economic  Use  of  Occupied  Territories: 
Serbia,  Montenegro  and  (Austro-Hungarian 
series),  by  Kerchnawe,  15,  56. 
Allen,  J.  E.,  14,  39. 
Alsace-Lorraine  (French  series),  by  Delahache, 

19,  100-1. 
Alting,  J.  H.  Carpentier,  17,  77. 
Antipa,  G.,  21,  122. 
Anziferoff,  Alexis  M.,  22,  127. 
Apostol,  Paul  N.,  21,  124. 
Apponyi,  Albert,  16,  63. 
Archives: 

Manual  of  Archive  Administration   (British 

series),  by  Jenkinson,  14,  36,  159-60. 
British  Archives  in  Peace  and  War,  by  Hall, 
14,  37- 


Guide  to  Local  War  Records  (British  series)> 

by  Wretts-Smith,  15,  51. 
The  Imperial  German  Archives,  by  Miisebeck, 
19,  101. 
Astroff,  Nicholas  I.,  21,  125. 
Auge-Laribe,  Michel,  18,  82-3. 
Aupetit,  Albert,  19,  95. 
Austrian  series,  list  of  editors,  12. 
Austria-Hungary,  editorial  board  for,  12. 


Bachi,  Riccardo,  21,  117. 

Bajkitch,  Velimir:  editor  for  Yugoslav  series, 

13;  monograph  by,  23,  144;  biography,  35. 

Baltic,   Poland   and   the    (German   series),   by 

Kries  and  Gayl,  20,  108. 
Banking: 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Banking  and  Cur- 
rency (Dutch  series),  by  Vissering  and 
Holstyn,  17,  77. 
The  Money  Market  and  French  Banks,  by 

Aupetit,  19,  95. 
The  Effect  of  the   War  upon   Currency  and 
Banking     (German    series),    by    Schu- 
macher, 20,  114. 
Barlow's   Disease    (Public   Health    series),   by 

Nobel,  71. 
Batcheff,  Michael  O.,  22,  128-9. 
Bauer,  Gustav:  member  of  German  editorial 
board,  13;  monograph  by,  20,  in;  biog- 
raphy, 31. 
Baumgarten,  Otto,  19,  103-4. 
Belgium,  editorial  board  for,  12. 
Belgium  and  the  World  War,  by  Pirenne,  16. 
Bergendal,  Kurt,  23,  142. 
Bernadsky,  Michael  V.,  21,  124. 
Bernard,  Augustin,  19,  100. 
Bernard,  Leon,  19,  97. 

Beveridge,   Sir  William:   chairman   of   British 
editorial  board,  12;  monograph  by,  14,  41, 
42;  biography,  26. 
Bibliography: 

Bibliographical   Survey    (British   series),   by 

Bulkley,  14,  36,  158-9. 
Bibliography  of  Austrian  Economic  Literature 

during  the  War,  by  Spann,  15,  53. 
Bibliographical  Guide  to  the  Literature    con- 
cerning France  for  the  Economic  History 
of  the  War,  by  Bloch,  17,  79. 
Bibliographical  Survey  of  German  Literature 
for   the   Economic   History   of   the     War 
(German  series),  by  Mendelssohn  Barth- 
oldy,  Rosenbaum  and  Miisebeck,  19,  101. 
Bibliographical  Survey  of  the  Economic  and 
Social    Problems    of   the    War    (Italian 
series),  by  Porri  and  Casanova,  20,  115. 
Bilimovitch,  Alexander  D.,  22,  128-9,  I3°« 
Blanchard,  Raoul,  18,  85. 
Bloch,  Camille,  17,  79. 

171 


172 


ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 


Blockade,  The  (French  series),  by  Gofit,  18,  94. 

B6kay,  Johann  von,  16,  69. 

Bordeaux,  The  Economic  History  of  (French 
series),  by  Courteault,  19,  98. 

Bordewyk,  H.  W.  C,  17,  78. 

Boulin,  Pierre,  18,  89. 

Bourges  during  the  War,  The  City  of  (French 
series),  by  Gignoux,  19,  99. 

Bouryschkine,  Paul  A.,  22,  135. 

Boutillier  du  Retail,  Armand,  18,  80. 

Bowley,  A.  L.:  14,  38;  press  reviews,  153-5. 

Braikevitch,  Michael  B.,  22,  136. 

Braithwaite,  William  T.,  22,  135. 

Breitner,  Burkhead,  16,  69. 

Brown,  E.  Cunyngham,  15,  49. 

Biicher,  Hermann:  member  of  German  editorial 
board,  13;  monograph  by,  20,  no;  biog- 
raphy, 31. 

Bud,  Johann,  16,  67. 

Buday,  Barna,  66,  67. 

Budgets: 

British  War  Budgets  and  Financial  Policy,  by 

Hirst  and  Allen,  14,  39. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Workmen's  Family 
Budgets     (Russian    series),    by    Kohn, 
22,  134-5. 

Bulkley,  Miss  M.  E.:  14,  36;  press  reviews, 
158-9. 


Cahen-Salvador,  Georges,  18,  91. 

Cangardel,  Henri,  18,  92. 

Cantacuzino,  J.,  21,  122. 

Capital,  German,  in  Russia  and  the  War,  by 

Eliashevitch,  21,  125. 
Caron,  Pierre,  18,  90. 
Casanova,  Eugenio,  20,  115. 
Cassin,  Rene,  19,  97-8. 
Chardon,  Henri,  18,  80. 
Chautemps,  Camille,  99. 
Chemical  Industry: 

The  Chemical  Industries  (French  series),  by 

Mauclere,  18,  84. 
Chemical     Industry     (Russian     series),     by 
Landau,  22,  132. 
Chevalier,  Georges,  18,  85. 
Children: 

The  State  of  Nutrition  of  Austrian  Children 
during  and  after  the  War  (Public  Health 
series),  by  Pirquet,  69. 
The  State  of  Nutrition  of  Hungarian  Children 
at  the  Close  of  the  War  (Public  Health 
series),  by  von  Bokay,  69. 
Cholera,    Asiatic    (Public    Health    series),    by 

Elias,  70. 
Civilians,  War  Refugees  and  Interned  (French 

series),  by  Caron,  18,  90-1. 
Clementel,  Etienne,  18,  94. 
Clyde  Valley,  Industries  of  the,  during  the  War 
(British  series),  by  Scott  and  Cunnison, 
15,  49,  168-9. 
Coal: 

The  British  Coal-Mining  Industry  during  the 
War,  by  Redmayne,  15,  45,  161-3. 


Labour  in  the  British  Coal- Mining  Industry, 

by  Cole,  15,  47,  164-5. 
Coal  Supply  in  Austria  during  the  War,  by 

Homann-Herimberg,  16,  61. 
Coal   Industry   and    Mineral    Fuels    (French 

series),  by  Peyerimhoff,  18,  84-5. 
Coal  Mining   (Russian  series),  by  Sokoloff, 

22,  132. 
Cohn,  Einar,  23,  143. 

Cole,  G.  D.  H.:  15,  47;  press  reviews,  164-5. 
Collective     Agreements,     Wages,     Tariffs     and 
Strikes    (French    series),    by    Oualid    and 
Picquenard,  18,  86-7. 
Collinet,  Paul,  18,  89. 
Colonies: 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Dutch  Colonies, 

by  Carpentier  Alting,  17,  77-8. 
Foreign  and  Colonial  Workmen  in  France,  by 

Nogaro,  18,  88. 
The  Colonies  in  War-Time  (French  series), 
by  Girault,  19,  100. 
Commerce: 

History  of  Hungarian  Commerce  during  the 

War,  by  Matlckovits,  16,  65. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Dutch  Commerce 
and  Navigation,  by  De  Monchy,  17,  77. 
Effects  of  the   War  upon  French   Commerce, 

by  Rist,  18,  93. 
French  Commercial  Policy  during  the  War,  by 

Clementel,  18,  94-5. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  German  Commerce, 

by  Wiedenfeld,  20,  109. 
The  War  and  Swedish  Commerce,  by  Bergendal, 

23,  142. 
Conacher,  H.  M.,  15,  50. 

Conscription,    etc.    (Austro-Hungarian    series), 

by  Klose,  15,  54. 
Cooperation : 

Cooperative  Societies  and  the  Struggle  against 
High  Prices   (French  series),  by  Gide, 

19,  96-7. 

Economic  Cooperation  with  the  Allies  of  Ger- 
many and  the  Government  Organization  of 
Supplies,  by  Frisch,  20,  107-8. 

Effect  of  the  War  upon  Agricultural  Coopera- 
tion and  Cooperative  Credit  (Russian 
series),  by  Anziferoff,  22,  127. 

Cooperatives  of  Consumers  in  Russia  during 
the  War,  by  Totomianz,  22,  127-8. 
Costs  of  War: 

Cost  of  War  to  Great  Britain  (to  be  arranged), 

15.  52. 

The  Costs  of  the  War  to  Austria,  by  Hornik, 

15.  55- 
War  Finances  in  the  Netherlands,  1918-1922, 
The  Costs  of  the  War,  by  Bordewyk,  17, 

78. 
War  Costs:  Direct  Expenses  (French  series), 

by  Jeze,  19,  95-6. 
The  Costs  of  the  War  to  France,  by  Gide,  19,  96. 
Cost  of  the  War  to  Italy,  by  Einaudi,  21,  118. 
Cotton : 

Cotton    Control    Board    (British    series),    by 

Henderson,  14,  44,  157-8. 


INDEX 


173 


Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Textile  {Cotton) 
Industry  in  Russia,  by  Karpoff,  22,  133. 
Courteault,  Paul,  19,  98. 
Credit : 

Russian   State    Credit   during   the    War,   by 

Apostol,  21,  124. 
Effect  of  the  War  upon  Agricultural  Coopera- 
tion   and    Cooperative    Credit    (Russian 
series),  by  Anziferoff,  22,  127. 
Crehange,  A.,  18,  87. 
Crime,    The    War    and    (German    series),    by 

Liepmann,  19,  105. 
Cunnison,    J.:    15,    49;    press   reviews,    168-9. 
Currency : 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Banking  and  Cur- 
rency (Dutch  series),  by  Vissering  and 
Holstyn,  17,  77. 
The  Effect  of  the   War  upon   Currency  and 
Banking     (German    series),    by    Schu- 
macher, 20,  114. 
Currency  Inflation  in  Italy  and  its  Effect  on 
Prices,  Incomes  and  Foreign  Exchanges, 
by  Jannaccone,  21,  1 18-19. 
Currency    in    Russia    during    the    War,    by 

Bernadsky,  21,  124-5. 
The  Effect  of  the   War  upon   Currency  and 
Finance  (Scandinavian  series),  by  Hecks- 
cher,  23,  141-2. 
Czechoslovak  People,  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon 
the,  by  Masaryk,  17,  75-6. 

Damages,  War,  in  France,  by  Michel,  18,  90. 

David,  Edward  H.  R.,  20,  111-12. 

Davis,  H.  W.  C.:  member  of  British  editorial 
board,  12;  monograph  by,  15,  51;  biog- 
raphy, 26. 

Day,  J.  P.,  15,  50. 

Dearie,  Dr.  N.  B.,  15,  52. 

Delahache,  George,  19,  100-1. 

De  Monchy,  E.  P.,  17,  77. 

Demosthenoff,  Simon  S.,  130-1. 

Denmark,  The  Economic  Effects  of  the  War 
upon,  by  Cohn,  23,  143. 

Denys-Cochin,  M.,  18,  94. 

Dhe,  Paul,  18,  85-6. 

Duisberg,  Carl:  member  of  German  editorial 
board,  13;  biography,  31. 

Duncan,  Joseph,  15,  50. 

Dysentery  as  a  War  Disease  (Public  Health 
series),  by  Mayerhofer,  71. 


Economic  Chronicle  of  the  War  (British  series), 

by  Dearie,  15,  52. 
Economic    Union,    Disruption    of   the    Austro- 

Hungarian,  by  Schiiller,  16,  57. 
Economo,  C,  16,  70. 
Edelmann,  A.,  16,  71. 
Editors,  List  of,  12-13. 
Edstrom,  Olof,  23,  140-1. 
Education: 

Elementary  and  Secondary  Schools  during  the 
War  (Russian  series),  by  Odiniez,  22, 
137. 


Universities  and  Academic  Institutions  during 
the  War  (Russian  series),  by  Novgorod- 
zoff,  22,  137-8. 
Einaudi,   Luigi:  chairman  of  Italian  editorial 
board,    13;   monograph  by,  21,  118;  biog- 
raphy, 32. 
Eisenstadt,  Anna  G.,  22,  134. 
Elias,  Herbert,  16,  70. 
Eliashevitch,  Basil  B.,  21,  125. 
Enderes,  Bruno  von,  16,  61. 
Engineering,    Metallurgy   and    (French   series), 

by  Pinot,  18,  84. 
Erkelenz,  Anton,  20,  ill. 
Exner,  Franz,  16,  62. 

Fayle,  C.  Ernest,  15,  44. 
Finance: 

British  War  Budgets  and  Financial  Policy,  by 

Hirst  and  Allen,  14,  39. 
Austro-Hungarian  Finance  during  the   Wart 

by  Popovics,  15,  53. 
History  of  Hungarian  Finance  during  the  WarT 

by  Teleszky,  16,  65. 
Financial  Policy  of  Czechoslovakia  during  the 
First  Year  oj  its  History,  by  Raiin,  17, 
75,  163-4. . 
War  Finances  in  the  Netherlands  up  to  1918, 

by  van  der  Flier,  17,  78,  168. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Banking  and  Com- 
merce (Dutch  series),  by  Vissering  and 
Holstyn,  17,  77. 
War  Finances  in  the  Netherlands,  1918-1922. 
The    Costs   of  the   War,   by   Bordewyk, 
17,  78. 
War-Time     Finances     (French     series),     by 

Truchy,  19,  95. 
The  Effect  of  the   War  upon   Currency  and 
Banking     (German    series),    by    Schu- 
macher, 20,  114. 
German  Public  Finance  during  the  War,  by 

Lotz,  20,  115. 
War-Time     Finances     (Italian     series),     by 

Einaudi,  21,  118. 
State    Finances    during    the    War    (Russian 

series),  by  Michelson,  21,  123-4. 
German  Capital  in  Russia  and  the  War  (Rus- 
sian  series),   by   Eliashevitch,   21,    125. 
The  Effect  of  the   War  upon   Currency  and 
Finance  (Scandinavian  series),  by  Heck- 
scher,  23,  141 -2. 
Finger,  Ernst,  16,  70. 

Flax  and  Wool  Industries  in  Russia,  Effects  of 
the    War   upon,    by    Tretiakoff,    22,    133. 
Flier,  M.  J.  van  der,  17,  78,  168. 
Flitner,  Wilhelm,  19,  104-5. 
Foerster,  Erich,  19,  104. 

Fontaine,  Arthur:  member  of  French  editorial 
board,    12;    monograph    by,  18,  83;  biog- 
raphy, 30. 
Food  and  Food  Control: 

British    Food    Control,    by    Beveridge    and 

Gonner,  14,  42-3. 
Food  Production  in  War  (British  series),  by 
Middleton,  14,  43,  160-1. 


174 


ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 


Food  Control  and  A  griculture  in  A  ustria  during 

the  War,  by  Lowenfeld-Russ,  16,  59. 
Food  Control  in  Hungary  during  the  War,  by 

Bud,  16,  67. 
Food  Supply  of  Belgium  during  the  German 

Occupation,  by  Henry,  17,  72-3. 
Rationing  and  Food  Control  (French  series), 

by  Pichon  and  Pinot,  18,  82. 
Food  Supply  in  the  Invaded  Territory  (French 
series),  by  Collinet  and  Stahl,  18,  89-90. 
Food  Supply  during  the  War  (German  series), 

by  Skalweit,  20,  112. 
Food  Statistics  of  the   War  Period  (German 

series),  by  Wagemann,  20,  113. 
Food  Supply  and  Rationing  (Italian  series), 

by  Bachi,  21,  117. 
Food  Supply  of  the  Italian  A  rmy,  by  Zingali, 

21,  117. 
Problem  of  Food  Supply  in  Russia  during  the 
War,    by    Struve,    DemosthenofT,    and 
Zaitzeff,  22,  130-1. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Agricul- 
ture and  Food  Supply,  by  Mannerfelt, 
23,  140. 
Food  Substitutes  during  and  after  the  War,  by 
Schacherl  and  Hockauf   (Public  Health 
series),  70. 
Forestry  and  the  Timber  Industry  during  the  War 

(French  series),  by  Chevalier,  18,  85. 
France,  editorial  board  for,  12. 
France,  Belgium  and  Northern  (German  series), 

by  Jahn,  20,  108. 
Foreign  Exchanges,   Currency  Inflation  and  its 
Effects    on   Prices,    Incomes    and    (Italian 
series),  by  Jannaccone,  21,  1 18-19. 
Freight    Traffic,    Internal    Waterways    (French 

series),  by  Kerviler,  18,  92. 
French  Cities  in  the  War,  History  of,  by  various 

authors,  19,  98-9. 
Frisch,  W.,  20,  107. 
Frois,  Marcel,  18,  89. 


Gayl,  W.  M.  E.  von,  19,  20,  102,  108. 

German  Capital  in  Russia  and  the  War  (Russian 
series),  by  Eliashevitch,  21,  125. 

Germany,  list  of  editors  for,  13. 

Gide,  Charles:  chairman  of  French  editorial 
board,  12;  monograph  by,  19,  96;  biog- 
raphy, 30. 

Gignoux,  Claude-Joseph,  19,  99. 

Girault,  Arthur,  19,  100. 

Glaise-Horstenau,  Colonel,  15,  54. 

Golovine,  Nicholas  N.,  22,  128. 

Gonner,  Sir  Edward  C.  K.:  member  of  British 
editorial  board,  12;  monograph  by,  14, 
42;  biography,  27. 

Goppert,  H.,  20,  106-7. 

Goiit,  J.  E.  P.,  18,  94. 

Government: 

War  Government  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 

by  Adams,  14,  37. 
War  Government  of  the  British  Dominions,  by 
Keith,  14,  38,  155-7. 


War  Government  in  Austria,  by  Redlich,  16, 
58. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Hungarian  Govern- 
ment and  People,  by  Apponyi,  16,  63. 

Economic  Policy  of  the  Belgian  Government 
during  the    War,   by   van    Langenhove, 

17,  74- 
Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Civil  Government  of 

France,  by  Renouvin,  17,  79. 
Problem  of  Regionalism   (French  series),  by 

Hauser,  18,  80. 
The  War  Government  of  Germany,  by  Mendels- 
sohn Bartholdy,  19,  101-2. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Central  Government 
(Russian  series),  by  Gronsky,  21,  123. 
Gratz,  Gustav:  editor  of  Hungarian  series,  12; 

monograph  by,  16,  57,  63;  biography,  28. 
Great  Britain,  editorial  board,  12. 
Greven,  H.  B.:  editor  for  Netherlands,  13,  76; 

biography,  33. 
Gronsky,  Paul  P.,  21,  123. 
Gunther,  Adolf,  20,  106. 
Guthy,  Theodor,  66. 


Hall,  Dr.  Hubert,  14,  37. 
Hanusch,  Ferdinand,  16,  60. 
Hapsburg  Monarchy,  Exhaustion  and  Disorgani- 
zation   of  the    (Austro-Hungarian    series), 
by  Wieser,  16,  57. 
Hauser,    Henri:    member   of   French    editorial 
board,    12;    monograph  by,   18,  80;  biog- 
raphy, 30. 
Health,  Public: 

Friendly     Societies     and    Health     Insurance 

(British  series),  by  Watson,  14,  42. 
Public  Health  Conditions  in  England  during 

the  War,  by  MacFadden,  15,  48. 
Health  of  the  Returned  Soldier  (British  series), 

by  Brown,  15,  49. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Public  Health  in 
A  ustria  and  Hungary.    A  series  of  studies, 
edited  by  von  Pirquet,  16,  68. 
Public  Health  and  Hygiene  (French  series), 

by  Bernard,  19,  97. 
Vital  Statistics  and  Public  Health  in  Italy 
during  and  after  the  War,  by  Mortara, 
21,  119. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Public  Health  in 

Rumania,  by  Cantacuzino,  21,  122. 
Effects  of  War  upon  Public  Health  (Russian 

series),  by  Taracievitch,  22,  138. 
Vital   Statistics   of  the   Republic   of  Austria 
during  and  after  the  War  (Public  Health 
series),  by  Helly,  68. 
Health    Statistics    of    the    Austro-Hungarian 
Army  during  the    War    (Public   Health 
series),  by  Kirchenberger,  68. 
Heckscher,  Eli  F.:  member  (from  Sweden)  of 
Scandinavian  editorial  board,    13;   mono- 
graph by,  22,  23,  140,  141;  biography,  34. 
Helly,  Karl,  16,  68. 

Henderson,  H.  D.,  14,  44;  press  reviews,  157-8. 
Henry,  Albert,  17,  72. 


INDEX 


175 


Hermonius,  Edward  C,  22,  133. 
Herriot,  Edouard,  19,  98. 
Hersent,  Georges,  18,  92. 
Hill,  Sir  Norman,  14,  41. 

Hirst,    F.    W.:    member    of    British    editorial 
board,   12;   monograph  by,    14,  39;   biog- 
raphy, 27. 
History : 

Studies  in  British  Social  History  during  the 

World  War  (to  be  arranged),  15,  52. 
Military  Economic  History  (Austro-Hungarian 
series),   a  series  of  studies  by   various 
authors,  15,  54-^6. 
Economic    War    History    of    Hungary,    by 
Gratz,  16,  63. 
Hitchcock,  E.  F.,  14,  43. 
Hockauf,  Josef,  16,  70. 
Hoen,  General  Max,  15,  54. 
Holstyn,  J.  Westerman,  17,  77. 
Homann-Herimberg,  Emil,  16,  61. 
Hornik,  Fritz,  15,'  55. 

Hospitals,  Field,  Organization  and  Administra- 
tion  of,   in    the  Austro-Hungarian    Army 
(Public  Health  series),  by  Raschofsky,  69. 
Housing: 

The   Housing   Problem    (Dutch    series),    by 

Romeyn,  78. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Problem  of  Housing 
(French  series),  by  Sellier,  19,  97. 
Huber,  Michel,  18,  81. 
Hungarian  series,  editorial  board,  12. 
Hydraulic  Power,  The  Development  of  (French 

series),  by  Blanchard,  18,  85. 
Hygiene.  See  Health,  Public. 

Iceland,  The  Economic  Effects  of  the  War  upon 
(Scandinavian    series),   by   Thorsteinsson, 
23,  144. 
Incomes: 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Incomes  (German 

series),  by  Gunther,  20,  106. 
Currency  Inflation  and  its  Effects  on  Prices, 
Incomes  and  Foreign  Exchanges  (Italian 
series),  by  Jannaccone,  21,  1 18-19. 
Industry: 

Industries  of  the  Clyde  Valley  during  the  War 
(British  series),  by  Scott  and  Cunnison, 

15.  49- 

Industrial  Control  in  Austria  during  the  War, 
by  Riedl,  16,  58. 

Hungarian  Industry  during  the  War,  by 
Szterenyi,  16,  64. 

Destruction  of  Belgian  Industry  by  the  Germans, 
by  de  Kerchove,  17,  74. 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Dutch  Manu- 
facturing Industry,  by  Zaalberg,  17,  76. 

The  History  of  French  Industry  during  the  War, 
by  Fontaine,  18,  83. 

Organization  of  War  Industries  (French 
series),  by  Thomas,  18,  86. 

The  Influence  of  the  War  upon  German  Indus- 
try, by  Biicher,  20,  no. 

State  Control  of  Industry  in  Russia  during  the 
War,  by  Zagorsky,  22,  131. 


Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Russian  Petroleum 

Industry,  by  Michelson,  22,  132. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Chemical  Industry 

in  Russia,  by  Landau,  22,  132. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Textile  {Cotton) 
Industry  in  Russia,  by  Karpoff,  22,  133. 
Flax  and  Wool  Industry  (Russian  series),  by 

Tretiakofif,  22,  133. 
Metal    Manufacturing    Industries     (Russian 

series),  by  Hermonius,  22,  133. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Swedish  Industry, 
by  Edstrom,  23,  140-1. 
Influenza   during   and   after   the    War    (Public 

Health  series),  by  Elias,  70. 
Insurance,    The    War   and    (British    series),    a 
series  of  studies  by  various  authors,  14,  40. 
Iron  and  Steel  Industry,  The  British,  during  the 

War,  by  Lay  ton,  15,  46. 
Italy,  editorial  board  for,  13. 

Jahn,  Georg,  20,  108. 

Jannaccone,     Pasquale:     member    of     Italian 

editorial   board,    13;    monograph   by,   21, 

1 18-19;  biography,  33. 
Jarte,  Otto,  23,  141. 
Jenkinson,  Hilary,  14,  36;  press  reviews,  159- 

60. 
Jeze,  Gaston,  19,  95. 
Jones,  D.T.,15,50. 
Jones,   Thomas:   member   of   British   editorial 

board,  12;  monograph  by,  15, 51 ;  biography, 

26. 

Karpoff,  Gennady  T.,  22,  133. 

Kassowitz,  Karl,  16,  69. 

Keilhau,  Wilhelm,  23,  143. 

Keith,   A.    B.:    14,   38;   press  reviews,   155-7. 

Kerchnawe,  General  Hugo,  15,  56. 

Kerchove,  Charles  de,  17,  74. 

Kerviler,  Georges  Pocard  de,  18,  92. 

Keynes,   J.    M.:   member  of   British  editorial 

board,  12;  biography,  26. 
Kirchenberger,  S.,  16,  68. 
Klose,  Eugen,  15,  54. 
Koeth,  A.,  20,  107. 
Kohler,  L.  F.  von,  19,  102. 
Kohn,  Stanislas  S.,  22,  134. 
Koranyi,  Friedrich,  66. 
Kossinsky,  V.  A.,  22,  129-30. 
Krauss,  General  Alfred,  15,  54. 
Kries,  W.  von,  19,  20,  102,  108. 
Kyrle,  Josef,  16,  70. 

Labor  and  Labor  Unions: 

British  Labour  Unions  and  the  War,  by  Cole 

(3  vols.),  15,  47,  164-6. 
Labour     Supply     and     Regulation     (British 

series),  by  Wolfe,  15,  48,  166-8. 
Labor  in  Austria  during  the  War,  by  Hanusch, 

16,  60. 
Deportation  of  Belgian  Workmen  and  Forced 

Labor  of  the  Civilian  Population  during 

the  German  Occupation  of  Belgium,  by 

Passelecq,  16,  72. 


176 


ECONOMIC   AND   SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD  WAR 


Unemployment  in  Belgium  during  the  German 

Occupation,  by  Mahaim,  17,  73-4. 
Labor    Conditions   during   the    War    (French 
series),     by     Oualid    and     Picquenard, 
18,  87. 
Unemployment     during     the     War     (French 

series),  by  Crehange,  18,  87. 
Foreign  and  Colonial  Workmen  in  France,  by 

Nogaro,  18,  88. 
The   Organization   of  Labor  in   the   Invaded 
Territories   (French   series),   by   Boulin, 
18,  89. 
The    War   and    German    Labor    Unions,    by 
Umbreit,  Stegerwald,  Erkelenz,  Bauer, 
20,  110-11. 
The  War  and  the  German  Working  Man,  by 

David,  20,  111-12. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Workmen's  Family 
Budgets  (Russian  series),  by  Kohn,  134-5. 
The  Effect  oj  the  War  upon  Conditions  and 
Composition  of  Working  Classes  (Russian 
series),  by  Braithwaite,  22,  135. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Working  Classes 
(Scandinavian  series),  by  Jarte,  23,  141. 
Landau,  Mark  Alexandrovitch,  22,  132. 
Landholding: 

Rural    Revolution   in    Rumania    and    South- 
eastern Europe,  by  Mitrany,  12 1-2. 
Agrarian  Conditions  and  Problems  (Russian 

series),  by  Kossinsky,  22,  129-30. 
Land   Settlement    (Russian   series),   by    Bili- 
movitch,  22,  130. 
Langenhove,  F.  J.  van,  17,  74. 
Layton,  W.  T.,  15,  46. 
Legislation : 

German  Legislation  with  reference  to  the  Oc- 
cupation of  Belgium  (Belgian  series),  by 
Pirenne  and  Vauthier,  17,  73. 
The  Economic  Legislation  of  the  War  (Italian 
series),  by  De'Stefani,  20,  1 15-16. 
Levainville,  J.,  19,  98. 
L'heritier,  Michel,  19,  99. 
Liepmann,  Moritz,  19,  105. 
Lloyd,  E.  M.  H.,  14,  42. 
Lotz,  Walter,  20,  115. 
Lowenfeld-Russ,  Hans,  16,  59. 
Lyons  during  the  War,  The  History  of  (French 
series),  by  Herriot,  19,  98. 

MacFadden,  A.  W.  J.,  15,  48. 
Mahaim,  Ernest,  17,  73. 

Manchester:  A  Study  in  Local  War-Time  Condi- 
tions, by  Davis,  15,  51. 
Mann,  F.  K.,  20,  108. 
Mannerfelt,  Carl,  23,  140. 
Manufactures: 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Dutch  Manu- 
facturing Industry,  by  Zaalberg,  17,  76. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Metal  Manufacturing 
Industry  in  Russia,  by  Hermonius,  22, 
133. 
March,  Lucien,  18,  81-2. 

Marseilles  during  the  War  (French  series),  by 
Masson,  19,  99. 


Masaryk,  President,  17,  75. 
Masson,  Paul,  19,  99. 
Matlckovits,  Alexander  von,  16,  65. 
Mauclere,  Eugene,  18,  84. 
Mayerhofer,  E.,  16,  71. 
Medical  Service: 

The  Medical  Service  of  the  Austro-Hungarian 
Army  (Public  Health  series),  by  Steiner, 
69. 
The  Army  Surgeon  at  the  Front  (Public  Health 

series),  by  Kassowitz,  69. 
Austro-Hungarian  Prisoners  and  their  Medi- 
cal Service  in  Russian  Siberia   (Public 
Health  series),  by  Breitner,  69. 
Meerwarth,  Rudolf,  20,  105. 
Melchior,  Carl:   chairman  of  German  editorial 

board,  13;  biography,  32. 
Mendelssohn    Bartholdy,    Albrecht:    executive 
secretary  of  German  editorial  board,  13; 
monograph  by,  19,  101-2;  biography,  32. 
Metallurgy: 

British  Iron  and  Steel  Industry  during  the 

War,  by  Layton,  15,  46. 
Metallurgy  and  Engineering  (French  series), 

by  Pinot,  18,  84. 
Metal    Manufacturing    Industries     (Russian 
series),  by  Hermonius,  22,  133. 
Methorst,  H.  W.,  17,  77. 
Meyer,  Karl,  66,  67. 
Michel,  Edmond,  18,  90. 
Michelson,  Alexander  Michailovitch,  21,   123, 

132. 
Middleton,  Sir  Thomas,  14,  43;  press  review, 

1 60-1. 
Mitrany,  David:   editor  for  Rumanian  series, 
13;    monograph   by,   21,    121;   biography, 

33- 

"  Mittel-Europa" :    The  Preparation  of  a  New 
Joint  Economy  (Austro-Hungarian  series), 
by  Gratz  and  Schiiller,  16,  57. 
Mogilansky,  Nicholas  Michailovitch,  22,  138. 
Montenegro,  Economic   Use  of  Occupied  Terri- 
tories:    Serbia,     Albania     and       (Austro- 
Hungarian    series),     by     Kerchnawe,    15, 
56. 
Moral  Effect  of  the  War: 

The  Moral  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Austria, 

by  Seipel,  16,  61. 
The  War  and  Crime  in  Austria,  by  Exner, 

16,62. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Morals  (German 

series),  by  Baumgarten,  19,  103-4. 
The    War   and   Crime    (German   series),   by 
Liepmann,  19,  105. 
Mortara,  Giorgio,  21,  119. 
Muller-Deham,  Albert,  16,  71. 
Municipalities,  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Russian, 
and   the   All-Russian  Union  of  Towns,  by 
Astroff,  21,  125-6. 
Munitions    and    Supplies    (Austro-Hungarian 

series),  by  Pflug,  15,  55. 
Miisebeck,  E.  F.  C,  19,  101. 
Mutschenbacher,  Emil  von,  16,  66. 
Naptha.     See  Petroleum. 


INDEX 


177 


Navigation,  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Dutch 

Commerce  and,  by  De  Monchy,  17,  77. 
Netherlands,  editorial  board  for,  13. 
Nobel,  Edmund,  16,  71. 
Nogaro,  Bertrand,  18,  88. 
Nolde,  Boris  Emmanuilovitch,  22,  136. 
Norway  and  the  World  War,  by  Keilhau,  23,  143. 
Novgorodzoff,  Paul  Jvanovitch,  22,  137. 

Obolensky,  Vladimir,  21,  126. 
Occupied  Territories: 

Economic  Use  of  Occupied  Territories  (Austro- 
Hungarian  series),  by  Kerchnawe,  15,  56. 

Deportation  of  Belgian  Workmen  and  the 
Forced  Labor  of  the  Civilian  Population 
during  the  German  Occupation  of  Belgium, 
by  Passelecq,  16,  72. 

The  Food  Supply  of  Belgium  during  the  Ger- 
man Occupation,  by  Henry,  17,  72-3. 

German  Legislation  with  reference  to  the  Occu- 
pation of  Belgium,  by  Pirenne  and  Vau- 
thier,  17,73. 

Unemployment  in  Belgium  during  the  German 
Occupation,  by  Mahaim,  17,  73-4. 

Destruction  of  Belgian  Industry  by  the  Ger- 
mans, by  de  Kerchove,  17,  74. 

-Organization  of  Labor  in  the  Invaded  Terri- 
tories (French  series),  by  Boulin,  18,  89. 

Food  Supply  in  the  Invaded  Territory  (French 
series),  by  Collinet  and  Stahl,  18,  89-90. 

The  Political  Administration  of  the  Occupied 
Territories  (German  series),  by  Gayl, 
Kries  and  Kohler,  19,  102. 

Economic  Exploitation  of  Occupied  Terri- 
tories (German  Series): 

1.  Belgium  and  Northern  France,  by  Jahn, 

20,  108. 

2.  Rumania  and  the  Ukraine,  by  Mann,  20, 

108. 

3.  Poland  and  the  Baltic,  by  Kries  and  Gayl, 

20,  108. 

The  Effect  of  the  Enemy  Occupation  of  Ru- 
mania, by  Antipa,  21,  122. 
Odiniez,  Dimitry  Michailovitch,  22,  137. 
Organization: 

Dictionary  of  Official  War-Time  Organization 
(British  series),  by  Dearie,  15,  52. 

Official  War-Time  Organizations  (French 
series),  by  du  Retail,  18,  80. 

Organization  of  the  Republic  for  Peace  (French 
series),  by  Chardon,  18,  80-1. 

Organization  of  War  Industries  (French  series), 
by  Thomas,  18,  86. 

The  Organization  of  Labor  in  the  Invaded  Ter- 
ritories (French  series),  by  Boulin,  18,  89. 

Economic  Cooperation  with  the  Allies  of  Ger- 
many and  the  Government  Organization  of 
Supplies  (German  series),  by  Frisch,  20, 
107-8. 
Oualid,  William,  18,  86-7. 

Pap,  Desider,  16,  67. 

Paris  during  the  War  (French  series),  by  Sellier, 
19,99. 


Passelecq,  Fernand,  16,  72. 
Peschaud,  Marcel,  18,  91. 
Petroleum: 

Petroleum  (French  series),  by  Peyerimhoff,  18, 

84"5- 
Petroleum    (Russian   series),   by    Michelson, 
22, 132. 
Peyerimhoff,  Henri  de,  18,  84. 
Pflug,  Ottokar,  15,  55. 
Picard,  Roger,  18,  88. 
Pichon,  Adolphe,  18,  82. 
Picquenard,  C.,  18,  87. 

Piedmont,    Social   and   Economic   Life   in,    as 
affected  by  the  War  (Italian  series),  by  Prato, 
21,  120-1. 
Pinot,  Pierre,  18,  82. 
Pinot,  Robert,  18,  84. 

Pirenne,  H.:  editor  of  Belgian  series,  12;  mono- 
graph by,  16,  71;  biography,  29. 
Pirenne,  Jacques,  17,  73. 

Pirquet,  Clemens  von:  editor  of  Public  Health 
series,    12;    monograph    by,    16,    68,    69; 
biography,  29. 
Poland  and  the  Baltic  (German  series),  by  Kries 

and  Gayl,  20,  108. 
Popovics,  Alexander,  15,  53. 
Population: 

Effect  of  the  War  upon  Population  and  upon 
Incomes  (French series),  by  Huber,  18,  81. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Population  (Ger- 
man series),  by  Meerwarth,  20,  105. 
The    War   and   the   Agricultural   Population 
(German  series),  by  Sering,  20,  112. 
Porri,  Vincenzo,  20,  115. 
Ports,  French,  during  the  War,  by  Hersent,  18, 

92-3- 
Portugal  in  the  World  War,  by  Young,  21,  121. 
Posthuma,  F.  E.,  17,  76. 
Prato,  Giuseppe,  21,  120. 
Press  reviews,  145-69. 
Preston,  S.,  14,  41. 
Prices: 

Prices  and   Wages  in  the    United  Kingdom, 

1914-1920,  by  Bowley,  14,  38,  153-5. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Prices,  Wages,  and 
the   Cost  of  Living   (Dutch   series),   by 
Methorst,  17,77. 
Prices  and   Wages  during  the  War  (French 

series),  by  March,  18,  81-2. 
War-Time  Control  of  Prices  and  Food  Supply 
(French  series),  by  Pichon  and  Pinot, 
18,82. 
Cooperative  Societies  and  the  Struggle  against 
High  Prices  (French  series),  by  Gide,  19, 

96~7- 

Currency  Inflation  in  Italy  and  its  Effects  on 
Prices,  Incomes  and  Foreign  Exchanges, 
by  Jannaccone,  21,  1 18-19. 
Prisoners : 

Austro -Hungarian  Prisoners  and  their  Medi- 
cal Service  in  Russian  Siberia  (Public 
Health  series),  by  Breitner,  69. 

Prisoners  of  War  in  France,  by  Cahen-Salva- 
dor,  18,91. 


i78 


ECONOMIC   AND    SOCIAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 


Production,  The  General  Effects  of  the  War  upon 
(German  series),  by  Sering,  20,  io6f 

Profits,  War-Time,  and  their  Distribution  (Brit- 
ish series),  by  Stamp,  14,  40. 

Public  Health  series  (Austria-Hungary),  editor 
of,  12. 

Publishers,  24-5. 

Rademacher,  Arnold,  19,  104. 
Railways  (see  also  Transport) : 
Austrian  Railways  during  the  War,  by  von 

Enderes,  16,  61. 
French  Railroads  during  the  War,  by  Peschaud 

18,91. 
The  War  and  German  Railways  (to  be  ar- 
ranged), 20,  109. 
Raschofsky,  Wilhelm,  16,  69. 
Rasfn,  Alois,  17,  75,  163-4. 
Rationing.   See  Food  and  Food  Supply. 
Ratzenhofer,  Emil,  15,  55. 
Raw  Materials,  The  Supply  of,  under  Government 
Control  (German  series),  by  Koeth,  20,  107. 
Records,  Guide  to  Local  War,  by  Wretts-Smith, 

I5.5I- 

Redlich,  Joseph,  16,  58. 

Redmayne,  Sir  Richard:  15,  45;  press  reviews, 
161-3. 

Refugees,  War,  and  Interned  Civilians  (French 
series),  by  Caron,  18,  90-1. 

Regionalism,  French  Local  Government  and  Eco- 
nomic Problems,  by  Hauser,  18,  80. 

Reichenbach,  Bela,  66,  67. 

Religion,  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  (German  se- 
ries), by  Foerster  and  Rademacher,  19, 104. 

Renouvin,  Pierre,  17,  79. 

Ricci,  Umberto:  member  of  Italian  editorial 
board,  13;  monograph  by,  20,  116;  biog- 
raphy, 33. 

Riedl,  Richard:  member  of  Austrian  editorial 
board,  12;  monograph  by,  16,  58;  biog- 
raphy, 28. 

Rist,  Charles:  member  of  French  editorial  board, 
12;  monograph  by,  18,  93;  biography,  30. 

Romeyn,  H.  J.,  17,  78. 

Rosenbaum,  E.,  19,  20,  101,  109. 

Rouen  during  the  War,  The  Economic  History  of 
(French  series),  by  Levainville,  19,  98. 

Rubinek,  Julius,  66. 

Rumania,  editorial  board  for,  13. 

Rumania  and  the  Ukraine  (German  series),  by 
Mann,  20,  108. 

Rumanian  Economic  Life,  Effect  of  the  War  upon 
(to  be  arranged),  21,  122. 

Russia,  editorial  board  for,  13. 

Russia  in  the  Economic  War,  by  Nolde,  22,  136. 

Russia  in  the  World  War,  by  Vinogradoff,  22, 139. 

Russian  Army  in  the  World  War,  by  Golovine, 
22,  128. 

Rygg,  N.:  member  (from  Norway)  of  Scandi- 
navian editorial  board,  12;  biography,  35. 

Salter,  Sir  Arthur,  15,  44;  press  reviews,  150-3. 
Savings  Movement,  National  (British  series),  by 
Schooling,  14,  42. 


Savoly,  Dr.,  66. 

Scandinavia,  editorial  board  for,  13. 
Schacherl,  G.,  16,  70. 
Schooling,  Sir  William,  14,  41. 
Schiiller,  Richard:  member  of  Austrian  editorial 
board,   12;  monograph  by,    16,  57;  biog- 
raphy, 28. 
Schumacher,  Hermann,  20,  114. 
Scott,  W.  R. :  member  of  British  editorial  board, 
12;  monograph  by,  15,  49,  50;  biography, 
27;  press  reviews,  168-9. 
Seipel,  Ignaz,  16,  61. 
Sellier,  Henri,  19,  97,  99. 
Serbia : 

Economic  Use  of  Occupied  Territories;  Serbia, 
Montenegro,    Albania    (Austro-Hungarian 
series),  by  Kerchnawe,  15,  56. 
Serbia    during    the    First    Year    of  the    War 

(Yugoslav  series),  by  Bajkitch,  23,  144. 
Serbia,  Economic  Situation  of,  prior  to  War 
(Yugoslav  series),  by  Bajkitch,  23,  144. 
Sering,    Max:    member    of    German    editorial 
board,   12;  monograph  by,  20,   106,   112; 
biography,  31. 
Serpieri,  Arrigo,  21,  116. 
Shipping: 

Shipping  Insurance  (British  series),  by  Hill, 

14,42. 
Allied  Shipping  Control  (British  series),  by 

Salter,  15,  44,  150-3. 
General  History  of  British  Shipping  during 

the  War,  by  Fayle,  15,  44. 
French  Merchant  Shipping  during  the  War, 

by  Cangardel,  18,  92. 
The  War  and  German  Shipping,  by  Rosen- 
baum, 20,  109. 
Shklovsky,  Isaak  Vladimirovitch,  22,  126. 
Shot  well,  James  T.,  ex-offcio  member  of  edi- 
torial boards,  12-13. 
Siberia,  Austro-Hungarian  Prisoners  and  their 
Medical  Service  in  Russian  (Public  Health 
series),  by  Breitner,  69. 
Sich,  A.  E.,  14,  41. 
Skalweit,  A.,  20,  1 12-13. 

Sleeping  Sickness:  its  Relation  to  Influenza  under 
War  Conditions  (Public  Health  series),  by 
Economo,  70. 
Smallpox   during   and   after   the    War    (Public 

Health  series),  by  Kyrle,  70. 
Social  conditions: 

Studies  in  British  Social  History  during  the 

World  War  (to  be  arranged),  15,  52. 
Social  Conditions  in  Hungary  during  the  War, 

by  Pap,  16,  67. 
The  Italian  People  during  and  after  the  War, 

by  Volpe,  21,  120. 
Social   and  Economic  Life  in  Piedmont  as 
affected  by  the  War  (Italian  series),  by 
Prato,  21,  1 20-1. 
Social  History  of  the  Ukraine  during  the  War 
(Russian    series),    by    Mogilansky,    22, 

138-9. 
The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Life  and  Work  of 
the  Swedish  People,  by  Heckscher,  23,  140. 


INDEX 


179 


Sokoloff,  Boris  Nicholaevitch,  22,  132. 
Spann,  Othmar,  15,  53. 

Spotted  Fever,   Typhus  and,  etc.,  as  War-Time 
Diseases  (Public  Health  series),  by  Miiller- 
Deham,  Nobel  and  Wagner,  71. 
Stahl,  Paul,  18,  89-90. 
Stamp,  Sir  Josiah  C,  14,  39,  40. 
State  control : 

Experiments  in  State  Control  at  the  War  Office 
and  the  Ministry  of  Food  (British  series), 
by  Lloyd,  14,  42. 
State  Control  and  De- Control  (German  series), 

by  Goppert,  20,  106-7. 
The  Supply  oj  Raw  Materials  under  Govern- 
ment Control  (German  series),  by  Koeth, 
20,  107. 
State  Control  of  Industry  in  Russia  during  the 
War,  by  Zagorsky,  22,  131. 
Stefani,  Alberto  de',  20,  115. 
Stegerwald,  Adam,  20,  110-11. 
Steiner,  Johann,  16,  69. 

Strikes,    Wages,    Tariff's,    Collective  Agreements 
and  (French  series),  by  Oualid  and  Pic- 
quenard,  18,  86-7. 
Struve,  Peter  Barnadovitch,  22,  130. 
Sweden,  The  Economic  Effects  of  the  War  upon, 

by  Heckscher,  22,  140. 

Swedish  People,  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the 

Life  and  Work  of  the,  by  Heckscher,  23, 

140. 

Syndicalism  (French  series),  by  Picard,  18,  88. 

Syphilis,  The  Spread  of,  in  Austria,  IQI0-IQ20 

(Public  Health  series),  by  Finger,  70. 
Szaboky,  Alois,  66. 
Szterenyi,  Josef,  16,  64. 


Trade: 

General  Effects  of  the  War  on  French  Foreign 

Trade,  by  Rist,  18,  93. 
Internal  Trade  of  Russia  during  the  War,  by 

Bouryschkine,  22,  135. 
Russiain  the  Economic  War,  by  Nolde,  22, 136. 
Transport  {see  also  Railways;  Snipping): 

Transportation  under  Military  Control  (Aus- 
tro-Hungarian  series),  by  Ratzenhofer, 

15,55. 

Effects  of  the  War  upon  Russian  Transport, 
by  Braikevitch,  22,  136. 
Tretiakoff,  Sergius  Nicholaievitch,  22,  133. 
Truchy,  Henri,  19,  95. 

Tschuproff,  Alexander  Alexandrovitch,  22,  139. 
Turin,  Sergius  Petrovitch,  21,  126. 
Typhus  and  Spotted  Fever,   etc.,  as    War-Time 
Diseases  (Public  Health  series),  by  Miiller- 
Deham,  Nobel  and  Wagner,  71. 

Ukraine: 

Rumania  and  the   Ukraine  (German  series), 

by  Mann,  20,  108. 
Social    Conditions    and    Movements    in    the 
Ukraine  during  the  War  (Russian  series), 
by  Mogilansky,  22,  138-9. 
Umbreit,  Paul,  20,  no. 
Unemployment: 

Unemployment  Insurance  (British  series),  by 

Beveridge,  14,  42. 
Unemployment  in  Belgium  during  the  German 

Occupation,  by  Mahaim,  17,  73-4. 
Unemployment  during  the  War  (French  series), 
by  Crehange,  18,  87. 
Union  of  Towns.     See  Municipalities. 
Unions,  Labor.    See  Labor  and  Labor  Unions. 


Taracievitch,  Leon  Alexandrovitch,  22,  138. 
Tariffs,  Collective  Agreements  and  Strikes,  Wages 
and  (French  series),  by  William  Oualid  and 
Picquenard,  18,  86-7. 
Taxation  and  War -Time  Incomes  (British  series), 

by  Stamp,  14,  39. 
Teleszky,  Johann  von,  65. 
Terflfy,  Bela,  66. 
Textile  Industries: 

The    Wool    Trade   during   the    War    (British 

series),  by  Hitchcock,  14,  43. 
The  Cotton  Control  Board  (British  series),  by 

Henderson,  14,  44,  157-8. 
Effects  of  the   War  upon   Textile  Industries 

(French  series),  by  Aftalion,  18,  83. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  the  Flax  and  Wool  In- 
dustries in  Russia,  by  Tretiakoff,  22,  133. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  the   Textile    {Cotton) 
Industry  in  Russia,  by  Karpoff,  22,  133. 
Thomas,  Albert,  18,  86. 
Thorsteinsson,  Thorstein,  23,  144. 
Timber  Industry  during  the  War,  Forestry  and 

(French  series),  by  Chevalier,  18,  85. 
Totomianz,  Vachan  Thomitch,  22,  127. 
Tours,    The   Economic   and   Social   History   of 
(French  series),  by  L'heritier  and    Chau- 
temps,  19,  99. 


Vauthier,  Marcel,  17,  73. 
Ville-Chabrolle,  Marcel  de,  19,  98. 
Vinogradoff,  Sir  Paul:  editor  of  Russian  series, 
13;  monograph  by,  22,  139;  biography,  34. 
Vissering,  G.,  17,  77. 
Vital  statistics: 

Vital   Statistics   of  the   Republic   of  Austria 

during  and  after  the  War  (Public  Health 

series),  by  Helly,  68. 

Vital  Statistics  and  Public  Health  in  Italy 

during  and  after  the  War,   by   Mortara, 

21,  II9. 

Vital  Statistics  of  Russia  during  the  War,  by 
Tschuproff,  22,  139. 
Volpe,  Gioacchino,  21,  120. 

Wagemann,  Ernst,  20,  113. 
Wages : 

Prices  and   Wages  in  the    United  Kingdom, 

iqi 4-1920,  by  Bowley,  14,  38,  153-5- 
The  Effect  of  the  War  on  Prices,  Wages  and 

the  Cost  of  Living    (Dutch    series),    by 

Methorst,  17,  77. 
Statistical  Study  of  Prices  and  Wages  during 

the  War  (French  series),  by  March,  18, 

81-2. 


i8o 


ECONOMIC   AND    SOCIAL  HISTORY   OF   THE   WORLD   WAR 


Wages,   Tariffs,    Collective   Agreements,    and 

Strikes  (French  series),  by   Oualid   and 

Picquenard,  18,  87. 
The   War  and   Wages   (German   series),  by 

Zimmermann,  20,  112. 
The  Effects  of  the  War  upon  Wages  in  War- 

time  (Russian  series),  by  Eisenstadt,  22, 

134- 
Wagner,  Richard,  16,  71. 
Wales  in  the  World  War,  by'Thomas  Jones,  15, 

5i. 
Warner,  S.  G.,  14,  40. 

Waterways,  Internal,    Freight    Traffic    (French 

series),  by  Kerviler,  18,  92. 
Watson,  Sir  Alfred,  14,  41. 
Westergaard,  Harald:  chairman   of   Scandina- 
vian series,  13;  biography,  34. 
Wiedenfeld,  W.,  20,  109. 

Wieser,  Friedrich  von:  chairman  of  Austrian 
series,  12;  monograph  by,  15,  54,  57;  biog- 
raphy, 27. 
Wolfe,  Humbert,  15,  48;  press  reviews,  166-8. 
Women  in   Industry     under    War    Conditions 

(French  series),  by  Frois,  18,  89. 
Wool: 

Wool  Trade  during  the  War  (British  series), 

by  Hitchcock,  14,  43. 
Effects  of  the  War  upon  Wool  and  Flax  Indus- 
tries   in     Russia,    by     TretiakofT,     22, 
133- 
Workman : 

Foreign  and  Colonial  Workmen  in  France,  by 

Nogaro,  18,  88. 
The  War  and  the  German  Working  Man,  by 
David,  20,  111-12. 


Effects  of  the  War  upon  Workmen's  Family 
Budgets  (Russian  series),  by  Kohn,   22,. 

134-5. 

Changes  in  the  Conditions  and  Composition  of 
the  Working  Classes  (Russian  series), by 
Braithwaite,  22,  135. 

The  Effect  of  the  War  upon  the  Working 
Classes  (Scandinavian  series),  by  J  arte, 

23,141. 
Wounded,    The  (French  series),  by  Cassin  and 

Ville-Chabrolle,  19,  97-8. 
Wretts-Smith,  Miss,  15,  51. 

Yale  University  Press,  24-5. 

Young,  George,  21,  121. 

Young,  The  Effect  of  the  War  upon    (German 

series),  by  Flitner,  19,  104-5. 
Yugoslavia,  editorial  board  for,  13. 
Yugoslavia,  Economic  and  Social  Effects  of  the 

War  upon  (to  be  arranged),  23,  144. 

Zaalberg,  C.  J.  P.,  17,76.. 
Zagorsky,  Simon  Ossipovitch,  22,  131. 
Zaitzeff,  Cyril  Zacharovitch,  131. 
Zemstvos  (Russian  series): 

The  Zemstvos,  the  All-Russian    Union   of  the 
Zemstvos  and  the  "  Zemgor,"  by  Obolen- 
sky  and  Turin,  21,  126. 
The  War  and  the  Psychology  of  the  Zemstvos 
Workers,  by  Shklovsky,  22,  126-7. 
"Zemgor,"  The  Zemstvos,  the  All-Russian  Union 
of  the  Zemstvos  and  the,  by  Obolensky  and 
Turin,  21,  126. 
Zimmermann,  Waldemar,  20,  112. 
Zingali,  Gaetano,  21,  117. 


